Recyclable Porous Glass-Ceramics from the Smelting of MSWI Bottom Ash
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Vitrification of Bottom Ash
3.2. Vitrified Bottom Ash-Based Porous Glass-Ceramics
3.3. “Recycled” Porous Glass-Ceramics
4. Conclusions
- Treating MSWI BA through SAF favors the generation of an amorphous mineral precursor, which represents around 65–68 wt% of BA and a rich Fe-Cu metal phase, in an amount of 9–12 wt%. The cleaning of the starting waste and the extraction of valuable metals are the main benefits of the thermal treatment. In fact, the separation yields a vitreous slag, to be transformed into useful products, and a metal alloy, which may undergo further separation steps;
- The vitreous slag from BA smelting could be easily transformed into highly porous glass-ceramics, according to the mechanical foaming of suspensions of fine powders, undergoing gelation in alkaline aqueous solutions, followed by sintering;
- For the sake of sustainability, the gelation could be achieved with limited molarity of the alkali activator (1 M NaOH); firing, in addition, could be conducted at a moderate temperature, 1000 °C, with significant crystallization—in turn promoting the obtainment of glass-ceramic foams with a good strength-to-density ratio—coupled with an excellent stabilization of pollutants;
- The glass-ceramic foams were tested as raw material for a second manufacturing cycle. Although still successful in the stabilization of pollutants, the “recycling” approach was not acceptable for the low strength of the products;
- The stabilization of pollutants and the strength of foams from the second cycle could be optimized by the addition of 30 wt% soda-lime glass, in a condition of reactive sintering, implying an extensive transformation of the phase assemblage;
- The gel casting/sintering approach, applied to the waste-derived material, possibly combined with soda-lime glass, has a great potential for permanent waste minimization.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxide (wt%) | Soda-Lime Glass (SLG) | Bottom Ash (BA) * | Vitrified BA (VBA) | Air Pollution Control Residues (APCR) |
---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 71.9 | 40.1 | 48.1 | 25.0 |
Al2O3 | 1.2 | 9.6 | 18.2 | 10.7 |
CaO | 7.5 | 19.8 | 20.0 | 21.3 |
Na2O | 14.3 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 8.4 |
MgO | 4 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.9 |
K2O | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.4 |
Fe2O3 | 10.4 | 1.1 | 7.9 | |
TiO2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.3 |
MnO | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | |
P2O5 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 2.0 | |
ZnO | 0.7 | 0.0 | 8.1 | |
PbO | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.1 | |
Cr2O3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | |
BaO | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |
CuO | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.9 | |
SO3 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 3.8 | |
Cl | 1.3 | 0.1 | 3.3 | |
C | 4.0 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
Element (wt%) | Fe | Cu | Si | P | Cr | Ni | Co | Sn |
Average | 80.3 | 10.8 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
Error | 3.0 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.03 |
Trace Elements | Mo | Sb | Zn | Bi | Nb | Ag | Nd | Cd |
ppm | 250–1550 | 700–1200 | 100–490 | 170–350 | 5–90 | 25–80 | 15–20 | 5–9 |
Group of Samples | VBA-Based Foam | Recycled Foam | 70% Recycled Foam/30% SLG |
---|---|---|---|
Density Determinations | |||
ρgeom (g/cm3) | 0.76 ± 0.03 | 0.68 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.00 |
ρapparent (g/cm3) | 2.45 ± 0.00 | 2.66 ± 0.03 | 2.59 ± 0.01 |
ρtrue (g/cm3) | 2.70 ± 0.00 | 2.72 ± 0.00 | 2.63 ± 0.00 |
Porosity Distribution | |||
Total porosity (vol%) | 71.9 | 75 | 74.8 |
Open porosity (vol%) | 68.9 | 74.4 | 74.5 |
Closed porosity (vol%) | 2.9 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
Strength Determinations | |||
σcomp (MPa) | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 1.2 |
σbend (MPa) ** | 128.5 | 42.3 | 196.4 |
Element | Limit Values for Inert Waste | BA before Smelting | VBA | VBA-Based Foam | Recycled Foam | 70% Recycled Foam/30% SLG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | 0.5 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.15 |
Ba | 20 | 1.42 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.95 | 1.09 |
Cd | 0.04 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Cr | 0.5 | 0.02 | 0.07 | <0.01 | 0.51 | 0.46 |
Cu | 2 | 3.64 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.76 | 0.13 |
Mo | 0.5 | 1.14 | 0.4 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Ni | 0.4 | 0.16 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Pb | 0.5 | <0.01 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.05 | <0.01 |
Zn | 4 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
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Rabelo Monich, P.; Lucas, H.; Friedrich, B.; Bernardo, E. Recyclable Porous Glass-Ceramics from the Smelting of MSWI Bottom Ash. Ceramics 2021, 4, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4010001
Rabelo Monich P, Lucas H, Friedrich B, Bernardo E. Recyclable Porous Glass-Ceramics from the Smelting of MSWI Bottom Ash. Ceramics. 2021; 4(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleRabelo Monich, Patricia, Hugo Lucas, Bernd Friedrich, and Enrico Bernardo. 2021. "Recyclable Porous Glass-Ceramics from the Smelting of MSWI Bottom Ash" Ceramics 4, no. 1: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4010001