Thermal Modeling of Temperature Distribution in Metal Additive Manufacturing Considering Effects of Build Layers, Latent Heat, and Temperature-Sensitivity of Material Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Approach and Methodology
2.1. Analytical Modeling
2.2. Numerical Modeling
3. Modeling Results and Experimental Comparison
3.1. Temperature Profile, Maximum Temperature, and Surface Temperature
3.2. Experimental Validation Based on Melt Pool Geometry Measurement
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Ti-6Al-4V |
---|---|
Liquidus temperature (K) | 1928 |
Solidus temperature (K) | 1878 |
Thermal conductivity (W/m K) | |
Specific heat (J/Kg K) | |
Density (Kg/m3) | 4420 |
Viscosity (Kg/m s) | 4 × 10−3 |
Latent heat (J/Kg) | 2 × 105 |
Name | Value |
---|---|
Thermal radiation coefficient (W/m2·°C4) | 5.67 × 10−8 |
Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2·°C) | 24 |
Material emissivity | 0.9 |
D | [0.2–0.4] |
Gaussian shape factor | 2 |
Laser spot radius (mm) | 0.7 |
Ambient temperature | 25 |
Laser Power (W) | 400 | 400 | 600 | 600 |
Scanning Speed (m/min) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
Max Temperature w/o Layer | 2043.7 | 1998.1 | 2603.7 | 2538.1 |
Max Temperature with Layer | 1802.8 | 1733.6 | 2298.1 | 2222.7 |
Experimental Values | 1730 | 1605 | 2100 | 1970 |
P (W) | V (mm/s) | Melt Pool Length (mm) Model | Melt Pool Length (mm) Exp/sim | Melt Pool Depth (mm) Model | Melt Pool Depth (mm) Exp/sim | Error in Length | Error in Depth |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
600 [38] | 6 | 2.80 | 2.60 | 1.10 | 1.20 | 7.60% | 2.00% |
360 [37] | 100 | - | - | 0.29 | 0.30 | - | 3.40% |
300 [37] | 100 | - | - | 0.26 | 0.27 | - | 3.70% |
240 [37] | 100 | - | - | 0.22 | 0.20 | - | 1.00% |
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Mirkoohi, E.; Ning, J.; Bocchini, P.; Fergani, O.; Chiang, K.-N.; Liang, S.Y. Thermal Modeling of Temperature Distribution in Metal Additive Manufacturing Considering Effects of Build Layers, Latent Heat, and Temperature-Sensitivity of Material Properties. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2018, 2, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp2030063
Mirkoohi E, Ning J, Bocchini P, Fergani O, Chiang K-N, Liang SY. Thermal Modeling of Temperature Distribution in Metal Additive Manufacturing Considering Effects of Build Layers, Latent Heat, and Temperature-Sensitivity of Material Properties. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2018; 2(3):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp2030063
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirkoohi, Elham, Jinqiang Ning, Peter Bocchini, Omar Fergani, Kuo-Ning Chiang, and Steven Y. Liang. 2018. "Thermal Modeling of Temperature Distribution in Metal Additive Manufacturing Considering Effects of Build Layers, Latent Heat, and Temperature-Sensitivity of Material Properties" Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 2, no. 3: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp2030063