Human Peopling and Population Dynamics in Sicily: Preliminary Analysis of the Craniofacial Morphometric Variation from the Paleolithic to the Contemporary Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Human Biodiversity in Sicily
1.2. Background Studies and Sample Recognition
Place | ||
San Teodoro | Garilli et al. [41] Sineo et al. [50] | D’Amore et al. [31] |
Uzzo | Borgognini & Repetto [27] Borgognini et al. [28] | Mannino et al. [47] Costantini [30] |
Molara | Borgognini et al. [26] Becker [22] | |
Marcita | Di Salvo [33,34] La Rocca [46] | Becker [22] |
Polizzello | De Miro [8] Messina et al. [48] | Hodos [38] |
Baucina | Castellana & Mallegni [29] Belvedere et al. [5] | Micciche’ et al. [48] |
Mozia | Becker [21,22,23] Sconzo & Falzone [19] | Lauria et al. [43,44,45] |
Birgi | Griffo [12,13] Fama’ & Toti [11] | |
Tukory | Germana’ & Di Salvo [42] Di Stefano [10] | |
Phoenician/Punic of PA | not published | |
Lilibeo | Becker [24] Bechtold et al. [22] | |
Marsala | La Duca [16] Becker [24] | Di Salvo [36] |
Lipari | Brea & Cavalier [6] Cavalier [7] | |
Agrigento | Fiorentino et al. [37] | |
C. San Pietro | Di Salvo [35] Di Stefano [9] | |
M. Iato | Di Salvo [35] Kistler [14,15] | |
Caltavuturo | Romana [18] Vassallo [20] | |
Alia | Mannino [17] | |
Rotoli | not published |
1.3. Aim of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cranial Samples
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Shape Variation and Changes in Direction
3.2. PCA and MANOVA/CVA Procrustes Coordinates in Shape Space
3.3. Neighbour-Joining of Procrustes Coordinates
4. Prehistory and History: Geometric Morphometrics
4.1. Prehistory and History: Shape Variation and Comparison
- Group 1-Prehistory: Upper-Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Bronze, Iron.
- Group 2-History: Antiquity, Late Antiquity, Middle Ages, Contemporary.
4.2. Prehistory and History Shape Changes
4.3. Neighbor-Joining of Procrustes Coordinates
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Sicilian Prehistoric and Historical Periods: | |
---|---|
B.C.E. Before Common Era—C.E. Common Era | |
Prehistory | |
• Upper Palaeolithic: 38.000–8.000 | |
• Mesolithic: 8.000–6.000 B.C.E. | |
• Neolithic: 6.000–4.000 B.C.E. | |
• Eneolithic/Copper Age: 4.000–2.500 B.C.E. | |
• Bronze Age: 2.500–1.100 B.C.E. | |
Early Bronze Age: 2.500–2.000 B.C.E. | |
Middle Bronze Age: 2.000–1.500 B.C.E. | |
Late Bronze Age: 1.500–1.100 B.C.E. | |
• Iron Age: 1.100–700 B.C.E. | |
History | |
• Antiquity: 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E. | |
Colonial Period: 700–600 B.C.E. | |
Classical Period: 600–400 B.C.E. | |
Hellenistic (Greek Period): 400–200 B.C.E. | |
Roman Republic Period: 200 B.C.E.–100 C.E. | |
• Late Antiquity (Roman Empire Period): 100–476 C.E. | |
• Middle Ages: 476–1492 C.E. | |
Byzantine Period: 476–1.000 C.E. | |
Islamic Period: 1.000–1.300 C.E. | |
Norman/Swabian Period. 1.300–1.492 C.E. | |
• Modern Ages: 1.492–1.789 C.E. | |
• Contemporary: 1.789 C.E. to Nowadays |
Site | Specimens | Dating | Periods |
---|---|---|---|
San Teodoro | 2 | 14.500 B.C.E. -14C | Upper Paleolithic |
Uzzo | 2 | 9.000 B.C.E. | Mesolithic |
Molara | 1 | 9.000 B.C.E. | Mesolithic |
Marcita | 4 | 2.300–1.100 B.C.E. | Bronze |
Polizzello | 2 | 900–800 B.C.E. | Iron |
Baucina | 2 | 755–700 B.C.E. -14C | Antiquity |
Mozia | 2 | 800–400 B.C.E. | Antiquity |
Birgi | 5 | 700–100 B.C.E. | Antiquity |
Tukory | 2 | 600–300 B.C.E. | Antiquity |
Phoenician/Punic of PA | 4 | 600–300 B.C.E. | Antiquity |
Lilibeo | 4 | 400.100 B.C.E. | Antiquity |
Marsala | 6 | 200 C.E. | Antiquity |
Lipari | 1 | 300–400 C.E. | Late Antiquity |
Agrigento | 1 | 400–500 C.E. | Late Antiquity |
C. San Pietro | 2 | 1.000–1.300 C.E. | Middle Ages |
M. Iato | 3 | 1.000–1.300 C.E. | Middle Ages |
Caltavuturo | 5 | 1.000–1.500 C.E. | Middle Ages |
Alia | 45 | 1.800 C.E. | Contemporary |
Rotoli | 3 | 2.000 C.E. | Contemporary |
MoprhpoJ | Landmark3.6 | Landmarks Configuration | Type |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | Prostion | 1 |
2 | 1 | Nasospinale | 1 |
3 | 2 | Nasion | 1 |
4 | 3 | Glabella | 2 |
5 | 4 | Bregma | 1 |
6 | 5 | Lambda | 1 |
6–8 | 6–7 | Point between the dental alveoli I2/C | 1 |
9–10 | 8–9 | Alare | 2 |
11–12 | 10–11 | Zygomatic-Maxillary suture—lower margin | 1 |
13–14 | 12–13 | Zygomatic-Maxillary suture–upper margin | 1 |
15–16 | 14–15 | Maxillary-Frontal suture | 1 |
17–18 | 16–17 | Ectoconchion | 1 |
19–20 | 18–19 | Fronto-Temporal-Malar | 1 |
21–22 | 20–21 | Frontotemporal | 1 |
23–24 | 22–23 | Occipital—Temporal—Parietal intersection | 1 |
25–26 | 24–25 | Stephanion | 1 |
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Lauria, G.; Sineo, L. Human Peopling and Population Dynamics in Sicily: Preliminary Analysis of the Craniofacial Morphometric Variation from the Paleolithic to the Contemporary Age. Heritage 2023, 6, 1187-1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020066
Lauria G, Sineo L. Human Peopling and Population Dynamics in Sicily: Preliminary Analysis of the Craniofacial Morphometric Variation from the Paleolithic to the Contemporary Age. Heritage. 2023; 6(2):1187-1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020066
Chicago/Turabian StyleLauria, Gabriele, and Luca Sineo. 2023. "Human Peopling and Population Dynamics in Sicily: Preliminary Analysis of the Craniofacial Morphometric Variation from the Paleolithic to the Contemporary Age" Heritage 6, no. 2: 1187-1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020066
APA StyleLauria, G., & Sineo, L. (2023). Human Peopling and Population Dynamics in Sicily: Preliminary Analysis of the Craniofacial Morphometric Variation from the Paleolithic to the Contemporary Age. Heritage, 6(2), 1187-1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020066