Challenges and Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Waste Management Systems: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Off-Putting Impacts of COVID-19 Scenario on Environments
1.1.1. Escalation in Wastes
1.1.2. Diminution of Waste Recycling
1.2. Research Methodology
1.3. Types of Waste Generated in COVID-19
1.3.1. Use of PPE
1.3.2. Use of Masks
1.3.3. Use of Gloves
1.3.4. Use of Goggles and Protective Face Shields/Face Screens
1.3.5. Use of Gowns and Protective Clothing
2. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Global Waste Management Sector
2.1. Impact of Mask Waste on the Environment
2.2. Emergency Hazardous Waste Management
2.3. Medical Waste Generation during COVID-19
2.4. Recycling of Plastic Wastes
2.5. Landfilling Process
2.6. Medical Waste Management
3. Challenges in COVID-19 Waste Management
4. Methods for Segregation and Pre-Treatment of COVID-19 Medical Waste
5. Worldwide Scenario of Medical Waste Management and Treatment Systems during COVID-19 Pandemic
5.1. International Guidelines
5.2. Policies and Practices for Medical Waste Management
5.2.1. Republic of China
5.2.2. South Korea
5.2.3. India
5.2.4. Iran
5.2.5. Romania
Municipal Solid Wastes Management Modifications
Management of PPE Wastes
Collection and Recycling of MSW
6. Potential Plastic Waste Scenario
7. Health Safety of Waste Management Staff
- The provision of PPE and disinfectants to workers and associated staff;
- The fulfilment of hygiene protocols for waste management workers such as regular changing and washing of PPE, the provision of clothing during exposure, hand gloves, and the repeated sanitization of vehicle cabins, clothes, storage and collection facilities;
- Shield workers from potential exposure and provide training for adherence to the essential protocols to avoid the transmission of COVID-19 among workers and related staff;
- The required physical distancing among staff members, implement a reduction in the number of workers at a particular work point and special care should be taken of senior staff and workers with chronic illness.
8. Discussion and Potential Suggestions
- ▪
- A larger quantity of hazardous medical and other waste generation and its systematic management alongside the health and safety crises associated with the handling, collection, transportation, and final methodical disposal of such wastes from society to the individual;
- ▪
- The possible health hazards associated with frontline workers, health care workers, informal waste collectors, and the general public living in the vicinity of the waste disposal yards alongside the financial issues;
- ▪
- The unexpected surge in perilous waste and plastic safety gear and packaging will adversely influence the common recycling competence and other waste clearance processes which presents a key long-standing negative impact on the terrestrial and marine environment;
- ▪
- The new PPE contamination on land and in coastal areas has led to a novel situation for handling and dumping as well as probable issues for the health of the general public living in contact with such haphazardly disposed of items.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Projected Waste Generation (Millions of Tons/Year) | ||
---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2030 | 2050 | |
East Asia and Pacific | 468 | 602 | 714 |
Europe and Central Asia | 392 | 440 | 490 |
Latin America and Caribbean | 231 | 290 | 369 |
Middle East and North Africa | 129 | 177 | 255 |
North America | 289 | 342 | 396 |
South Asia | 334 | 466 | 661 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 174 | 269 | 516 |
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Luhar, I.; Luhar, S.; Abdullah, M.M.A.B. Challenges and Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Waste Management Systems: A Review. J. Compos. Sci. 2022, 6, 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6090271
Luhar I, Luhar S, Abdullah MMAB. Challenges and Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Waste Management Systems: A Review. Journal of Composites Science. 2022; 6(9):271. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6090271
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuhar, Ismail, Salmabanu Luhar, and Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah. 2022. "Challenges and Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Waste Management Systems: A Review" Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 9: 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6090271