Performance of Composite Metal Foam Armors against Various Threat Sizes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Manufacturing
2.2. Ballistic Testing and Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. 14.5 mm Ballistic Testing Results
3.1.1. Armor 1: Double-Layered Ceramic-CMF-Al
3.1.2. Armor 2: RHA-Ceramic-CMF-Al
3.1.3. Armor 3: RHA-Ceramic (Tiles)-CMF-Al
3.2. Comparison to Conventional Armors
3.2.1. Mass Efficiency Ratio (MER)
3.2.2. Analytical Energy Absorption
3.3. Comparison of CMF Armors against Various AP Threats
- The increasing impact area of the larger bullets engages a greater number of spheres, improving the cushioning ability of the armor.
- The increased thickness of the CMF layer in the armor design further helps spread the load through the thickness of the armor, strengthening its performance under compression.
- A larger secondary impact zone is created as a result of the reflected stress waves in the thicker armors. The secondary impact region supports the primary impact zone around the projectile cores.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Projectile Length (mm) | Projectile Diameter (mm) | Projectile Mass (g) | Core Length (mm) | Core Diameter (mm) | Core Mass (g) | Core Material | Impact Energy (kJ) (@ 750–900 m/s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.62 × 63 mm M2 AP (0.30 Cal) | 35.3 | 7.85 | 10.8 | 27.4 | 6.2 | 5.3 | Hardened Steel | 3–4 |
12.7 × 99 mm M2 AP (0.50 Cal) | 58.7 | 12.98 | 45.9 | 45.9 | 10.9 | 25.9 | Hardened Steel | 13–19 |
14.5 × 114 mm B32 API | 66.3 | 14.9 | 64.2 | 53.1 | 12.4 | 41.0 | Hardened Steel | 18–26 |
Areal Density (g/cm2) [lb./ft2] | Impact Velocity (m/s) | Bullet Kinetic Energy (J) | PP/CP | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Armor 1 | 16.3 [33.5] | 769 | 19,057 | PP |
Armor 2 | 17.2 [35.2] | 769 | 19,057 | PP |
Armor 3 | 16.1 [32.9] | 791 | 20,129 | CP |
Average | 16.5 [33.8] | 776 | 19,274 | - |
HHA | 19.4 [39.7] | 744 | 17,823 | V50 [4] |
RHA | 24.3 [49.8] | 835 | 22,451 | V50 [48] |
Armor | Areal Density (g/cm2) [lb/ft2] | Average Round Velocity (m/s) | Total Energy of the Round (J) | Percentage of Round Energy Absorbed by: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ceramic and Motion of Fragment Cloud % | Bullet % | Backplate % | RHA % | CMF % | ||||
Armor 1 | 16.3 [33.5] | 769 | 19,057 | 27 | 2 | 1 | - | 70 |
Armor 2 | 17.2 [35.2] | 769 | 19,057 | 13 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 83 |
7.62 × 63 mm M2 AP [16] | 5.9 [12.1] | 867 | 4081 | 9 | 15 | 16 | - | 60 |
12.7 × 99 mm M2 AP [17] | 10.3 [21.1] | 804 | 15,208 | 17 | 2 | 4 | - | 77 |
Table | Normalized Energy of the Round | Normalized Total Thickness | Normalized Areal Density |
---|---|---|---|
7.62 × 63 mm M2 AP [16] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
12.7 × 99 mm M2 AP [17] | 3.72 | 1.60 | 1.77 |
14.5 × 114 mm B32 API | 4.67 | 2.31 | 2.90 |
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Marx, J.; Portanova, M.; Rabiei, A. Performance of Composite Metal Foam Armors against Various Threat Sizes. J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4, 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040176
Marx J, Portanova M, Rabiei A. Performance of Composite Metal Foam Armors against Various Threat Sizes. Journal of Composites Science. 2020; 4(4):176. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040176
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarx, Jacob, Marc Portanova, and Afsaneh Rabiei. 2020. "Performance of Composite Metal Foam Armors against Various Threat Sizes" Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4: 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040176