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Open AccessArticle
Characterization of Bloom Iron Smelting Site Remains in Pržanj, Slovenia
by
Jaka Burja
Jaka Burja 1,2,*
,
Barbara Šetina Batič
Barbara Šetina Batič 1
and
Daša Pavlovič
Daša Pavlovič 3
1
Institute of Metals and Technology, Lepi Pot 11, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
2
Department of Materials and Metallurgy, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
3
National Museum of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Heritage 2024, 7(8), 3919-3931; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080185 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 May 2024
/
Revised: 15 July 2024
/
Accepted: 23 July 2024
/
Published: 25 July 2024
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of findings, connected with metallurgical activity, at the Pržanj archeological site near Ljubljana, Slovenia. More than 230 kg of slag and other remains connected with early medieval (from the 5th to the 12th century AD) metallurgical activities was found at the excavation site. The remains were grouped into four categories, i.e., furnace remains, ore, slag and a ferrous product, and analyzed in detail to obtain their chemical composition, microstructural characteristics, and mineral phase composition. The furnace wall remains, identified by their morphology and chemical composition, revealed an intensive iron processing activity at the site. The iron ore at the site was identified as goethite (FeO(OH)), a surprising find in Slovenia where limonite is typically used, and its presence suggests the potential exploitation of local bog iron ore, given the site’s geological context. Abundant slag remains at the site, identified by their shape, molten microstructure, and mineral components like wuestite, fayalite, and hercynite, indicated sophisticated smelting practices, including the use of CaO-rich materials to lower the melting temperature, a technique likely preserved from antiquity. Findings of ferrous products at ancient metallurgical sites are rare due to their value, but the discovery of a corroded iron bloom conglomerate at this site, initially mistaken for furnace remains, highlights the challenges in identifying small, corroded ferrous fragments that are often misidentified as ore. The results indicate extensive metallurgical activity at the excavation site, marking it as the first documented early medieval iron smelting production site in Slovenia.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Burja, J.; Šetina Batič, B.; Pavlovič, D.
Characterization of Bloom Iron Smelting Site Remains in Pržanj, Slovenia. Heritage 2024, 7, 3919-3931.
https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080185
AMA Style
Burja J, Šetina Batič B, Pavlovič D.
Characterization of Bloom Iron Smelting Site Remains in Pržanj, Slovenia. Heritage. 2024; 7(8):3919-3931.
https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080185
Chicago/Turabian Style
Burja, Jaka, Barbara Šetina Batič, and Daša Pavlovič.
2024. "Characterization of Bloom Iron Smelting Site Remains in Pržanj, Slovenia" Heritage 7, no. 8: 3919-3931.
https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080185
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