Characterization of Natural Stone from the Archaeological Site of Pella, Macedonia, Northern Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. On-Site Macroscopic Observations
3.2. Petrographic, Mineralogical and Physicochemical Characteristics
3.3. Physicomechanical Characteristics
3.4. Thermographical Characteristics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analysis/Technique | Sampling Locations | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Stereomicroscopy | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Isotopic | √ | ||||||
Polarizing light microscopy | √ | √ | √ | ||||
SEM–EDS | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
XRD | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
RILEM CPC 11.3 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Capillary water absorption | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Compressive strength | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Thermographical | √ | √ |
Spectrum | O | Mg | Al | Si | K | Ca |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spectrum 1 | 72.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 10.1 | - | 12.0 |
Spectrum 2 | 69.5 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 3.4 | - | 25.0 |
Spectrum 3 | 63.9 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 14.1 | 1.3 | 13.3 |
Mean | 68.7 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 9.2 | 1.3 | 16.8 |
Std. Deviation | 4.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 5.4 | - | 7.2 |
Spectrum | O | Mg | Al | Si | S | K | Ca | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spectrum 1 | 70.8 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 12.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 10.8 | - |
Spectrum 2 | 65.6 | 1.4 | 5.4 | 15.2 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 8.2 | 2.1 |
Spectrum 3 | 57.9 | 2.0 | 8.9 | 21.0 | - | 1.8 | 4.5 | 3.8 |
Mean | 64.8 | 1.6 | 5.6 | 16.3 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 7.8 | 3.0 |
Std. Deviation | 6.5 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 3.2 | 1.2 |
Parameter | Mean Value * | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|
Porosity (%) | 18.4 ± 3.6 | 12.06 | 21.09 |
Specific gravity | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.03 | 2.28 |
Water absorption (%) | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 5.3 | 10.4 |
Water absorption coefficient (g/m2·s0.5) | 27.2 ± 6.8 | 15.9 | 35.4 |
Compressive strength (MPa) | 19.1 ± 7.8 | 11.3 | 27.7 |
Read Time, min | Thermal Conductivity, W/m·K | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stone from Sampling Point 1 | Stone from Sampling Point 2 | |||
Sensor TR-1 | Sensor SH-1 | Sensor TR-1 | Sensor SH-1 | |
2 | - | 1.294 ± 0.028 | - | 1.375 ± 0.069 |
5 | 1.451 ± 0.067 | 1.437 ± 0.016 | 1.766 ± 0.031 | 1.687 ± 0.052 |
10 | 1.547 ± 0.040 | 1.572 ± 0.007 | 1.838 ± 0.057 | 1.856 ± 0.071 |
Read Time, min | Stone from Sampling Point 1/Sensor SH-1 | |
---|---|---|
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | Specific Heat Capacity, KJ/kg3·K | |
2 | 0.694 ± 0.002 | 0.888 ± 0.017 |
5 | 0.775 ± 0.003 | 0.883 ± 0.009 |
10 | 0.884 ± 0.003 | 0.847 ± 0.000 |
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Spathis, P.K.; Mavrommati, M.; Gkrava, E.; Tsiridis, V.; Evgenidis, S.P.; Karapanagiotis, I.; Melfos, V.; Karapantsios, T.D. Characterization of Natural Stone from the Archaeological Site of Pella, Macedonia, Northern Greece. Heritage 2021, 4, 4665-4677. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040257
Spathis PK, Mavrommati M, Gkrava E, Tsiridis V, Evgenidis SP, Karapanagiotis I, Melfos V, Karapantsios TD. Characterization of Natural Stone from the Archaeological Site of Pella, Macedonia, Northern Greece. Heritage. 2021; 4(4):4665-4677. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040257
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpathis, Panayotis K., Maria Mavrommati, Eirini Gkrava, Vasilios Tsiridis, Sotiris P. Evgenidis, Ioannis Karapanagiotis, Vasilios Melfos, and Thodoris D. Karapantsios. 2021. "Characterization of Natural Stone from the Archaeological Site of Pella, Macedonia, Northern Greece" Heritage 4, no. 4: 4665-4677. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040257