Mechanical Properties of Post-Cured Eggshell-Filled Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Selection
2.2. Processing of Filler Material
2.2.1. Processing for Uncarbonised Eggshell Filler
2.2.2. Processing for Carbonised Eggshell Filler
2.3. Fabrication of Composites
2.4. Post-Curing of Composites
2.5. Tensile Test
2.6. Flexural Test
2.7. Microscopic Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Tensile Test Results
3.2. Flexural Test Results
3.3. Modes of Failure
3.4. Microscopic Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Unit | E-Glass Fibre |
---|---|---|
Density | g/cm3 | 2.54 |
Tensile strength | MPa | 3425 |
Tensile elongation | % | 2.75 |
Modulus of elasticity | GPa | 75 |
Fibre diameter | µm | 11 |
Chemical composition | %(weight) | 51.6 SiO2 |
15.9 Al2O3 | ||
9.6 B2O3 | ||
5.5 MgO | ||
16.6 CaO | ||
0.8 Other |
Property | Unit | Unsaturated Polyester |
---|---|---|
Density | g/cm3 | 1.2 |
Tensile strength | MPa | 62 |
Tensile elongation | % | 2 |
Modulus of elasticity | GPa | 3.2 |
Flexural strength | MPa | 40 |
Composite Variant | Glass Fibre (wt.%) | Polyester (wt.%) | Uncarbonised Eggshell (wt.%) | Carbonised Eggshell (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Unfilled (UF) | 34 | 66 | 0 | 0 |
Uncarbonised eggshell filled (UCES) | 34 | 56 | 10 | 0 |
Carbonised eggshell filled (CES) | 34 | 56 | 0 | 10 |
Hybrid eggshell filled (HY) | 34 | 56 | 5 | 5 |
Specimen Number (Top to Bottom) | Mode of Failure as per the ASTM Standard | First Character (Failure Type) | Second Character (Failure Area) | Third Character (Failure Location) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | LAT | Lateral | At grip | Top |
2 | AGM | Angular | Gauge | Middle |
3 | LGM | Lateral | Gauge | Middle |
4 | LAT | Lateral | At grip | Top |
5 | LGM | Lateral | Gauge | Middle |
Specimen Number (Top to Bottom) | Mode of Failure as per the ASTM Standard | First Character (Failure Type) | Second Character (Failure Area) | Third Character (Failure Location) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AAT | Angular | At grip | Top |
2 | AGM | Angular | Gauge | Middle |
3 | AGM | Angular | Gauge | Middle |
4 | LGM | Lateral | Gauge | Middle |
5 | LGM | Lateral | Gauge | Middle |
Specimen Number (Top to Bottom) | Mode of Failure as per the ASTM Standard | First Character (Failure Type) | Second Character (Failure Area) | Third Character (Failure Location) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AGM | Angular | Gauge | Middle |
2 | AGM | Angular | Gauge | Middle |
3 | AGM | Angular | Gauge | Middle |
4 | LAT | Lateral | At grip | Top |
5 | LGM | Lateral | Gauge | Middle |
Specimen Number (Top to Bottom) | Mode of Failure as per the ASTM Standard | First Character (Failure Type) | Second Character (Failure Area) | Third Character (Failure Location) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | LGM | Lateral | Gauge | Middle |
2 | LGM | Lateral | Gauge | Middle |
3 | LGM | Lateral | Gauge | Middle |
4 | LAT | Lateral | At grip | Top |
5 | LGM | Lateral | Gauge | Middle |
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Kowshik, S.; Sharma, S.; Rao, S.; Shettar, M.; Hiremath, P. Mechanical Properties of Post-Cured Eggshell-Filled Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7020049
Kowshik S, Sharma S, Rao S, Shettar M, Hiremath P. Mechanical Properties of Post-Cured Eggshell-Filled Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites. Journal of Composites Science. 2023; 7(2):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7020049
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowshik, Suhas, Sathyashankara Sharma, Sathish Rao, Manjunath Shettar, and Pavan Hiremath. 2023. "Mechanical Properties of Post-Cured Eggshell-Filled Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites" Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 2: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7020049