Quantification of Loss of Access to Critical Services during Floods in Greater Jakarta: Integrating Social, Geospatial, and Network Perspectives
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Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University (CEU), A-1100 Wien, Austria
2
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Current address: Quellenstraße 51, A-1100 Wien, Austria.
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(21), 5250; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215250
Submission received: 21 August 2023
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Revised: 13 October 2023
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Accepted: 24 October 2023
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Published: 5 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Remote Sensing-Based Environmental Dynamic Models)
Simple Summary
The framework for assessing the loss of access to critical infrastructure is presented, taking into account surface elevation and different types of critical facilities. Two types of analysis were performed—ex post to quantify the immediate damage and ex ante to provide information for precautionary measures. The framework provides detailed information on the population’s loss of access to each type of facility; we propose the use of network statistics to quantify and explain the consequences of flooding. To account for the possibility of accessing buildings from different sides, the notion of a multiedge facility is introduced. The simulations with randomly generated flood events, using a probability model estimated from observations, were performed as part of the ex ante assessment.
Abstract
This work presents a framework for assessing the socio-physical disruption of critical infrastructure accessibility using the example of Greater Jakarta, a metropolitan area of the Indonesian city. The first pillar of the framework is damage quantification based on the real flood event in 2020. Within this pillar, the system network statistics before and shortly after the flood were compared. The results showed that the flood impeded access to facilities, distorted transport connectivity, and increased system vulnerability. Poverty was found to be negatively associated with surface elevation, suggesting that urbanization of flood-prone areas has occurred. The second pillar was a flood simulation. Our simulations identified the locations and clusters that are more vulnerable to the loss of access during floods, and the entire framework can be applied to other cities and urban areas globally and adapted to account for different disasters that physically affect urban infrastructure. This work demonstrated the feasibility of damage quantification and vulnerability assessment relying solely on open and publicly available data and tools. The framework, which uses satellite data on the occurrence of floods made available by space agencies in a timely manner, will allow for rapid ex post investigation of the socio-physical consequences of disasters. It will save resources, as the analysis can be performed by a single person, as opposed to expensive and time-consuming ground surveys. Ex ante vulnerability assessment based on simulations will help communities, urban planners, and emergency personnel better prepare for future shocks.
