Journal Description
Journal of Composites Science
Journal of Composites Science
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of composites published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Materials Science, Composites) / CiteScore - Q1 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.0 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.3 (2023)
Latest Articles
Correlation of Microstructural Features within Short Carbon Fiber/ABS Manufactured via Large-Area Additive- Manufacturing Beads
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070246 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Short carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites are widely used in polymer extrusion additive manufacturing (AM), including large-area additive manufacturing (LAAM), due to their enhanced mechanical properties as compared to neat polymers. However, the mechanical properties of these composites depend on microstructural characteristics, including fibers
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Short carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites are widely used in polymer extrusion additive manufacturing (AM), including large-area additive manufacturing (LAAM), due to their enhanced mechanical properties as compared to neat polymers. However, the mechanical properties of these composites depend on microstructural characteristics, including fibers and micro-voids, which are determined during processing. In this work, the correlation between fibers and micro-voids within the microstructure of LAAM polymer composites throughout various processing stages of short carbon fiber-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (SCF/ABS) is investigated. The processing stages considered here include the incoming pellets, a single freely extruded strand, a single regularly deposited bead, and a single regularly deposited bead pressed by a mechanical roller. A high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) system is employed to characterize the microstructural features in terms of the fibers (volume fraction, fiber orientation tensor) and micro-voids (volume fraction, sphericity) in the SCF/ABS samples. The results indicate that micro-voids exist within the microstructure of the SCF/ABS composite in all four stages considered here and that the micro-void volume fraction and micro-void sphericity vary among the test samples. Moreover, the results show a considerable variation in fiber orientation and fiber volume fraction within the microstructure throughout all the stages considered; however, all the samples show the highest alignment in the extrusion/print direction. Furthermore, a correlation is identified between the fiber orientation and the micro-void volume fraction within samples from all four stages considered here. This finding suggests that fibers tend to align more in the extrusion/print direction in regions with less micro-void content.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Copper Doping in Borate Bioactive Glass on Bacterial Colonization Prevention—An Insight Study on Protein/Carbohydrate Leakage for Biomedical Applications
by
Bharath Sankaralingam, Gobi Saravanan Kaliaraj, Isha Rameshbabu, Padmapriya Rajendran and Kamalan Kirubaharan Amirtharaj Mosas
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070245 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Researchers have extensively studied borate bioactive glass (BBG) for bone regeneration and wound healing applications. In the current study, 13-93B3 (54.6% B2O3, 22.1% CaO, 7.9% K2O, 7.7% MgO, 6.0% Na2O, and 1.7% P2O
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Researchers have extensively studied borate bioactive glass (BBG) for bone regeneration and wound healing applications. In the current study, 13-93B3 (54.6% B2O3, 22.1% CaO, 7.9% K2O, 7.7% MgO, 6.0% Na2O, and 1.7% P2O5) was synthesized using a sol–gel technique and doped with different molar concentrations of Cu (0.01, 0.05, and 0.25 M) into BBG for possible biomedical applications. Then, the antibacterial activity was tested against E. coli and S. aureus. The maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus was achieved at 100 μg/mL of 0.25 M Cu-doped BBG. At 50 μg/mL of 0.25 molar copper concentration, E. coli showed a significant reduction in colony-forming units. Hydroxyl radical production, influenced by the BBG powder, was most effective against S. aureus, followed by E. coli. Protein leakage studies demonstrated significant leakage after treatment with BBG powder, demonstrating a strong effect on bacterial strains. This shows a change in protein synthesis, which is essential for central metabolism and gene transcription, affecting proteins in the periplasm and inner and outer membranes. Furthermore, carbohydrate leakage studies showed that BBG is effective against all three categories of cellular carbohydrate, namely membrane-bound, transmembrane, and intracellular carbs. This study focuses on the diverse antibacterial processes of Cu-doped BBG, which has emerged as a promising contender for biological applications that require strong antibacterial characteristics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Composites: Material Science and Corrosion Resistance Aspects, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Development of Foam Composites from Flax Gum-Filled Epoxy Resin
by
Corentin Musa, Mohammed Zaidi, Michaël Depriester, Yamina Allouche, Naïm Naouar, Alain Bourmaud, Dominique Baillis and François Delattre
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070244 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
In the present work, an innovative range of foams based on flax gum-filled epoxy resin was developed, reinforced or not by flax fibers. Foams and composites with different gum and epoxy resin contents were produced and their mechanical and thermal performances were characterized.
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In the present work, an innovative range of foams based on flax gum-filled epoxy resin was developed, reinforced or not by flax fibers. Foams and composites with different gum and epoxy resin contents were produced and their mechanical and thermal performances were characterized. To enhance the organic flax gum filler’s cross-linking, we exploited the oxidized components’ reactivity with the amine hardener (isophorone diamine). We compared the materials obtained with those derived from the native components. The flax gum and fibers were primarily characterized by chemical analysis, NMR, and FTIR to evaluate the mild oxidation of the native materials. The formation of chemical bonds between the oxidized polymer chains, epoxy resin, and hardener was evidenced by FTIR, and the materials were then studied by SEM and X-ray computed micro-tomography (CT) and submitted to mechanical and thermal tests. The relevance of the oxidation treatment was highlighted through a significant increase in density and mechanical performance (+36% and +81%, respectively, for the 100% flax gum material). The positive effect of the flax fibers on homogeneity evidenced through micro-CT analysis was also clearly addressed. This set of promising results paves the way for the future development of fully flax-based insulation composite materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibers and Nanofillers)
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Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
In Situ Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Efficacy of Silver-Enhanced MXene and Graphene Nanocomposites
by
Kishore Chand, M. Mustafa Azeem, Muhammad Nazim Lakhan, Mukhtiar Ahmed, Muhammad Jehanzaib Aslam and Ahmer Hussain Shah
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070243 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
The emergence of 2D materials has significantly expanded the wide range of nanomaterials with diverse applications. Notably, their high conductivity, catalytic efficiency, and hydrophobicity have fueled heightened research interests for water treatment applications. This research aimed to investigate the synthesis and characterization of
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The emergence of 2D materials has significantly expanded the wide range of nanomaterials with diverse applications. Notably, their high conductivity, catalytic efficiency, and hydrophobicity have fueled heightened research interests for water treatment applications. This research aimed to investigate the synthesis and characterization of MXene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites with silver nanoparticles (Ag) for enhanced catalytic activity in the decomposition of Direct Blue-24 dye. In this study, we employed well-established methods, previously documented in the literature, to prepare two distinct nanocomposites. Novel nanocomposites, namely reduced graphene oxide–silver nanoparticles (rGO–Ag) and MXene–silver nanoparticles (MXene–Ag), were synthesized using the hydrothermal and direct reduction method with an ammoniacal solution (aqueous solution). Comprehensive characterization using advanced tools revealed that the introduced Ag particles integrated seamlessly onto the parent nanofilms of the Carbon derivatives, forming a secondary phase with enhanced catalytic functionality. These nanocomposites demonstrated significant improvements in the catalytic decomposition reactions in simulated wastewater. Verification involved the reduction reaction of Direct Blue-24 dye at known nanocomposite concentrations. The results indicated that MXene–Ag exhibited a superior catalytic activity of 98% in 10 min compared to the rGO–Ag nanocomposite films, which achieved 96% in 35 min. The results indicated that MXene–Ag nanocomposites exhibited a 20–25% increase in catalytic efficiency compared to the rGO–Ag nanocomposites. The outcomes of this research hold promise for practical applications in textile wastewater management and various industrial sectors dealing with mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals containing azo and/or phthalocyanine products.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Nanostructures for Energy and Environment Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Assessment of Adhesion in Woven Fabric-Reinforced Laminates (FRLs) Using Novel Yarn Pullout in Laminate Test
by
Feyi Adekunle, Ang Li, Rahul Vallabh and Abdel-Fattah M. Seyam
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070242 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced laminates with flexibility (FRLs) are becoming increasingly crucial across diverse sectors due to their adaptability and outstanding mechanical attributes. Their ability to deliver high performance relative to their weight makes them indispensable in lighter-than-air (LTA) applications, such as aerostats, inflatable antennas, surge
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Fiber-reinforced laminates with flexibility (FRLs) are becoming increasingly crucial across diverse sectors due to their adaptability and outstanding mechanical attributes. Their ability to deliver high performance relative to their weight makes them indispensable in lighter-than-air (LTA) applications, such as aerostats, inflatable antennas, surge bladders, gas storage balloons, life rafts, and other related uses. This research delved into employing woven fabrics as the reinforcement material and explored how their specific parameters, like fiber type, fabric count (warp thread density × weft thread density), fabric areal density, and fabric cover influence the bonding and mechanical properties of laminates. A thorough analysis encompassing standard T-peel (ASTM standard D1876) and a newly proposed yarn pullout in laminate test were conducted on laminates fabricated with various woven reinforcements, each with its unique specifications. The T-peel test was utilized to gauge the adhesive strength between FRL components, offering crucial insights into interfacial bonding within the laminates. Nevertheless, challenges exist with the T-peel test, including instances where the adherents lack the strength to withstand rupture, resulting in unsuccessful peel propagation and numerous outliers that necessitate costly additional trials. Thus, our research group introduced a novel yarn pullout in laminate test to accurately assess adhesion in FRLs. This study uncovered correlations between both adhesion tests (T-peel and yarn pullout in laminate), indicating that the innovative yarn pullout in laminate test could effectively substitute for characterizing adhesion in FRLs. Furthermore, the findings unveiled a complex relationship between woven fabric specifications and laminate properties. We noted that variations in fiber type, yarn linear density, and adhesive type significantly impacted adhesion strength. For instance, Kevlar exhibited markedly superior adhesion compared to Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) when paired with Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) adhesive, whereas UHMWPE demonstrated better adhesion with Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA). Moreover, the adhesion quality lessened as fabric count increased for the same adhesive quantity. These discoveries carry practical implications for material selection and design across industries, from automotive to aerospace, offering avenues to enhance FRL performance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discontinuous Fiber Composites, Volume III)
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Open AccessArticle
Preparation and Characterization of Particleboard Made from Industrial-Type Wood Particles and Discarded Duck Feathers
by
Nidal Del Valle Raydan, Bertrand Charrier, Grzegorz Kowaluk and Eduardo Robles
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070241 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
Global poultry waste production is substantial, with billions of poultry raised annually for meat and egg production, resulting in significant feather waste. Conventional poultry waste disposal methods are restricted due to environmental concerns. Meanwhile, wood-composite panel industries face raw material shortages, emphasizing the
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Global poultry waste production is substantial, with billions of poultry raised annually for meat and egg production, resulting in significant feather waste. Conventional poultry waste disposal methods are restricted due to environmental concerns. Meanwhile, wood-composite panel industries face raw material shortages, emphasizing the need for sustainable, renewable fiber sources. In this study, in the core layer of panels, wood particles were replaced with 5 wt% clean duck feathers without pretreatment to take advantage of feather attributes like hydrophobicity, thermal insulation, and sound damping as an alternative construction material. Three adhesives—urea-formaldehyde (UF), polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI), and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)—were examined for resin–feather compatibility. The control panels in this study were identical but wood was not replaced with feathers. The results revealed that wood–feather particleboard with pMDI and PVAc resins meets the requirements of the relevant standard for P2 boards (where applicable) concerning their modulus of rupture (MOR: 11 N·mm−2), modulus of elasticity (MOE: 1600 N·mm−2), internal bond (IB: 0.35 N·mm−2), and screw withdrawal resistance (SWR). However, those produced with UF resin did not meet the standards for IB and MOE. Furthermore, the physical properties showed similar water resistance and thickness swelling to control panels with pMDI. Notably, substituting 5 wt% wood with feathers improved thermal insulation by approximately 10% for UF and pMDI resins. Additionally, particleboard with feathers demonstrated improved sound absorption at high frequencies, ranging from 2500 to 500 Hz, particularly with pMDI resin, approaching Class B classification according to EN ISO 11654:1997. This study identifies the higher compatibility of pMDI over PVAc and UF adhesives for feather-based composite materials in construction applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Waste to Advance Composite Materials)
Open AccessArticle
Effect of PVDF, HA, and AgNO3 Annealing on β-Phase, Optical, and Mechanical Properties
by
Ieva Markuniene, Arvydas Palevicius, Joris Vezys, Jakub Augustyniak, Dariusz Perkowski, Sigita Urbaite and Giedrius Janusas
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070240 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
Typically, polymer composites and ceramics are used to create biosensors. Materials with properties that are ideal for biosensors and chemical sensors include AgNO3 (silver nitrate), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), and HA (hydroxyapatite). Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer has been widely used in several applications
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Typically, polymer composites and ceramics are used to create biosensors. Materials with properties that are ideal for biosensors and chemical sensors include AgNO3 (silver nitrate), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), and HA (hydroxyapatite). Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer has been widely used in several applications because of its well-known superior ferroelectric characteristics and biocompatibility. The brittleness and low bending strength of hydroxyapatite limit its applicability. Several HA and polymer composite formulations have been developed to compensate for HA’s mechanical weakness. The final product contains a significant amount of HA, making HA/polymer composites highly biocompatible. When the right amount of silver is deposited, the maximum piezoelectric activity is generated, and silver nitrate has antimicrobial properties. The non-toxic solvent DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) and the solvent casting method were chosen for the preparation of the film. Surface roughness was chosen to measure the Str and Sdr properties of the thin film. For liquid preparation, the multifractal spectra analysis was chosen for each sample. SEM was used to examine the samples morphologically. EDX and mapping analyses were presented for chemistry distribution in the samples.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites, Volume III)
Open AccessCommunication
Water–Gas Shift Activity over Ni/Al2O3 Composites
by
Pannipa Tepamatr, Sumittra Charojrochkul and Navadol Laosiripojana
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070239 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
The water–gas shift (WGS) performance of 10%Ni/Al2O3, 20%Ni/Al2O3 and 10%Ni/CaO-Al2O3 catalysts was studied to reduce CO concentration and produce extra hydrogen. Ni was added onto the Al2O3 support by an
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The water–gas shift (WGS) performance of 10%Ni/Al2O3, 20%Ni/Al2O3 and 10%Ni/CaO-Al2O3 catalysts was studied to reduce CO concentration and produce extra hydrogen. Ni was added onto the Al2O3 support by an impregnation method. The physicochemical properties of nickel catalysts that influence their catalytic activity were examined. The most influential factors in increasing the CO conversion for the water–gas shift reaction are Ni dispersion and surface acidity. Ni metal sites were identified as the active sites for CO adsorption. The main effect of nickel metal was reducing the adsorbed CO amount by reducing the active site concentration. The 10%Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was more active for the WGS reaction than other catalysts. This catalyst presents a high CO conversion rate (75% CO conversion at 800 °C), which is due to its high Ni dispersion at the surface (6.74%) and surface acidity, thereby favoring CO adsorption. A high Ni dispersion for more surface-active sites is exposed to a CO reactant. In addition, favored CO adsorption is related to the acidity on the catalyst surface because CO reactant in the WGS reaction is a weak base. The total acidity can be evaluated by integrating the NH3-Temperature-Programmed Desorption curves. Therefore, an enhancement of surface acidity is identified as the favored CO adsorption.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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Open AccessReview
A Critical Review of Cold-Formed Steel Built-Up Composite Columns with Geopolymer Concrete Infill
by
Serene Sara Simon, Bidur Kafle and Riyadh Al-Ameri
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070238 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
Concrete-filled built-up cold-formed steel (CFS) columns offer enhanced load-carrying capacity, improved strength-to-weight ratios, and delayed buckling through providing internal resistance and stiffness due to the concrete infill. Integrating sustainable alternatives like self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) with low carbon emissions is increasingly favoured for
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Concrete-filled built-up cold-formed steel (CFS) columns offer enhanced load-carrying capacity, improved strength-to-weight ratios, and delayed buckling through providing internal resistance and stiffness due to the concrete infill. Integrating sustainable alternatives like self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) with low carbon emissions is increasingly favoured for addressing environmental concerns in construction. This review aims to explore the current knowledge regarding CFS built-up composite columns and the performance of SCGC within them. While research on geopolymer concrete-filled steel tubes (GPCFSTs) under various loads has demonstrated high strength and ductility, investigations into built-up sections remain limited. The literature suggests that geopolymer concrete’s superior compressive strength, fire resistance, and minimal shrinkage render it highly compatible with steel tubular columns, providing robust load-bearing capacity and gradual post-ultimate strength, attributed to the confinement effect of the outer steel tubes, thereby preventing brittle failure. Additionally, in built-up sections, connector penetration depth and spacing, particularly at the ends, enhances structural performance through composite action in CFS structures. Consequently, understanding the importance of using a sustainable and superior infill like SCGC, the cross-sectional efficiency of CFS sections, and optimal shear connections in built-up CFS columns is crucial. Moreover, there is a potential for developing environmentally sustainable built-up CFS composite columns using SCGC cured at ambient temperatures as infill.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites, Volume III)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Shade and Light-Curing Intensity on Bulk-Fill Composite: Heat Generation and Chemo-Mechanical Properties (In Vitro Study)
by
Hawkar Abdalla Hussein and Hawzhen Masoud M. Saeed
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070237 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the effect of shade and light-curing intensity on the heat generation and degree of conversion of bulk-fill composite. A commercially available bulk-fill composite resin was used in this study. A total of 250 cylindrical specimens
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The aim of this study is to assess the effect of shade and light-curing intensity on the heat generation and degree of conversion of bulk-fill composite. A commercially available bulk-fill composite resin was used in this study. A total of 250 cylindrical specimens of each composite shade (n = 25/group) were prepared (125 for testing heat generation and 125 for testing degree of conversion, then cured using a monowave light-curing unit (LCU) with a single light intensity of 1470 mW/cm2 and a polywave LCU with three different light intensities (1200, 2000, and 3000 mW/cm2). Heat generation during polymerization was measured by five K-type thermocouples placed in each 1 mm layer from top to bottom. FTIR was used for evaluating the degree of conversion. Regarding heat generation, significant differences were seen in layers 4 and 5. Curing types and times also showed significant impacts on heat generation and the degree of conversion. Heat generation relates more to curing time than light intensity. Darker shades generate and retain more heat. Lighter shades exhibit higher degrees of conversion with longer curing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)
Open AccessArticle
Characterization of Posidonia oceanica Fibers High-Density Polyethylene Composites: Reinforcing Potential and Effect of Coupling Agent
by
Manel Haddar, Ahmed Elloumi, Cheldly Brdai and Ahmed Koubaa
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070236 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of fiber loading and maleated polyethylene (MAPE) coupling agent on the structural, thermal, mechanical, morphological properties, and torque rheology of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with Posidonia oceanica fiber (POF) composites. HDPE/POF composites, both with and without MAPE, were
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This study investigated the influence of fiber loading and maleated polyethylene (MAPE) coupling agent on the structural, thermal, mechanical, morphological properties, and torque rheology of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with Posidonia oceanica fiber (POF) composites. HDPE/POF composites, both with and without MAPE, were manufactured using a two-step process: composite pellets extrusion, followed by test samples injection molding with various POF loadings (0, 20, 30, and 40 wt%). HDPE/POF composites reinforced with higher loading of POF (40 wt%) exhibit superior stiffness, better crystallinity, and higher stabilized torque and mechanical energy (Em) compared to other composite formulations. Therefore, varying the POF loading leads to extrusion and injection processing variations. Furthermore, the coupling agent significantly enhances the tensile strength, ductility, impact strength, crystallinity, stabilized torque, and Em of the HDPE/POF composite. This improvement is due to the enhanced interfacial adhesion between the POF and the HDPE matrix with the addition of the MAPE, as supported by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Acoustic Emission during Non-Uniform Progression of Processes in Composite Failure According to the Von Mises Criterion
by
Sergii Filonenko, Anzhelika Stakhova, Adrián Bekö and Alzbeta Grmanova
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070235 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
In the study, based on the model of acoustic emission during the destruction of a composite material by shear force according to the Von Mises criterion, the effect of non-uniformity of the destruction process on the generated acoustic emission signal is simulated. The
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In the study, based on the model of acoustic emission during the destruction of a composite material by shear force according to the Von Mises criterion, the effect of non-uniformity of the destruction process on the generated acoustic emission signal is simulated. The study under the accepted modeling conditions allows us to determine the patterns of changes in the amplitude envelope of acoustic emission signals at various stages of developing processes. In theoretical and experimental studies of acoustic emission signals when searching for patterns in their parameter changes and developing methods for monitoring or diagnosing the state of composite materials, the problem lies in the interpretation of recorded information. This issue arises from the complexity and diversity of processes occurring in the material structure at micro and macro levels, and the high sensitivity of the acoustic emission method to these processes, wherein structural changes lead to observable alterations in the characteristics of acoustic emissions. Solving this problem requires both theoretical and experimental studies to understand the influence of various factors on the characteristics of the generated acoustic emission. The results of the presented study can be used to assess the condition of composite materials and structures, such as bridges, e.g., in terms of defectiveness, property dispersion, damage during operation, and other characteristics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
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Open AccessArticle
Biocomposite Based on Polyhydroxybutyrate and Cellulose Acetate for the Adsorption of Methylene Blue
by
Ángel Villabona-Ortíz, Rodrigo Ortega-Toro and Jenyfer Pedroza-Hernández
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070234 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
Industrialization and globalization have caused severe environmental problems, such as contaminating water bodies by toxic agents from various industries, generating a significant loss of biodiversity and health risks. Globally, approximately 80% of wastewater is discharged without treatment, worsening the situation. However, in Colombia,
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Industrialization and globalization have caused severe environmental problems, such as contaminating water bodies by toxic agents from various industries, generating a significant loss of biodiversity and health risks. Globally, approximately 80% of wastewater is discharged without treatment, worsening the situation. However, in Colombia, initiatives have been taken to improve wastewater management, with ambitious investments and targets to improve treatment infrastructure. Recently, advanced technologies have been developed to treat wastewater, including more efficient and sustainable biological methods, such as using coconut-derived adsorbent biomaterials, rich in useful properties for the adsorption of pollutants in solutions. This research focuses on developing a composite biomaterial using cellulose acetate (CA) extracted from coconut mesocarp and polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB), by the casting method, to treat wastewater. Adsorption tests with the tracer methylene blue (MB) were carried out in the Energy and Environment laboratory of the University of Cartagena. For this, MB solutions were prepared with 5 to 50 ppm concentrations. The analyses showed that the composite biomaterial is thermally stable and has good homogeneity and porosity. At a concentration of 40 ppm and a dosage of 10 mg of adsorbent, the adsorption efficiency was 89%, with an adsorption capacity of 35.98 mg/g. The above indicates that the composite biomaterial is presented as a sustainable, improved, and efficient solution to remove contaminants from wastewater, benefiting the environment and human health.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Hybrid Fabrication of Zirconia Parts with Smooth Surface Texture and Tight Tolerances
by
Laurent Spitaels, Valentin Dambly, Aiora Beobide Otaegi, Julien Bossu, Cathy Delmotte, Gregory Martic, Enrique Juste, Raoul Carrus, Pedro-José Arrazola, Fabrice Petit, Edouard Rivière-Lorphèvre and François Ducobu
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070233 - 22 Jun 2024
Abstract
The conventional manufacturing chain for technical ceramics is too expensive for the production of small series or unique parts with complex designs. Hybrid machines that combine additive and subtractive processes can be an interesting solution to overcome this technology lock-in. However, despite the
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The conventional manufacturing chain for technical ceramics is too expensive for the production of small series or unique parts with complex designs. Hybrid machines that combine additive and subtractive processes can be an interesting solution to overcome this technology lock-in. However, despite the great interest in hybrid machines for metallic parts, there is a lack of data in the literature when it comes to ceramics. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to closing this gap. It is the first to evaluate the achievable geometrical tolerances according to ISO 2768-2 as well as the surface textures of composite zirconia parts shaped sequentially by pellet additive manufacturing (PAM, from ceramic injection molding feedstock) and finish milling. The green parts were then debinded and sintered to analyze the influence of these steps. Compared to the initial green parts, the sintered parts exhibited shiny and smooth surfaces with sharp edges. Flatness, parallelism and perpendicularity all achieved an H (fine) class, while the surface textures were significantly improved, resulting in arithmetic roughness (Ra) below 1.6 µm.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)
Open AccessArticle
Selected Mechanical Properties of Dental Hybrid Composite with Fluorine, Hydroxyapatite and Silver Fillers
by
Zofia Kula, Leszek Klimek, Katarzyna Dąbrowska, Cristina Bettencourt Neves and João Carlos Roque
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060232 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
In recent years, hydroxyapatite, as a ceramic material, has been a subject of growing interest due to its optimal biological properties, which are useful especially in medical and dental applications. It has been increasingly used in dentistry as a filler in composites. Nevertheless,
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In recent years, hydroxyapatite, as a ceramic material, has been a subject of growing interest due to its optimal biological properties, which are useful especially in medical and dental applications. It has been increasingly used in dentistry as a filler in composites. Nevertheless, research has shown a deterioration of their mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the content of hydroxyapatite together with fluorine and silver on the mechanical properties of a hybrid composite used in conservative dentistry. The authors compared specimens of commercial hybrid composite with specimens of experimental hybrid composite containing 2 wt% and 5 wt% of hydroxyapatite powder with fluorine and silver. The composite specimens were subjected to hardness and impact strength measurements, as well as bending, compression, and tribological wear tests. The research results indicate that the mechanical properties of composites are influenced by the type and amount of filler used. Composite containing 2 wt% of hydroxyapatite powder along with calcium fluoride and silver provided acceptable results.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Direct and Indirect Dental Composite Restorations)
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Open AccessArticle
Low Magnetic Field Induced Extrinsic Strains in Multifunctional Particulate Composites: An Interrupted Mechanical Strengthening in 3D-Printed Nanocomposites
by
Andiol Mucolli, Alden Midmer, Marinos Manolesos, Salem Aldosari, Cristian Lira and Hamed Yazdani Nezhad
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060231 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
The current paper reports on the quantification of the effect of magnetic fields on the mechanical performance of ferromagnetic nanocomposites in situ during basic standard tensile testing. The research investigates altering the basic mechanical properties (modulus and strength) via the application of a
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The current paper reports on the quantification of the effect of magnetic fields on the mechanical performance of ferromagnetic nanocomposites in situ during basic standard tensile testing. The research investigates altering the basic mechanical properties (modulus and strength) via the application of a contact-less magnetic field as a primary attempt for a future composites strengthening mechanism. The nanocomposite specimens were fabricated using filament-based 3D printing and were comprised of ferromagnetic nanoparticle-embedded thermoplastic polymers. The nanoparticles were iron particles dispersed at 21 wt.% (10.2 Vol.%) inside a polylactic acid (PLA) polymer, characterised utilising optical microscopy and 3D X-ray computed tomography. The magnetic field was stationary and produced using permanent neodymium round-shaped magnets available at two field strengths below 1 Tesla. The 3D printing was a MakerBot Replicator machine operating based upon a fused deposition method, which utilised 1.75 mm-diameter filaments made of iron particle-based PLA composites. The magnetic field-equipped tensile tests were accompanied by a real-time digital image correlation technique for localized strain measurements across the specimens at a 10-micron pixel resolution. It was observed that the lateral magnetic field induces a slight Poisson effect on the development of extrinsic strain across the length of the tensile specimens. However, the effect reasonably interferes with the evolution of strain fields via the introduction of localised compressive strains attributed to accumulated magnetic polarisation at the magnetic particles on an extrinsic scale. The theory overestimated the moduli by a factor of approximately 3.1. To enhance the accuracy of its solutions for 3D-printed specimens, it is necessary to incorporate pore considerations into the theoretical derivations. Additionally, a modest 10% increase in ultimate tensile strength was observed during tensile loading. This finding suggests that field-assisted strengthening can be effective for as-received 3D-printed magnetic composites in their solidified state, provided that the material and field are optimally designed and implemented. This approach could propose a viable method for remote field tailoring to strengthen the material by mitigating defects induced during the 3D printing process.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Composites)
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Open AccessReview
Keratinous Natural Fibres as Sustainable Flame Retardants and Reinforcements in Polymer Composites
by
Avishek Mishra, Nam Kyeun Kim and Debes Bhattacharyya
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060230 - 17 Jun 2024
Abstract
Natural fibres have been used as fibre reinforcements in composites as they offer eco-friendly and economic advantages, but their susceptibility to deterioration when exposed to heat and flames has limited their practical application in fibre-reinforced polymeric composites. Fire-reaction properties have been explored in
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Natural fibres have been used as fibre reinforcements in composites as they offer eco-friendly and economic advantages, but their susceptibility to deterioration when exposed to heat and flames has limited their practical application in fibre-reinforced polymeric composites. Fire-reaction properties have been explored in reasonable detail for plant fibres, but a gap exists in the understanding of animal fibre-reinforced composites. Understanding the thermal and fire reactions of these keratin-rich animal fibres is crucial for material selection and advancing composite product development. The current paper critically discusses the existing research landscape and suggests future research directions. The use of keratinous fibres in composites can definitely improve their thermal stability and fire performance, but it also appears to adversely affect the composite’s mechanical performance. The main part of this paper focuses on the flame-retardant treatment of keratinous fibres and polymer composites, and their behaviour under fire conditions. The final part of this paper includes a brief look at the environmental impact of the treatment methods; the overall processing of keratinous fibre-reinforced composites is also presented to gain further insight.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
The Use of Externally Bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites to Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Single Shear Walls: A Nonlinear Time History Assessment
by
Ali Abbaszadeh and Omar Chaallal
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060229 - 17 Jun 2024
Abstract
In medium- to high-rise buildings, single shear walls (SSWs) are often used to resist lateral force due to wind and earthquakes. They are designed to dissipate seismic energy mainly through plastic hinge zones at the base. However, they often display large post-earthquake deformations
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In medium- to high-rise buildings, single shear walls (SSWs) are often used to resist lateral force due to wind and earthquakes. They are designed to dissipate seismic energy mainly through plastic hinge zones at the base. However, they often display large post-earthquake deformations that can give rise to many economic and safety concerns within buildings. Hence, the primary objective of this research study is to minimize residual deformations in existing SSWs located in the Western and Eastern seismic zones of Canada, thereby enhancing their resilience and self-centering capacity. To that end, four SSWs of 20 and 15 stories, located in Vancouver and Montreal, were meticulously designed and detailed per the latest Canadian standards and codes. The study assessed the impact of three innovative strengthening schemes on the seismic response of these SSWs through 2D nonlinear time history (NLTH) analysis. All three strengthening schemes involved the application of Externally Bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer (EB-FRP) to the shear walls. Accordingly, a total of 208 NLTH analyses were conducted to assess the effectiveness of all strengthening configurations. The findings unveiled that the most efficient technique for reducing residual drift in SSWs involved applying three layers of vertical FRP sheets to the extreme edges of the wall, full FRP wrapping the walls, and full FRP wrapping of the plastic hinge zone. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that implementing these strengthening schemes may lead to an increase in bending moment and base shear force demands within the walls.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Bio-Inspired Helicoidal Composite Structure Featuring Graded Variable Ply Pitch under Transverse Tensile Loading
by
Hossein Malekinejad, Ricardo J. C. Carbas, Alireza Akhavan-Safar, Eduardo A. S. Marques, Maria Ferreira and Lucas F. M. da Silva
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060228 - 16 Jun 2024
Abstract
Biostructures found in nature exhibit remarkable strength, toughness, and damage resistance, achieved over millions of years. Observing nature closely might help develop laminates that resemble natural structures more closely, potentially improving strength and mimicking natural principles. Bio-inspired Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) investigated thus
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Biostructures found in nature exhibit remarkable strength, toughness, and damage resistance, achieved over millions of years. Observing nature closely might help develop laminates that resemble natural structures more closely, potentially improving strength and mimicking natural principles. Bio-inspired Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) investigated thus far exhibit consistent pitch angles between layers, whereas natural structures display gradual variations in pitch angle rather than consistency. Therefore, this study explores helicoidal CFRP laminates, focusing on the Non-Linear Rotation Angle (NLRA) or gradual variation to enhance composite material performance. In addition, it compares the strength and failure mechanisms of the gradual configuration with conventional helicoidal and unidirectional (UD) laminates, serving as references while conducting transverse tensile tests (out-of-plane tensile). The findings highlight the potential of conventional and gradual helicoidal structures in reinforcing CFRP laminates, increasing the failure load compared to unidirectional CFRP laminate by about 5% and 17%, respectively. In addition, utilizing bio-inspired configurations has shown promising improvements in toughness compared to traditional unidirectional laminates, as evidenced by the increased displacement at failure. The numerical and experimental analyses revealed a shift in crack path when utilizing the bio-inspired helicoidal stacking sequence. Validated by experimental data, this alteration demonstrates longer and more intricate crack propagation, ultimately leading to increased transverse strength.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Competitive Adsorption of Aqueous Cd(II) and Pb(II) Solutions onto Silicas Synthesized with Saponin as Template Agent
by
Claudia-Maria Simonescu, Florina Dumitru, Bianca Zărnescu, Daniela Cristina Culiţă, Anca Răzvan, Ovidiu Oprea, Roxana Truşcă and Eugeniu Vasile
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060227 - 16 Jun 2024
Abstract
The aim of the research was to prepare silica adsorbents using an environmentally friendly pathway, a template synthesis with saponin biosurfactant as a structure-directing agent. The adsorbents prepared in this way exhibit improved adsorption properties while maintaining environmental innocuousness. For the preparation of
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The aim of the research was to prepare silica adsorbents using an environmentally friendly pathway, a template synthesis with saponin biosurfactant as a structure-directing agent. The adsorbents prepared in this way exhibit improved adsorption properties while maintaining environmental innocuousness. For the preparation of porous silica, the biosurfactant template sol–gel method was used with tetraethoxysilane as a silica precursor. The silica adsorbents were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption and SEM/EDX microscopy, TEM/HRTEM microscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses. Batch tests were carried out to remediate Pb(II)/Cd(II) ions in single/binary aqueous solutions, and the effect of the surfactant on the adsorption properties was assessed. The optimal adsorption parameters (pH, contact time, initial concentration of metal ions) have been determined. The adsorption was fitted using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms and kinetic models. Mathematical modeling of the retention process of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from binary solutions indicated a competitive effect of each of the two adsorbed metal ions. The experimental results demonstrated that saponin has the effect of modifying the silica structure through the formation of pores, which are involved in the retention of metal ions from aqueous solutions and wastewater.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Composites, Volume II)
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