Pedestrian Behavior in Static and Dynamic Virtual Road Crossing Experiments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Virtual Environment
2.3. Stimuli
2.4. Instruments
2.5. Experimental Procedure
2.6. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Constant Speed Patterns
3.1.1. Percentage of Crossings
3.1.2. Crossing Start Time
3.1.3. Time-to-Passage
3.2. Different Speed Patterns
3.2.1. Percentage of Crossings
3.2.2. Crossing Start Time
3.2.3. Time-to-Passage
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Approach | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|
Static | Dynamic | ||
Age | 24–60 years (M = 39.70; SD = 12.11) | 23–57 years (M = 39.17; SD = 10.44) | 23–60 years (M = 39.88; SD = 11.20) |
Sex | 46% Male; 54% Female | 57% Male; 43% Female | 52% Male; 48% Female |
Condition | Vi (km/h) | Vf (km/h) | Di.mov (m) | Di (m) | Df (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 20 | 35 | - | - |
2 | 30 | 30 | 35 | - | - |
3 | 20 | 20 | 30 | - | - |
4 | 30 | 30 | 30 | - | - |
5 | 20 | 20 | 25 | - | - |
6 | 30 | 30 | 25 | - | - |
7 | 30 | 10 | 30 | 25 | 5 |
8 | 20 | 10 | 30 | 15 | 10 |
9 | 20 | 0 | 30 | 15 | 5.50 |
10 | 30 | 0 | 30 | 20 | 5.50 |
Indicator 1 | Condition | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
LAeq (dB(A)) | 66.22 | 65.67 | 65.23 | 71.09 | 70.58 | 70.19 | 58.59 | 60.04 | 58.90 | 61.04 |
LAmax (dB(A)) | 72.81 | 72.81 | 72.81 | 77.49 | 77.49 | 77.49 | 61.12 | 64.28 | 63.93 | 66.15 |
L5 (dB(A)) | 72.27 | 72.08 | 71.85 | 76.88 | 76.83 | 76.77 | 60.70 | 63.74 | 63.40 | 65.46 |
L10 (dB(A)) | 71.09 | 70.68 | 70.28 | 76.19 | 75.75 | 75.31 | 60.43 | 63.45 | 62.75 | 63.93 |
L50 (dB(A)) | 62.72 | 61.89 | 60.98 | 67.67 | 66.93 | 65.85 | 58.17 | 57.34 | 57.89 | 60.52 |
L90 (dB(A)) | 57.81 | 57.32 | 56.12 | 60.09 | 60.28 | 59.97 | 56.42 | 56.06 | 52.80 | 52.65 |
Measurement time (s) | 6.45 | 7.50 | 8.40 | 4.80 | 5.55 | 6.15 | 7.50 | 7.05 | 10.20 | 9.30 |
Dynamic range (dB(A)) | 28.15 | 28.15 | 28.15 | 32.83 | 32.83 | 32.83 | 16.46 | 19.62 | 19.27 | 21.50 |
Indicator 1 | Condition | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
LAeq (dB(A)) | 66.35 | 65.75 | 65.32 | 71.07 | 70.49 | 70.10 | 58.80 | 61.64 | 59.15 | 62.49 |
LAmax (dB(A)) | 72.70 | 72.67 | 72.89 | 78.16 | 78.03 | 77.71 | 62.03 | 65.83 | 63.32 | 66.34 |
L5 (dB(A)) | 71.68 | 71.81 | 71.77 | 77.16 | 76.93 | 76.60 | 61.65 | 65.17 | 62.91 | 65.65 |
L10 (dB(A)) | 70.56 | 70.74 | 70.33 | 75.83 | 75.38 | 75.05 | 61.26 | 64.95 | 62.15 | 65.48 |
L50 (dB(A)) | 62.54 | 62.65 | 61.39 | 67.82 | 66.61 | 66.03 | 58.90 | 61.71 | 58.75 | 62.13 |
L90 (dB(A)) | 57.27 | 56.98 | 55.65 | 61.15 | 60.96 | 60.76 | 51.37 | 50.47 | 55.21 | 55.73 |
Measurement time (s) | 6.45 | 7.50 | 8.40 | 4.80 | 5.55 | 6.15 | 7.5 | 7.05 | 10.20 | 9.30 |
Dynamic range (dB(A)) | 25.47 | 25.44 | 25.66 | 30.93 | 30.80 | 30.48 | 14.80 | 18.60 | 16.09 | 19.11 |
Experimental Approach | Vi (km/h) | Di.mov (m) | Crossings | Crashes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (%) | SD (%) | SE (%) | (%) | |||
Static | 20 | 25 | 23.00 | 31.90 | 5.82 | |
30 | 41.30 | 42.30 | 7.73 | |||
35 | 49.30 | 40.70 | 7.43 | |||
30 | 25 | 4.33 | 16.80 | 3.06 | ||
30 | 7.67 | 17.70 | 3.24 | |||
35 | 12.70 | 22.90 | 4.18 | |||
Dynamic | 20 | 25 | 12.30 | 19.80 | 3.61 | 59.50 |
30 | 54.30 | 39.90 | 7.28 | 0.61 | ||
35 | 74.00 | 35.00 | 6.39 | 0.90 | ||
30 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
30 | 1.33 | 7.30 | 1.33 | 75.00 | ||
35 | 5.00 | 16.80 | 3.06 | 20.00 |
Experimental Approach | Vi (km/h) | Di.mov (m) | Crossing Start Time | TTP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (s) | SD (s) | SE (s) | Mean (s) | SD (s) | SE (s) | |||
Static | 20 | 25 | 1.07 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 3.62 | 0.41 | 0.05 |
30 | 1.18 | 0.58 | 0.05 | 4.53 | 0.52 | 0.05 | ||
35 | 1.31 | 0.82 | 0.07 | 5.22 | 0.75 | 0.06 | ||
30 | 25 | 0.69 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 2.41 | 0.23 | 0.06 | |
30 | 0.87 | 0.49 | 0.10 | 2.91 | 0.43 | 0.09 | ||
35 | 1.05 | 0.50 | 0.08 | 3.32 | 0.43 | 0.07 | ||
Dynamic | 20 | 25 | 2.74 | 0.35 | 0.06 | 2.08 | 0.34 | 0.06 |
30 | 2.83 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 3.16 | 0.37 | 0.03 | ||
35 | 2.93 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 3.81 | 0.39 | 0.03 | ||
30 | 25 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
30 | 2.28 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 1.68 | 0.21 | 0.10 | ||
35 | 2.41 | 0.30 | 0.08 | 2.14 | 0.25 | 0.06 |
Experimental Approach | Vi (km/h) | Speed Pattern | Crossings | Crashes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (%) | SD (%) | SE (%) | (%) | |||
Static | 20 | Constant | 41.30 | 42.30 | 7.73 | |
Slow Down | 80.30 | 27.10 | 4.95 | |||
Stop | 87.70 | 17.90 | 3.28 | |||
30 | Constant | 7.67 | 17.70 | 3.24 | ||
Slow Down | 69.30 | 35.80 | 6.54 | |||
Stop | 82.70 | 28.40 | 5.18 | |||
Dynamic | 20 | Constant | 54.30 | 39.90 | 7.28 | 0.61 |
Slow Down | 85.00 | 30.60 | 5.59 | 0 | ||
Stop | 79.00 | 32.70 | 5.98 | 0 | ||
30 | Constant | 1.33 | 7.30 | 1.33 | 75.00 | |
Slow Down | 79.30 | 34.20 | 6.25 | 3.36 | ||
Stop | 75.70 | 38.70 | 7.07 | 0 |
Experimental Approach | Vi (km/h) | Speed Pattern | Crossing Start Time | TTP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (s) | SD (s) | SE (s) | Mean (s) | SD (s) | SE (s) | |||
Static | 20 | Constant | 1.18 | 0.58 | 0.05 | 4.53 | 0.52 | 0.05 |
Slow Down | 2.63 | 1.63 | 0.11 | 4.12 | 0.58 | 0.04 | ||
Stop | 3.64 | 2.19 | 0.14 | 4.68 | 6.07 | 0.37 | ||
30 | Constant | 0.87 | 0.49 | 0.10 | 2.91 | 0.43 | 0.09 | |
Slow Down | 3.10 | 1.24 | 0.09 | 3.06 | 0.33 | 0.02 | ||
Stop | 4.01 | 1.30 | 0.08 | 6.83 | 10.50 | 0.67 | ||
Dynamic | 20 | Constant | 2.83 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 3.16 | 0.37 | 0.03 |
Slow Down | 3.36 | 0.79 | 0.05 | 3.80 | 0.35 | 0.02 | ||
Stop | 4.34 | 1.51 | 0.10 | 3.86 | 4.96 | 0.32 | ||
30 | Constant | 2.28 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 1.68 | 0.21 | 0.10 | |
Slow Down | 3.81 | 0.71 | 0.05 | 3.08 | 0.34 | 0.02 | ||
Stop | 4.56 | 0.67 | 0.04 | 7.34 | 11.50 | 0.77 |
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Soares, F.; Pereira, F.; Faria, S.; Sousa, E.; Almeida, R.; Freitas, E.F. Pedestrian Behavior in Static and Dynamic Virtual Road Crossing Experiments. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2024, 7, 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7050094
Soares F, Pereira F, Faria S, Sousa E, Almeida R, Freitas EF. Pedestrian Behavior in Static and Dynamic Virtual Road Crossing Experiments. Applied System Innovation. 2024; 7(5):94. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7050094
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoares, Francisco, Frederico Pereira, Susana Faria, Emanuel Sousa, Raul Almeida, and Elisabete F. Freitas. 2024. "Pedestrian Behavior in Static and Dynamic Virtual Road Crossing Experiments" Applied System Innovation 7, no. 5: 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7050094