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Article

Effect of Turmeric Staining and Bleaching Treatment on Color Stability and Surface Hardness of Different Dental Composite Resins

by
Mitsu Patel
1,2,3,
Jimin Lee
1,2,3,
Marc Hayashi
1,2,3,
Reuben H. Kim
1,2,3 and
Mijoo Kim
1,2,3,*
1
UCLA Biomaterials and Device Testing Laboratory, UCLA School of Dentistry, The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
2
Center for Esthetic Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
3
Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(2), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9020077
Submission received: 7 January 2025 / Revised: 31 January 2025 / Accepted: 6 February 2025 / Published: 8 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This study investigated the susceptibility of nine composite resins to turmeric staining, evaluated bleaching efficacy for color recovery, and assessed surface hardness throughout these processes. Disc-shaped specimens (8 mm × 2 mm, n = 3/group) were subjected to daily 20 min turmeric solution immersion for two weeks, followed by two weeks of daily 3 h applications of 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching. Color measurements included spectrophotometric analysis for ΔE values (threshold ΔE > 3.3 for clinical significance) and VITA Classic shade assessment at baseline, post-staining, and post-bleaching intervals. Surface hardness was evaluated using a Vickers hardness tester. Results showed significant color changes in all materials except HA after turmeric exposure, with FS exhibiting the highest staining susceptibility (ΔE = 24.6 ± 2.69) and HA showing minimal change (ΔE = 1.9 ± 0.85). VITA Classic shade evaluation revealed varying patterns; some materials maintained their initial shade designation despite significant ΔE changes (FS, CM), while others showed substantial shade shifts with successful recovery post-bleaching (HA, OM). Bleaching effectiveness varied across materials, with PO, VEP, and FS demonstrating substantial recovery in ΔE values, although FS retained clinically noticeable discoloration post-bleaching (ΔE = 7.6 ± 0.89). Surface hardness analysis revealed three distinct groups: high (80–90 HV: FS, CA, VPO), intermediate (55–70 HV: VEP, OM), and low (40–47 HV: PO, AE, HA, CM). For patients with high exposure to chromogenic foods, such as turmeric, material selection requires careful consideration of staining susceptibility, with HA and OM demonstrating superior color stability and recovery characteristics in this study.

1. Introduction

Color stability is a crucial property of composite resin materials used in dental restorations, directly impacting the esthetic outcome and the patient’s satisfaction with dental treatments. As composite resins are a common choice for dental restorations due to their superior esthetics, versatility, and ease of use, maintaining their original shade over time is essential to ensure that restorations blend seamlessly with the natural dentition, providing patients with a confident smile [1,2,3].
The discoloration of composite resins is primarily influenced by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Among extrinsic factors, dietary habits play a predominant role, with common substances, such as coffee, red wine, tea, syrup, and Coke, being well-documented contributors to dental material staining [4,5,6]. Turmeric, a principal ingredient in curry, has emerged as a particularly significant cause of discoloration [7,8]. Its widespread consumption, especially in South Asian populations where it is a dietary staple [9,10], makes it a notable concern for dental practitioners. The staining potential of turmeric is especially challenging due to its vivid yellow pigment, which demonstrates strong adherence to both natural teeth and various dental materials, including composite resins, dentures, and orthodontic appliances [11,12].
The susceptibility of composite resins, a common intraoral filling material, to such staining is further complicated by intrinsic factors, including the resin matrix’s composition, the type of filler particles, and the degree of polymerization [13,14,15,16]. Surface characteristics, particularly roughness, significantly influence stain retention, with rougher surfaces showing greater propensity for pigment accumulation [17,18]. These physical and chemical properties vary considerably among different composite formulations, underlining the importance of appropriate material selection for specific clinical situations where staining risk may be elevated.
Several approaches have been proposed to address composite resin discoloration, ranging from replacement to more conservative interventions [19,20,21]. Surface protection strategies, including the application of resin infiltrants and specialized coating systems, have shown promise in preventing stain absorption. While polishing can remove superficial stains by smoothing the material surface [22], modified polishing protocols incorporating multi-step systems and novel abrasive technologies have demonstrated enhanced effectiveness in maintaining surface integrity. However, excessive polishing risks compromising the restoration’s durability through alterations in surface properties [23]. Complete replacement of the restoration, though definitive, is often considered a last choice due to its invasive nature and financial implications for patients. In this context, bleaching has emerged as a promising alternative. The process, which typically employs peroxide-based agents to break down stain molecules, offers a less invasive and potentially cost-effective method for color correction in both natural teeth and composite restorations [24,25].
Although previous studies have examined the effects of bleaching on stained composite resins [26,27], the specific impact of bleaching treatments on turmeric-induced discoloration remains unexplored, particularly regarding the comparative responses of multi-shade and universal-shade composites. While the staining potential of turmeric on dental materials has been recognized, there is limited understanding of the effectiveness of bleaching treatments in recovering the original shade of composite resins after turmeric exposure. Additionally, the relationship between surface hardness and color stability characteristics of these materials after staining and bleaching procedures requires investigation.
Therefore, this study aimed to (1) evaluate the susceptibility of multi-shade and universal-shade composite resins to turmeric staining, (2) assess the effectiveness of 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching treatment in color recovery, and (3) investigate the surface hardness of these materials after staining and bleaching processes. This comprehensive evaluation may provide clinically relevant insights for selecting composite resins in areas where exposure to turmeric-containing foods is common.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Specimen Preparation

Nine composite resins (six multi-shade and three universal-shade products) were evaluated in this study (Table 1). Three disc-shaped specimens (n = 3/group) were fabricated using a plastic mold (8 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness). The composite resin was placed in the mold and covered with a transparent plastic sheet. Polymerization was performed using a Paradigm DeepCure light-curing unit (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA; 1000 mW/cm2) for a total of 100 s, with 20 s exposures at five overlapping locations. This procedure was repeated on the opposite side of specimens. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h post-polymerization.

2.2. Staining Procedure

A turmeric solution (0.01 g/50 mL distilled water) was prepared using a magnetic stirring plate and filtered through a 0.45 µm syringe filter. Specimens underwent daily 20 min immersion in the solution for two weeks at 23 ± 1 °C. Specimens were rinsed with distilled water and blotted dry before and after each staining session. The solution was replaced after one week, and specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C between treatments in a light-proof container.

2.3. Bleaching Treatment

Specimens underwent bleaching treatment using 16% carbamide peroxide (Zoom Whitening Nite, Phillips, Bothell, WA, USA). The treatment consisted of daily 3 h applications for two weeks at 24 h intervals (±1 h). After each session, specimens were rinsed and stored in distilled water at 37 °C.

2.4. Color Measurement

Color measurements were recorded using a VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) at three stages: initial, post-staining, and post-bleaching. Measurements were taken at three points on each specimen’s surface under controlled lighting conditions. The spectrophotometer measured L (lightness), C (chroma), and H (hue) parameters and provided corresponding VITA Classical shade guide designations. Color differences were calculated using the ΔE formula, with ΔE > 3.3 established as the clinically noticeable threshold.

2.5. Surface Hardness Testing

Vickers hardness was measured using a Micro Vickers Hardness Tester (Model 900-390, Phase II, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA) after the staining and bleaching processes. Three measurements were performed on each sample using a 200 g load for 15 s.

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26.0. After confirming normal distribution using the Shapiro–Wilk test, the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by post hoc Dunn’s test were performed to evaluate differences between groups (p < 0.05). All procedures were conducted under controlled environmental conditions (23 ± 1 °C, 50 ± 5% humidity).

3. Results

Following exposure to turmeric solution, all tested composite resins exhibited varying degrees of color changes, shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Statistical analysis of the ΔE values from initial to staining phases revealed significant differences among materials (p < 0.05). The multi-shade composite FS demonstrated the greatest susceptibility to staining (ΔE = 24.6 ± 2.69), followed by VEP (ΔE = 19.8 ± 6.70) and PO (ΔE = 16.0 ± 6.82). All materials except HA exceeded the clinically acceptable threshold of ΔE > 3.3. HA exhibited the lowest color change (ΔE = 1.9 ± 0.85). The universal-shade composites showed moderate staining susceptibility, with VPO and OM demonstrating intermediate ΔE values.
The application of 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent resulted in varying degrees of color recovery (Figure 1 and Figure 2). During the bleaching phase, PO, VEP, and FS showed the most substantial color recovery (ΔE = 18.0 ± 7.28, 19.7 ± 6.70, and 17.0 ± 1.81, respectively). HA, which showed minimal initial staining, demonstrated the least response to bleaching (ΔE = 1.2 ± 1.96). VPO exhibited moderate color recovery (ΔE = 13.9 ± 2.15), while other materials showed varying degrees of improvement.
The final color assessment (ΔE initial to post-bleaching) revealed that only FS retained a clinically significant color change (ΔE = 7.6 ± 0.89), exceeding the visibility threshold of 3.3 (Figure 2). All other tested materials demonstrated recovery to clinically acceptable ranges. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences between FS and other materials (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed among the remaining composites in their final color stability.
Table 2 presents all shade data measured using a spectrophotometer in the composite resins following staining and bleaching procedures, in accordance with the VITA Classic shade guide assessment. Initial data revealed a discrepancy between provided product codes and device shade readings. For instance, the tested CM group was designated as A1 by the manufacturer but registered as A3 in spectrophotometer measurements. Among the multi-shade composites, FS and CM maintained their initial A3 shade throughout the staining and bleaching processes, although this visual stability contrasted with the significant ΔE value changes shown in Figure 1. PO and AE, both initially A1, demonstrated notable color changes after staining (to A3.5 and B4, respectively), with partial recovery after bleaching (to A3 and A2/A3, respectively). HA exhibited complete shade recovery, returning to its initial A1 shade after bleaching despite staining to A3, which aligned with the ΔE data. In the single-shade category, both VPO and OM started with A1 shades. VPO darkened considerably to B4 after staining and stabilized at A3 post-bleaching, while OM showed staining to A3 and almost full recovery to A2/A1 after bleaching procedures.
Surface hardness measurements after staining and bleaching procedures revealed three distinct groups with significant differences in Figure 3 (p < 0.05). The highest hardness values were observed in FS, CA, and VPO (80–90 HV), followed by an intermediate group comprising VEP and OM (55–70 HV). The lowest hardness values were recorded for PO, AE, HA, and CM (40–47 HV).

4. Discussion

The present study evaluated the susceptibility of multi-shade and universal-shade composite resins to turmeric staining and assessed the effectiveness of carbamide peroxide bleaching in color recovery. Our findings revealed distinct patterns in both staining susceptibility and bleaching effectiveness across different composite formulations.
Among the tested materials, the multi-shade composite FS demonstrated the greatest susceptibility to turmeric staining (ΔE = 24.6 ± 2.69), attributed to its nano-aggregated particles with imperfectly silanized interfaces that may facilitate pigment infiltration [28,29]. In contrast, HA showed exceptional stain resistance (ΔE = 1.9 ± 0.85), likely due to its advanced filler technology and optimized filler–matrix interaction [30]. The moderate staining susceptibility of universal-shade composites (VPO and OM) challenges the assumption that multi-shade systems inherently offer superior color stability [31,32].
Bleaching effectiveness with 16% carbamide peroxide varied significantly, with PO, VEP, and FS showing substantial improvement. The significant color recovery in heavily stained materials suggests predominantly superficial staining [33]. However, the incomplete recovery observed in FS (initial to final ΔE = 7.6 ± 0.89) indicates that some staining mechanisms may involve deeper penetration or chemical interactions resistant to bleaching.
A particularly interesting finding emerged from surface hardness measurements. Materials with high surface hardness (FS, CA, and VPO: 80–90 HV) demonstrated varying color stability, with FS showing the greatest staining susceptibility despite superior hardness. Conversely, materials with lower hardness values (PO, AE, and CM: 40–45 HV) showed moderate to low staining susceptibility. This suggests that color stability is primarily influenced by material composition rather than surface hardness. The varying responses can be attributed to matrix composition differences; materials containing UDMA as a main component exhibited different staining patterns compared to Bis-GMA/TEGDMA-based materials [34,35,36]. The presence of UDMA, known for lower water sorption, explains OM’s moderate staining despite its lower filler content [37]. FS’s complex behavior (high hardness but increased staining) likely results from its multiple monomer combination.
Notably, manufacturer-designated shades did not consistently match spectrophotometer measurements. While several materials initially registered as A1 (PO, AE, HA, VPO, and OM), they exhibited varying staining patterns and recovery responses. HA maintained its original shade with minimal color change, while others showed varying degrees of recovery despite identical initial shades. These findings suggest that material composition and microstructure, rather than base shade designation, primarily determine color stability—a crucial consideration for clinical material selection in high staining risk areas [14,30,38].
Recent advances in composite technology have paved the way for improved stain resistance through innovative material formulations and surface modifications. Novel monomer chemistries, such as the incorporation of hydrophobic monomers and the development of high-molecular-weight, branched polymers, have shown promising results in reducing water sorption and minimizing pigment penetration [39,40,41]. These advanced resin systems create a more densely cross-linked polymer network, effectively limiting the diffusion of staining agents into the composite matrix. Additionally, the application of modified silane coupling agents has enhanced the filler–matrix interface, promoting a more homogeneous distribution of fillers and reducing the formation of micro-voids that can act as pathways for stain penetration [42,43]. While our study used turmeric as an extreme staining challenge, these innovative technologies hold promise in improving the color stability of composite restorations when exposed to a wide range of dietary stains encountered in clinical reality.
Our findings suggest several clinical recommendations for managing patients with high consumption of staining substances. In esthetically critical areas, materials like HA might be preferable due to their exceptional stain resistance. However, if the clinician prefers using a single-shade composite resin, OM is recommended considering its moderate staining susceptibility (ΔE values) and ability to maintain a consistent Vita shade. Despite the excellent mechanical properties of FS, patients with frequent turmeric ingestion may require more frequent maintenance and follow-up due to its greater staining susceptibility. To minimize staining and extend the longevity of composite restorations, preventive strategies, such as the application of nanofilled surface sealants and the use of multi-step polishing techniques, should be considered [44,45]. These approaches can help create a smoother, more homogeneous surface that is less susceptible to pigment penetration and external discoloration. Furthermore, educating patients about the potential staining effects of turmeric and other chromogenic substances, as well as emphasizing the importance of good oral hygiene practices and regular dental check-ups, can contribute to the long-term color stability and overall success of composite restorations.
Future research should explore several key areas. First, molecular-level interactions between turmeric’s active component (curcumin) and specific polymer matrices (such as UDMA, Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, and Bis-EMA) should be examined. Understanding these interactions, particularly curcumin’s binding mechanisms with different monomer combinations, could inform the development of more stain-resistant materials. Second, analyzing the role of silane coupling agents and filler–matrix interfaces in stain penetration would provide valuable insights for optimizing material composition.
Additional research priorities include comparative analysis of various dietary stains, such as coffee, tea, and wine, relative to turmeric and utilizing larger sample sizes to enhance the statistical power and generalizability of the findings. Examining time-dependent staining patterns and potential synergistic effects of multiple staining agents would help to better simulate real-world conditions and inform clinical recommendations. Investigation of microstructural changes post-bleaching using advanced imaging techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and optical profilometry, could enhance our understanding of the relationship between structural alterations and color stability. These techniques allow for detailed visualization and quantification of surface morphology, roughness, and material degradation, which can contribute to the development of more stain-resistant and durable composite formulations. Future studies should also consider the influence of different bleaching protocols, concentrations, and application times on the microstructure and color stability of various composite materials to establish evidence-based guidelines for optimizing bleaching treatments while maintaining the structural integrity and long-term esthetic performance of composite restorations.
Long-term clinical studies evaluating the color stability of various composite materials under clinical conditions, as well as the effectiveness of different preventive strategies, including novel surface treatments and polishing protocols, would provide valuable insights for clinical practice. Such studies should consider certain factors, such as patient demographics, dietary habits, oral hygiene practices, and recall intervals, to comprehensively assess the performance of composite restorations over time. By addressing these research priorities, future studies can contribute to the development of advanced composite materials and evidence-based clinical guidelines for managing staining and discoloration in dental restorations.

5. Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusions were reached.
  • Different composite resins demonstrated varying susceptibility to turmeric staining, with HA showing minimal color change (ΔE = 1.9 ± 0.85) and FS exhibiting the greatest susceptibility (ΔE = 24.6 ± 2.69). VITA Classic shade assessment revealed varied responses, with some materials maintaining their initial shade designation despite significant ΔE changes.
  • The 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching treatment showed varying effectiveness in color recovery among different materials. While most composites returned to clinically acceptable ranges, FS retained noticeable discoloration (ΔE = 7.6 ± 0.89). Several materials demonstrated complete shade recovery despite intermediate ΔE values, highlighting the importance of considering both quantitative and qualitative color assessments.
  • Surface hardness measurements revealed three distinct groups (high: 80–90 HV; intermediate: 55–70 HV; and low: 40–47 HV), with no direct correlation between hardness values and staining resistance. Notably, HA demonstrated excellent stain resistance despite being in the low hardness group.
For patients with high exposure to chromogenic foods, such as turmeric, material selection should prioritize staining resistance over mechanical properties. Based on this study, HA and OM are recommended for such clinical situations, offering optimal balance between color stability and recovery potential. Regular maintenance and appropriate material selection are crucial for long-term esthetic success in high-risk staining situations.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.P. and M.K.; methodology, M.P. and J.L.; software, J.L.; validation, M.H., R.H.K., and M.K.; formal analysis, M.K.; investigation, M.P.; resources, R.H.K.; data curation, M.P. and J.L.; writing—original draft preparation, M.P.; writing—review and editing, M.K. and R.H.K.; visualization, M.K.; supervision, M.K.; project administration, M.K.; funding acquisition, M.H. and R.H.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are openly available in FigShare at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28147241.v1.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Color appearance of multi-shade and universal-shade composite resins at the initial phase, after turmeric staining, and after bleaching treatment.
Figure 1. Color appearance of multi-shade and universal-shade composite resins at the initial phase, after turmeric staining, and after bleaching treatment.
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Figure 2. Color changes (ΔE) of composite resins. (A) Initial phase to staining phase, (B) staining phase to bleaching phase, (C) initial phase to bleaching phase. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05). Box plots show the data distribution, where “x” marks the mean, horizontal lines indicate the median, and box boundaries represent first (Q1) and third (Q3) quartiles.
Figure 2. Color changes (ΔE) of composite resins. (A) Initial phase to staining phase, (B) staining phase to bleaching phase, (C) initial phase to bleaching phase. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05). Box plots show the data distribution, where “x” marks the mean, horizontal lines indicate the median, and box boundaries represent first (Q1) and third (Q3) quartiles.
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Figure 3. Vickers hardness evaluation after staining and bleaching processes. (A–I) Indentation images of FS, VEP, PO, AE, HA, CM, CA, VPO, and OM specimens. (J) Vickers hardness values. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05). Box plots show the data distribution, where “x” marks the mean, horizontal lines indicate the median, and box boundaries represent first (Q1) and third (Q3) quartiles.
Figure 3. Vickers hardness evaluation after staining and bleaching processes. (A–I) Indentation images of FS, VEP, PO, AE, HA, CM, CA, VPO, and OM specimens. (J) Vickers hardness values. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05). Box plots show the data distribution, where “x” marks the mean, horizontal lines indicate the median, and box boundaries represent first (Q1) and third (Q3) quartiles.
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Table 1. Composite resins used in this study.
Table 1. Composite resins used in this study.
Resin CategoryProduct NameAbbreviationShadeCompanyResin MatrixFillers
Multi-shade typeFiltek Supreme UltraFSA3
Enamel		3M ESPEBis-GMA, Bis-EMA, UDMA, TEGDMANon-agglomerated/non-aggregated 20 nm silica filler
Non-agglomerated/non-aggregated 4 to 11 nm zirconia filler
Aggregated zirconia/silica cluster filler (comprise 20 nm silica and 4 to 11 nm zirconia particles)
Average cluster particle size of 0.6 to 10 μm
78.5% by weight (63.3% by volume)
Venus PearlVEPBLKulzerOHIM, TDDA, TEGDMAFiller size: 5 nm to 5 μm
Point 4POA2KerrBis-GMA, EGDMA, TMPTMA, TDDA76% by weight (57% by volume) inorganic filler with an average particle size of 0.4 μm
AeliteAEIncisal clearBiscoBis-GMA, Bis-EMAPrepolymerized fillers with inorganic fillers with average particle size of 0.7 μm, 78% by weight
HarmonizeHAIncisalKerrBis-GMA, TMPTMA, EGDMAAdaptive Response Technology with spherical filler particles with average size of 0.5 microns, 81% by weight
Clearfil Majesty ES-2 ClassicCMA1KurarayBis-GMA, dimethacrylateNano-filled composite containing fillers with average size of 20 nm to 1.5 μm, 82% by weight
Clearfil AP-XCAXLKurarayBis-GMA, TEGDMAMicrohybrid composite filler system with an average particle size of 0.7 μm, 85% by weight
Universal-shade typeVenus Pearl OneVPON/AKulzerBis-GMA, OHIM, TDDA, TEGDMANano-hybrid filler system
Filler size: 5 nm to 5 μm
OmnichromaOMN/ATokuyamaTDDA, TEGDMAUnique spherical fillers with a size of approximately 260 nm to provide broad-spectrum shade matching, 79% by weight
Bis-GMA: bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate; Bis-EMA: bisphenol A diglycidyl methacrylate ethoxylated; UDMA: urethane dimethacrylate; TEGDMA: Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; OHIM: octahydroindene bis methacrylate; TDDA: Trimethyl dioxo diaza bismethacrylate; TMPTMA: Trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate.
Table 2. Vita Classic shade evaluation of composite resins throughout staining and bleaching cycles.
Table 2. Vita Classic shade evaluation of composite resins throughout staining and bleaching cycles.
Resin CategoryProduct CodeVITA Classic Shade Guide Assessment
InitialAfter StainingAfter Bleaching
Multi-shade typeFSA3A3A3
VEPB3A3A3
POA1A3.5A3
AEA1B4A2/A3 *
HAA1A3A1
CMA3A3A3
CAA3/A2 *A3.5/A3 *A3
Universal-shade typeVPOA1B4A3
OMA1A3A2/A1 *
* Note: When spectrophotometer readings yielded different shade outcomes, results are listed in order of dominance, separated by slash marks.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Patel, M.; Lee, J.; Hayashi, M.; Kim, R.H.; Kim, M. Effect of Turmeric Staining and Bleaching Treatment on Color Stability and Surface Hardness of Different Dental Composite Resins. J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9020077

AMA Style

Patel M, Lee J, Hayashi M, Kim RH, Kim M. Effect of Turmeric Staining and Bleaching Treatment on Color Stability and Surface Hardness of Different Dental Composite Resins. Journal of Composites Science. 2025; 9(2):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9020077

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patel, Mitsu, Jimin Lee, Marc Hayashi, Reuben H. Kim, and Mijoo Kim. 2025. "Effect of Turmeric Staining and Bleaching Treatment on Color Stability and Surface Hardness of Different Dental Composite Resins" Journal of Composites Science 9, no. 2: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9020077

APA Style

Patel, M., Lee, J., Hayashi, M., Kim, R. H., & Kim, M. (2025). Effect of Turmeric Staining and Bleaching Treatment on Color Stability and Surface Hardness of Different Dental Composite Resins. Journal of Composites Science, 9(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9020077

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