Evaluation of Personal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Estimation of the Inhaled Dose for Commuters in the Urban Area of Milan, Italy †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussions
4. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | N | Min. | Max. | Mean | S.D. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UFP number * | 8179 | 212 | 74436 | 9640 | 7027 |
UFP diameter ** | 8228 | <LOD | 300.0 | 49.2 | 15.2 |
UFP ldsa *** | 8228 | 0.6 | 203.9 | 24.4 | 15.9 |
UFP mass | 8239 | <LOD | 197.3 | 3.7 | 4.1 |
PM1 | 8365 | 0.1 | 174.8 | 10.2 | 12.5 |
PM2.5 | 8342 | 0.2 | 160.8 | 13.1 | 15.4 |
PM2.5 (AB) | 7394 | 1.4 | 134.9 | 35.5 | 22.6 |
PM4 | 8348 | 0.3 | 189.0 | 16.2 | 18.9 |
PM10 | 8345 | 0.6 | 378.5 | 24.0 | 28.4 |
TSP | 8340 | 0.6 | 480.6 | 28.2 | 33.0 |
NO2 | 8690 | 0.9 | 478.5 | 30.5 | 52.7 |
Walking (lt) | Walking (ht) | Bike | Car | Underground | Train | Indoor | Other | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UFP mass | 3.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 4.5 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 3.9 |
PM1 | 12.8 | 12.3 | 15.0 | 5.8 | 27.9 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 12.5 |
PM2.5 | 15.5 | 15.2 | 19.1 | 6.8 | 42.1 | 8.2 | 9.2 | 16.3 |
PM2.5 (AB) | 38.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 31.1 | 54.4 | 32.0 | 32.1 | 35.6 |
PM4 | 18.6 | 19.0 | 24.6 | 7.7 | 54.8 | 9.4 | 11.3 | 20.2 |
PM10 | 32.1 | 29.2 | 38.9 | 9.3 | 80.9 | 13.4 | 16.3 | 29.6 |
TSP | 37.1 | 32.7 | 43.3 | 10.4 | 92.1 | 17.5 | 19.5 | 34.1 |
NO2 | 32.3 | 38.5 | 44.6 | 10.8 | 66.3 | 11.9 | 29.1 | 41.1 |
Pollutant | Walking (lt) | Walking (ht) | Bike | Car | Underground | Train | Indoor | Other | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UFP | 0.6 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 4.9 | 17.4 |
PM1 | 2.3 | 10.5 | 4.3 | 1.3 | 8.7 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 15.6 | 52 |
PM2.5 | 2.8 | 13.0 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 13.1 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 20.3 | 67.4 |
AB2.5 | 6.9 | 32.1 | 10.8 | 7.2 | 17.0 | 20.4 | 20.7 | 44.4 | 159.5 |
PM4 | 3.3 | 16.2 | 7.1 | 1.8 | 17.1 | 6.0 | 7.3 | 25.2 | 84 |
PM10 | 5.8 | 25.0 | 11.2 | 2.1 | 25.2 | 8.5 | 10.5 | 36.9 | 125.2 |
TSP | 6.7 | 28.0 | 12.5 | 2.4 | 28.7 | 11.1 | 12.6 | 42.6 | 144.6 |
NO2 | 5.8 | 32.9 | 12.8 | 2.5 | 20.7 | 7.6 | 18.7 | 51.3 | 152.3 |
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Borghi, F.; Fanti, G.; Spinazzè, A.; Campagnolo, D.; Rovelli, S.; Keller, M.; Cattaneo, A.; Cavallo, D.M. Evaluation of Personal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Estimation of the Inhaled Dose for Commuters in the Urban Area of Milan, Italy. Proceedings 2020, 44, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECEHS-2-06370
Borghi F, Fanti G, Spinazzè A, Campagnolo D, Rovelli S, Keller M, Cattaneo A, Cavallo DM. Evaluation of Personal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Estimation of the Inhaled Dose for Commuters in the Urban Area of Milan, Italy. Proceedings. 2020; 44(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECEHS-2-06370
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorghi, Francesca, Giacomo Fanti, Andrea Spinazzè, Davide Campagnolo, Sabrina Rovelli, Marta Keller, Andrea Cattaneo, and Domenico M. Cavallo. 2020. "Evaluation of Personal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Estimation of the Inhaled Dose for Commuters in the Urban Area of Milan, Italy" Proceedings 44, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECEHS-2-06370