Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Teenagers and Adults with Atopic Dermatitis
Abstract
:Highlights
- Fractional exhaled nitric oxide is significantly higher in patients with atopic dermatitis without asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Fractional exhaled nitric oxide is positively correlated with the number of positive skin prick tests in patients with atopic dermatitis.
- Fractional exhaled nitric oxide is not associated with disease severity and the SCORAD index among patients with atopic dermatitis.
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Ethical Aspects
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Inclusion Criteria
2.4. Exclusion Criteria
2.5. Exhaled FeNO Measurements
2.6. Other Tests
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Salava, A.; Rieppo, R.; Lauerma, A.; Salo, V. Age-dependent Distribution of Atopic Dermatitis in Primary Care: A Nationwide Population-based Study from Finland. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2022, 102, adv00738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kowalska-Olędzka, E.; Czarnecka, M.; Baran, A. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in Europe. J. Drug Assess. 2019, 8, 126–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tsakok, T.; Woolf, R.; Smith, C.H.; Weidinger, S.; Flohr, C. Atopic dermatitis: The skin barrier and beyond. Br. J. Derm. 2019, 180, 464–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mazur, M.; Czarnobilska, M.; Dyga, W.; Czarnobilska, E. Trends in the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases of the Airways in Children Growing Up in an Urban Agglomeration. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Langan, S.M.; Irvine, A.D.; Weidinger, S. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet 2020, 396, 345–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Czubaj-Kowal, M.; Nowicki, G.J.; Kurzawa, R.; Polak, M.; Ślusarska, B. Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8–9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥20 ppb. Medicina 2022, 58, 146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, R.; Gupta, N. Exhaled nitric oxide atopy, and spirometry in asthma and rhinitis patients in India. Adv. Respir. Med. 2017, 85, 186–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rachel, M.; Biesiadecki, M.; Aebisher, D.; Galiniak, S. Exhaled nitric oxide in pediatric patients with respiratory disease. J. Breath Res. 2019, 13, 046007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Galiniak, S.; Rachel, M. Comparison of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthmatics with and without allergic rhinitis. Biomarkers 2021, 26, 174–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galiniak, S.; Aebisher, D.; Rachel, M. Exhaled nitric oxide in smokers and former smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. MSP 2020, 14, 36–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.C.; Committee of Korean Atopic Dermatitis Association for REACH. Various diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis (AD): A proposal of Reliable Estimation of Atopic Dermatitis in Childhood (REACH) criteria, a novel questionnaire-based diagnostic tool for AD. J. Dermatol. 2016, 43, 376–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2017. Available online: http://ginasthma.org/archived-reports (accessed on 30 January 2019).
- Seidman, M.D.; Gurgel, R.K.; Lin, S.Y.; Schwartz, S.R.; Baroody, F.M.; Bonner, J.R.; Dawson, D.E.; Dykewicz, M.S.; Hackell, J.; Han, J.K.; et al. 2015 Clinical practice guideline: Allergic rhinitis executive summary. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2015, 152, 197–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dweik, R.A.; Boggs, P.B.; Erzurum, S.C.; Irvin, C.G.; Leigh, M.W.; Lundberg, J.O.; Olin, A.-C.; Plummer, A.L.; Taylor, D.R. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: Interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011, 184, 602–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Miller, M.R.; Hankinson, V.; Brusasco, R.O.; Burgos, R.; Casaburi, A.; Coates, R.; Crapo, P.; Enright, C.P.M.; van der Grinten, P.; Gustafsson, R.; et al. ATS/ERS Task Force: Standardisation of spirometry. Eur. Respir. J. 2005, 26, 319–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zinelli, C.; Caffarelli, C.; Strid, J.; Jaffe, A.; Atherton, D.J. Measurement of nitric oxide and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath of children with atopic eczema. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2009, 34, 607–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hervás, D.; Milán, J.M.; Garde, J. Differences in exhaled nitric oxide in atopic children. Allergol. Immunopathol. 2008, 36, 331–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, F.; Zou, Z.; Yan, S.; Li, F.; Kan, H.; Norbäck, D.; Wieslander, G.; Xu, J.; Zhao, Z. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in relation to asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis in Chinese children. J. Asthma 2011, 48, 1001–1006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Welsh, L.; Lercher, P.; Horak, E. Exhaled nitric oxide: Interactions between asthma, hayfever, and atopic dermatitis in school children. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2007, 42, 693–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hon, K.E.; Leung, T.F.; Kam, W.C.; Lam, M.A.; Wong, K.Y.; Yung, E.; Fok, T. Exhaled nitric oxide levels are not correlated with eczema severity in Chinese children with atopic dermatitis. J. Asthma 2006, 43, 417–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacinto, T.; Malinovschi, A.; Janson, C.; Fonseca, J.; Alving, K. Evolution of exhaled nitric oxide levels throughout development and aging of healthy humans. J. Breath Res. 2015, 9, 036005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Shu, L.; Cai, X.; Wang, Z.; Jiao, X.; Liu, F.; Hou, P.; Wang, L.; Shan, L.; Chen, N.; et al. Gender and age affect the levels of exhaled nitric oxide in healthy children. Exp. Ther. Med. 2013, 5, 1174–1178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Veen, I.H.; Brinke, A.T.; Sterk, P.J.; Sont, J.K.; Gauw, S.A.; Rabe, K.F.; Bel, E.H. Exhaled nitric oxide predicts lung function decline in difficult-to-treat asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 2008, 32, 344–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Leuppi, J.D.; Downs, S.H.; Downie, S.R.; Marks, G.; Salome, C.M. Exhaled nitric oxide levels in atopic children: Relation to specific allergic sensitisation, AHR, and respiratory symptoms. Thorax 2002, 57, 518–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Scott, M.; Raza, A.; Karmaus, W.; Mitchell, F.; Grundy, J.; Kurukulaaratchy, R.J.; Arshad, S.H.; Roberts, G. Influence of atopy and asthma on exhaled nitric oxide in an unselected birth cohort study. Thorax 2010, 65, 258–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jang, W.-N.; Park, I.-S.; Choi, C.-H.; Bauer, S.; Harmin, S.; Seo, S.C.; Choi, I.S.; Choung, J.T.; Yoo, Y. Relationships between exhaled nitric oxide and atopy profiles in children with asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 2013, 5, 155–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, Z.; Huang, C.; Zhang, X.; Xu, F.; Kan, H.; Song, W.; Wieslander, G.; Norback, D. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in Chinese children with asthma and allergies—A two-city study. Respir. Med. 2013, 107, 161–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Taylor, D.R.; Pijnenburg, M.W.; Smith, A.D.; Jongste, J.C.D. Exhaled nitric oxide measurements: Clinical application and interpretation. Thorax 2006, 61, 817–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adler, B.L.; Friedman, A.J. Nitric oxide therapy for dermatologic disease. Future Sci. OA 2015, 1, FSO37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akdeniz, N.; Aktaş, A.; Erdem, T.; Akyüz, M.; Özdemir, Ş. Nitric oxide levels in atopic dermatitis. Pain Clin. 2004, 16, 401–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taniuchi, S.; Kojima, T.; Hara Mt, K.; Yamamoto, A.; Sasai, M.; Takahashi, H.; Kobayashi, Y. Increased serum nitrate levels in infants with atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2001, 56, 693–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haddadi, N.-S.; Shakiba, S.; Afshari, K.; Haj-Mirzaian, A.; Vesaghati, S.; Gharagozlou, S.; Foroumadi, R.; Shafaroodi, H.; Ostadhadi, S.; Dehpour, A.R. Possible Involvement of Nitric Oxide in the Antipruritic Effect of Metformin on Chloroquine-Induced Scratching in Mice. Dermatology 2020, 236, 151–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Healthy Controls | Atopic Dermatitis | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 34 | 54 | ||
Sex (female) | n (%) | 22 (64.7) | 28 (51.9) | |
Age (years) | Mean ± SD | 27.88 ± 12.3 | 26.61 ± 12.2 | 0.503 |
range | 14–53 | 14–55 | ||
Duration of AD (years) | Mean ± SD | 0 | 10.51 ± 7.6 | |
range | 0 | 1–30 | ||
SCORAD index | Mean ± SD | - | 21.3 ± 11.7 | |
range | - | 7–46 | ||
Family history of atopy, n (%) | - | 7 (13) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | Mean ± SD | 23.61 ± 2.8 | 23.6 ± 3.4 | 0.827 |
range | 18.25–28.4 | 17.57–30.92 | ||
WBC (×103/µl) | Mean ± SD | 7 ± 1.7 | 6.74 ± 1.3 | 0.693 |
range | 4.58–11 | 4.23–9.54 | ||
%EOS | Mean ± SD | 1.53 ± 1.2 | 4.9 ± 4.2 | 0.0001 |
range | 0.3–4.5 | 0.3–15.5 | ||
EOS (×103/µl) | Mean ± SD | 0.12 ± 0.1 | 0.38 ± 0.3 | 0.0001 |
range | 0.02–0.49 | 0.02–0.96 | ||
CRP (mg/l) (reference range: 0–5 mg/l) | Mean ± SD | 2.15 ± 1.6 | 2.92 ± 1.4 | 0.013 |
range | 0.3–6.4 | 0.2–6.6 | ||
total IgE (kU/l) (reference range: adults and children < 10 years: < 25 kU/l—negative, 25–100 kU/l—doubtful, > 100 kU/l—positive) | Mean ± SD | 21.51 ± 17.4 | 269.07 ± 59.7 | 0.0001 |
range | 1.4–61.2 | 160–374 | ||
FVC (%) | Mean ± SD | 111.26 ± 14.7 | 106.52 ± 12.4 | 0.181 |
range | 87–146 | 85–144 | ||
FEV1 (%) | Mean ± SD | 108.15 ± 13.9 | 102.83 ± 11.4 | 0.105 |
range | 81–145 | 82–128 | ||
FEV1/FVC (%) | Mean ± SD | 98.79 ± 6.2 | 97.11 ± 6.5 | 0.235 |
range | 85–115 | 83–118 | ||
Smoking status | never smokers, n (%) | 30 (88.2) | 47 (87) | |
former smokers, n (%) | 4 (11.8) | 7 (13) | ||
Allergens | Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and/or D. farinae, n (%) | 0 | 34 (63) | |
cat and/or dog dander, n (%) | 0 | 18 (33) | ||
grass pollen, n (%) | 0 | 22 (40) | ||
tree pollen, n (%) | 0 | 18 (33) | ||
Specific IgE level (kU/l)— D. pteronyssinus | Mean ± SD | 0 | 27.67 ± 40.3 | |
range | 0 | 0–100 | ||
Specific IgE level (kU/l)—D. farinae | Mean ± SD | 0 | 29.61 ± 41.9 | |
range | 0 | 0–100 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Galiniak, S.; Rachel, M. Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Teenagers and Adults with Atopic Dermatitis. Adv. Respir. Med. 2022, 90, 237-245. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040033
Galiniak S, Rachel M. Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Teenagers and Adults with Atopic Dermatitis. Advances in Respiratory Medicine. 2022; 90(4):237-245. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040033
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaliniak, Sabina, and Marta Rachel. 2022. "Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Teenagers and Adults with Atopic Dermatitis" Advances in Respiratory Medicine 90, no. 4: 237-245. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040033