Increasing the Impact Toughness of Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites—Influence of Different Impact Modifiers and Production Scales
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Characterization Methods
3. Results
3.1. Fiber Reinforcement of the Neat PP
3.2. Characterization of the Compounds from the Laboratory-Scale Production
3.2.1. Influence of the Viscosity of the Impact Modifier
3.2.2. Effects of Different Types of Impact Modifiers
3.3. Upscaling and Comparison with Commercial Reference Materials
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Density (g/cm³) | Hardness Shore A | MFR(2.16 kg; 190/230 °C) (g/10 min) | Additional Material Information |
---|---|---|---|---|
Only laboratory scale production | ||||
EP1 | 0.865 | A 71 | 18.5(190 °C)/48(230 °C) | 13% ethylene content |
EP2 | 0.863 | A 64 | 8.5(190 °C)/20(230 °C) | 15% ethylene content |
EP3 | 0.862 | A 67 | 1.5(190 °C)/3(230 °C) | 16% ethylene content |
EO1 | 0.885 | A 84 | 30(190 °C) a | Mooney viscosity 2 MU |
SBS | 0.94 | A 71–81 | <1(200 °C, 5 kg) [Datasheet] b | 31% styrene content |
SEBS | 0.90 | A 47 | 1.8(190 °C)/9.4(230 °C) | 13% styrene content |
EVA | 0.952 | A 75 | 2.5(230 °C) c | 28% VA content |
Laboratory scale and upscaled production | ||||
EO2 | 0.870 | A 70 | 5(190 °C)/10.8(230 °C) | Mooney viscosity 9 MU |
EO3 | 0.857 | A 57 | 1(190 °C)/2.2(230 °C) | Mooney viscosity 25 MU |
EO4 | 0.870 | A 51 | 0.5(190 °C)/1.4(230 °C) | Mooney viscosity 45 MU |
Only upscaled production | ||||
EPR | n/a | n/a | n/a d | 72% ethylene content Mooney viscosity 44 MU |
EPDM | n/a | n/a | n/a d | 69% ethylene content 4.4% diene content Mooney viscosity 60 MU |
Absolute Values | Specific Values (Normalized by Density) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Code | ρ | MFR | HDT-B | E | σM | acU | acN | E_sp | σM_sp | acU_sp | acN_sp |
Unit | g/cm3 | g/10 min | °C | GPa | MPa | kJ/m2 | kJ/m2 | GJ/kg | MJ/kg | kJ m/kg | kJ m/kg |
PP | 0.906 | 140 a | 95.8 | 1.55 | 34.7 | 40.1 | 1.1 | 1.71 | 38.3 | 44.3 | 1.2 |
PP20F | 0.981 | 9.2 | 134.6 | 2.76 | 40.1 | 41.0 | 4.5 | 2.81 | 40.9 | 41.8 | 4.6 |
EP1_10 | 0.978 | 7.3 | 129.4 | 2.07 | 35.6 | 39.4 | 5.3 | 2.12 | 36.4 | 40.3 | 5.4 |
EP1_20 | 0.978 | 6.3 | 119.1 | 1.74 | 30.8 | 40.1 | 7.5 | 1.78 | 31.5 | 41.0 | 7.7 |
EP1_30 | 0.973 | 6.0 | 104.0 | 1.32 | 24.7 | 38.6 | 9.7 | 1.36 | 25.4 | 39.7 | 10.0 |
EP2_10 | 0.978 | 7.1 | 132.6 | 2.05 | 35.3 | 39.0 | 5.6 | 2.10 | 36.1 | 39.9 | 5.7 |
EP2_20 | 0.978 | 4.6 | 122.9 | 1.72 | 30.4 | 41.0 | 8.1 | 1.76 | 31.1 | 41.9 | 8.3 |
EP2_30 | 0.974 | 3.6 | 108.0 | 1.33 | 24.2 | 36.9 | 11.1 | 1.37 | 24.8 | 37.9 | 11.4 |
EP3_10 | 0.981 | 5.1 | 136.1 | 2.19 | 36.6 | 39.3 | 6.2 | 2.23 | 37.3 | 40.1 | 6.3 |
EP3_20 | 0.976 | 2.6 | 127.7 | 1.83 | 31.0 | 39.1 | 9.2 | 1.88 | 31.8 | 40.1 | 9.4 |
EP3_30 | 0.972 | 2.2 | 114.3 | 1.33 | 24.3 | 36.9 | 12.8 | 1.37 | 25.0 | 38.0 | 13.2 |
EO1_10 | 0.984 | 6.4 | - | 2.30 | 36.7 | 44.3 | 6.7 | 2.34 | 37.3 | 45.0 | 6.8 |
EO1_20 | 0.980 | 5.2 | - | 1.83 | 31.9 | 44.5 | 8.4 | 1.87 | 32.6 | 45.4 | 8.6 |
EO2_10 | 0.981 | 6.7 | - | 2.36 | 34.2 | 42.2 | 7.6 | 2.41 | 34.9 | 43.0 | 7.7 |
EO2_20 | 0.977 | 4.7 | - | 2.03 | 29.4 | 38.4 | 10.2 | 2.08 | 30.1 | 39.3 | 10.4 |
EO3_10 | 0.978 | 6.2 | - | 2.44 | 35.1 | 35.8 | 7.2 | 2.49 | 35.9 | 36.6 | 7.4 |
EO3_20 | 0.972 | 3.5 | - | 2.09 | 29.3 | 34.4 | 10.1 | 2.15 | 30.1 | 35.4 | 10.4 |
EO4_10 | 0.974 | 5.5 | - | 2.30 | 33.6 | 37.8 | 7.1 | 2.36 | 34.5 | 38.8 | 7.3 |
EO4_20 | 0.979 | 3.0 | - | 2.03 | 28.8 | 36.7 | 11.6 | 2.07 | 29.4 | 37.5 | 11.8 |
SBS_10 | 0.982 | 4.3 | - | 2.29 | 32.7 | 41.9 | 6.8 | 2.33 | 33.3 | 42.7 | 6.9 |
SBS_20 | 0.993 | 2.4 | - | 2.12 | 28.5 | 40.9 | 9.6 | 2.13 | 28.7 | 41.2 | 9.7 |
SBS_30 | 0.997 | 1.5 | - | 1.72 | 22.3 | 37.8 | 14.2 | 1.73 | 22.4 | 37.9 | 14.2 |
SEBS_10 | 0.982 | 4.5 | - | 2.27 | 34.8 | 41.3 | 7.5 | 2.31 | 35.4 | 42.1 | 7.6 |
SEBS_20 | 0.980 | 3.1 | - | 1.86 | 28.6 | 40.4 | 11.4 | 1.90 | 29.2 | 41.2 | 11.6 |
EVA_10 | 0.990 | 5.8 | - | 2.30 | 35.1 | 39.3 | 6.2 | 2.32 | 35.5 | 39.7 | 6.3 |
EVA_20 | 0.996 | 5.3 | - | 1.93 | 31.3 | 38.2 | 7.3 | 1.94 | 31.4 | 38.4 | 7.3 |
Absolute Values | Specific Values (Normalized by Density) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Code | [g/cm3] | E [GPa] | M [MPa] | acU [kJ/m2] | can [kJ/m2] | E_sp [GJ/kg] | M_sp [MJ/kg] | acU_sp [kJ m/kg] | acN_sp [kJ m/kg] |
PP20F_Lab | 0.981 | 2.76 | 40.1 | 41.0 | 4.5 | 2.81 | 40.8 | 41.8 | 4.6 |
PP20F_Up | 0.980 | 2.82 | 41.0 | 43.4 | 5.5 | 2.88 | 41.9 | 44.4 | 5.6 |
EO2_20_Lab | 0.977 | 2.03 | 29.4 | 38.4 | 10.2 | 2.07 | 30.1 | 39.3 | 10.4 |
EO2_20_Up | 0.972 | 2.03 | 28.9 | 39.7 | 10.7 | 2.09 | 29.8 | 40.9 | 11.0 |
EO3_20_Lab | 0.972 | 2.09 | 29.3 | 34.4 | 10.1 | 2.15 | 30.1 | 35.4 | 10.3 |
EO3_20_Up | 0.973 | 2.01 | 28.3 | 41.8 | 12.2 | 2.06 | 29.1 | 42.9 | 12.5 |
EO4_20_Lab | 0.979 | 2.04 | 28.8 | 36.7 | 11.6 | 2.08 | 29.5 | 37.5 | 11.9 |
EO4_20_Up | 0.976 | 1.96 | 26.8 | 43.3 | 13.3 | 2.01 | 27.4 | 44.4 | 13.6 |
EPR_20_Up | 0.973 | 2.18 | 29.4 | 36.1 | 8.7 | 2.24 | 30.3 | 37.1 | 9.0 |
EPDM_20_Up | 0.976 | 2.13 | 28.6 | 35.2 | 8.5 | 2.18 | 29.3 | 36.0 | 8.7 |
H_TRC | 1.062 | 1.90 | 21.4 | >160 a | 31.7 | 1.79 | 20.2 | >151 b | 29.9 |
H_EKC | 1.020 | 1.63 | 19.4 | >160 a | 27.3 | 1.60 | 19.0 | >157 b | 26.8 |
Formi EXP 20 b | 0.99 | 1.80 | 33 | 45 | 8.8 | 1.82 | 33.3 | 45.5 | 8.9 |
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Mihalic, M.; Sobczak, L.; Pretschuh, C.; Unterweger, C. Increasing the Impact Toughness of Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites—Influence of Different Impact Modifiers and Production Scales. J. Compos. Sci. 2019, 3, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030082
Mihalic M, Sobczak L, Pretschuh C, Unterweger C. Increasing the Impact Toughness of Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites—Influence of Different Impact Modifiers and Production Scales. Journal of Composites Science. 2019; 3(3):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030082
Chicago/Turabian StyleMihalic, Matthias, Lukas Sobczak, Claudia Pretschuh, and Christoph Unterweger. 2019. "Increasing the Impact Toughness of Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites—Influence of Different Impact Modifiers and Production Scales" Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 3: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030082