Biopotential of Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata) and Tunicates (Chordata) from the Western Coast of Portugal for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Illnesses †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of the Extracts
2.2. Anti-oxidant Activity and Polyphenol Content
2.3. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
2.4. Developmental Toxicity and Osteogenic Activity in Zebrafish Larvae
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.2. Anti-oxidant Activity and Polyphenol Content
3.3. Developmental Toxicity and Osteogenic Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Anti-Inflammatory Activity | |
---|---|---|
Aqueous Extract | Ethanolic Extract | |
Styelidae ni1 | 19.6 ± 5.8 c,A | 76.7 ± 3.4 c,B |
Polyclinidae ni1 | 27.8 ± 2.5 d,A | 70.2 ± 6.3 c,B |
Polyclinidae ni2 | 8.9 ± 3.7 b,A | 75.9 ± 3.0 c,B |
Polyclinidae ni3 | 33.2 ± 5.2 d,A | 92.2 ± 8.5 d,B |
Holothuriidae ni3 | nd a,A | 40.0 ± 7.6 b,B |
Holothuriidae ni4 | nd a,A | 41.8 ± 4.9 b,B |
Holothuriidae ni2 | nd a,A | 48.8 ± 3.4 b,B |
Holothuriidae ni1 | nd a,A | 16.4 ± 9.7 a,B |
Species | ABTS+ | FRAP | DPPH | Polyphenols | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extract | Extract | Extract | Extract | |||||
Aqueous | Ethanolic | Aqueous | Ethanolic | Aqueous | Ethanolic | Aqueous | Ethanolic | |
Styelidae ni1 | 1126 ± 81 a,A | 552 ± 60 b,B | 2.9 ± 0.5 a,A | 5.5 ± 0.1 b,B | 6.9 ± 10.9 a,b,A | nda,B | 31 ± 6 a,A | 40 ± 7 b,A |
Polyclinidae ni1 | 6206 ± 180 f,A | 5020 ± 20 d,B | 34.3 ± 0.4 e,A | 34.2 ± 0.1 d,A | nd a,A | 102.0 ± 1.6 b,B | 260 ± 13 d,A | 365 ± 21 d,B |
Polyclinidae ni2 | 6735 ± 11 g,A | 5886 ± 83 e,B | 54.6 ± 0.4 f,A | 56.5 ± 0.0 e,B | 16.7 ± 4.1 b,c,A | 179.0 ± 1.7 c,B | 428 ± 10 e,A | 669 ± 11 e,B |
Polyclinidae ni3 | 4271 ± 109 e,A | 3027 ± 56 c,B | 19.7 ± 0.6 d,A | 15.6 ± 0.6 c,B | 151.7 ± 4.4 e,A | 162.7 ± 2.5 c,B | 103 ± 8 c,A | 206 ± 14 c,B |
Holothuriidae ni3 | 2234 ± 136 c,A | 166 ± 35 a,B | 7.0 ± 0.2 b,A | 2.0 ± 0.1 a,B | nd a,A | 13.5 ± 12.7 a,B | 84 ± 4 b,c,A | 9 ± 5 a,b,B |
Holothuriidae ni4 | 3089 ± 158 d,A | 33 ± 57 a,B | 6.2 ± 0.0 b,A | 1.5 ± 0.2 a,B | 31.8 ± 6.2 c,A | 5.7 ± 9.8 a,B | 79 ± 1 b,A | 21 ± 17 a,b,B |
Holothuriidae ni2 | 2259 ± 45 c,A | 312 ± 320 a,b,B | 8.5 ± 0.2 c,A | 4.4 ± 1.5 b,B | 3.0 ± 5.1 a,b,A | 8.6 ± 8.5 a,A | 69 ± 2 b,A | 34 ± 11 a,b,B |
Holothuriidae ni1 | 1883 ± 81 b,A | nd a,B | 8.9 ± 0.5 c,A | 2.1 ± 0.6 a,B | 106.1 ± 4.7 d,A | nd a,B | 48 ± 2 a,A | nd a,B |
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Carletti, A.; Cardoso, C.; Juliao, D.; Arteaga, J.L.; Chainho, P.; Dionísio, M.A.; Sales, S.; Gaudêncio, M.J.; Ferreira, I.; Afonso, C.; et al. Biopotential of Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata) and Tunicates (Chordata) from the Western Coast of Portugal for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Illnesses. Proceedings 2020, 61, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECN2020-06994
Carletti A, Cardoso C, Juliao D, Arteaga JL, Chainho P, Dionísio MA, Sales S, Gaudêncio MJ, Ferreira I, Afonso C, et al. Biopotential of Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata) and Tunicates (Chordata) from the Western Coast of Portugal for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Illnesses. Proceedings. 2020; 61(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECN2020-06994
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarletti, Alessio, Carlos Cardoso, Diana Juliao, Jorge L. Arteaga, Paula Chainho, Maria Ana Dionísio, Sabrina Sales, Maria J. Gaudêncio, Inês Ferreira, Cláudia Afonso, and et al. 2020. "Biopotential of Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata) and Tunicates (Chordata) from the Western Coast of Portugal for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Illnesses" Proceedings 61, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECN2020-06994
APA StyleCarletti, A., Cardoso, C., Juliao, D., Arteaga, J. L., Chainho, P., Dionísio, M. A., Sales, S., Gaudêncio, M. J., Ferreira, I., Afonso, C., Lourenço, H., Cancela, M. L., Bandarra, N. M., & Gavaia, P. J. (2020). Biopotential of Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata) and Tunicates (Chordata) from the Western Coast of Portugal for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Illnesses. Proceedings, 61(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECN2020-06994