The Glass Mosaic of S. Agnese fuori le mura: New Tesserae in the Puzzle of Early Medieval Rome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Glass Mosaic of S. Agnese fuori le mura from the Art-Historical Viewpoint
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Glassy Matrix
Colour Macro-Group | Sample | Colour | SiO2 (wt%) | Na2O (wt%) | CaO (wt%) | Al2O3 (wt%) | K2O (wt%) | MgO (wt%) | Fe2O3 (wt%) | TiO2 (wt%) | MnO (wt%) | P2O5 (wt%) | SO3 (wt%) | Cl (wt%) | CoO (wt%) | CuO (wt%) | SnO2 (wt%) | Sb2O3 (wt%) | PbO (wt%) | Total | PbO/(SiO2 + Na2O + CaO) | Glassy Matrix |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gold | SA Au1 | pale yellow-green | 70.49 | 18.87 | 5.63 | 2.12 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.37 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 1.15 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 0.44 | <0.06 | 100.55 | 0.00 | Soda-lime |
SA Au2 | colourless | 71.40 | 18.35 | 5.93 | 1.85 | 0.35 | 0.51 | 0.38 | 0.07 | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 1.17 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 0.11 | <0.06 | 100.99 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Au3 | colourless | 70.38 | 18.64 | 5.94 | 2.09 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.33 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 1.13 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 0.51 | <0.06 | 100.49 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Au4 | colourless | 70.66 | 15.78 | 7.10 | 2.49 | 0.51 | 0.58 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 1.40 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.88 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.06 | 100.12 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Au5 | colourless | 64.68 | 21.35 | 6.41 | 2.34 | 0.37 | 0.85 | 0.67 | 0.15 | 1.19 | 0.06 | 0.28 | 1.27 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.06 | 99.62 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Au6 | colourless | 64.25 | 21.68 | 6.45 | 2.30 | 0.39 | 0.89 | 0.67 | 0.14 | 1.18 | 0.06 | 0.29 | 1.32 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.06 | 99.61 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Au7 | pale green | 67.87 | 18.53 | 6.95 | 2.48 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 0.59 | 0.13 | 1.08 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 1.10 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.06 | 100.25 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Au8 * | pale green | 68.15 | 18.69 | 6.48 | 2.27 | 0.43 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.11 | 0.96 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 1.19 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.06 | 99.73 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Au9 * | colourless | 64.99 | 19.04 | 6.36 | 2.62 | 0.32 | 1.54 | 1.32 | 0.30 | 2.22 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 1.07 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.06 | 100.02 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
Blue | SA B1 | blue | 67.11 | 18.31 | 6.45 | 2.16 | 0.47 | 0.57 | 1.20 | 0.09 | 0.38 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 1.17 | 0.10 | 0.20 | <0.04 | 1.07 | 0.71 | 100.31 | 0.01 | Soda-lime |
SA B2 | blue | 67.66 | 16.35 | 6.87 | 2.49 | 0.74 | 0.59 | 0.95 | 0.10 | 0.57 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.77 | 0.11 | 0.19 | <0.04 | 1.63 | 0.49 | 99.86 | 0.01 | Soda-lime | |
SA B3 | blue | 66.50 | 18.44 | 6.55 | 2.51 | 0.43 | 1.01 | 1.64 | 0.26 | 0.75 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 1.01 | 0.07 | 0.22 | <0.04 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 100.23 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA B4 | blue | 67.06 | 18.56 | 6.88 | 2.57 | 0.59 | 0.79 | 1.21 | 0.18 | 0.67 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 1.08 | 0.05 | 0.18 | <0.04 | 0.32 | 0.19 | 100.67 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA B5 | blue | 69.29 | 18.23 | 6.48 | 2.22 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 1.15 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 1.11 | 0.03 | 0.28 | <0.04 | 0.42 | <0.06 | 100.87 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA B6 | blue | 67.06 | 16.76 | 6.95 | 2.44 | 0.73 | 0.57 | 1.02 | 0.09 | 0.56 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.77 | 0.13 | 0.22 | <0.04 | 1.58 | 0.53 | 99.79 | 0.01 | Soda-lime | |
SA B7 | blue | 67.62 | 14.69 | 6.57 | 2.31 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 1.34 | 0.03 | 0.89 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.58 | 0.27 | 0.29 | <0.04 | 2.66 | 1.37 | 100.15 | 0.02 | Soda-lime-lead | |
SA B8 | blue | 67.91 | 17.69 | 6.82 | 2.66 | 0.64 | 0.88 | 1.13 | 0.21 | 0.69 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.10 | <0.04 | 0.53 | 0.15 | 100.78 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA B9 | blue | 68.91 | 16.76 | 6.12 | 2.23 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 1.11 | 0.12 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 1.02 | 0.10 | 0.21 | <0.04 | 1.32 | 0.33 | 100.33 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Tu1 | turquoise | 68.49 | 17.97 | 3.37 | 2.15 | 0.42 | 0.64 | 1.11 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 1.12 | <0.03 | 3.46 | 0.15 | 0.98 | 0.08 | 100.34 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Tu2 | turquoise | 68.39 | 17.96 | 3.82 | 2.21 | 0.44 | 0.68 | 0.96 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 1.09 | <0.03 | 3.73 | 0.14 | 0.95 | 0.08 | 100.82 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
White | SA Bi1 | white | 66.71 | 17.58 | 5.49 | 2.13 | 0.57 | 3.22 | 0.50 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.68 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 2.80 | <0.06 | 100.11 | 0.00 | Soda-lime |
SA Bi2 | white | 67.89 | 16.35 | 5.74 | 2.03 | 0.49 | 3.06 | 0.53 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.64 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 2.88 | <0.06 | 100.04 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Bi3 | white | 66.68 | 17.57 | 5.48 | 2.18 | 0.57 | 3.11 | 0.47 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.28 | 0.68 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 2.83 | <0.06 | 99.98 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Gr1 | grey | 63.34 | 19.48 | 7.26 | 2.09 | 0.43 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.23 | 1.13 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 1.31 | <0.03 | <0.04 | 1.00 | <0.03 | 1.67 | 100.02 | 0.02 | Soda-lime-lead | |
SA Gr2 | grey | 62.81 | 19.94 | 6.27 | 2.13 | 0.45 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.19 | 1.16 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 1.16 | <0.03 | <0.04 | 1.39 | <0.03 | 2.64 | 100.13 | 0.03 | Soda-lime-lead | |
Purple | SA P1 | purple | 68.39 | 16.90 | 6.19 | 2.21 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.49 | 0.07 | 2.30 | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.66 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 1.14 | 0.09 | 100.07 | 0.00 | Soda-lime |
SA P2 | dark purple | 65.90 | 18.54 | 6.43 | 2.66 | 0.53 | 1.05 | 1.26 | 0.36 | 2.14 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 1.04 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 100.41 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA P3 | pale purple-pink | 68.87 | 18.59 | 6.02 | 2.32 | 0.53 | 0.65 | 0.58 | 0.12 | 0.57 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 1.10 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 100.18 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA P4 | greyish purple | 67.66 | 17.48 | 6.01 | 2.22 | 0.62 | 0.88 | 0.59 | 0.09 | 1.63 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.74 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 1.22 | 0.10 | 99.61 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA P5 | pale purple-pink | 68.83 | 18.44 | 5.96 | 2.25 | 0.55 | 0.65 | 0.53 | 0.10 | 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 1.09 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 0.47 | <0.06 | 99.75 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA P6 | dark purple | 65.12 | 18.68 | 6.38 | 2.65 | 0.52 | 1.04 | 1.35 | 0.36 | 2.15 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.96 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | 0.19 | 99.65 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA R4 | purple | 67.66 | 19.22 | 6.32 | 2.19 | 0.43 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.11 | 1.30 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 1.15 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 0.07 | <0.06 | 100.14 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
Green | SA VCh1 | pale green | 62.94 | 17.05 | 6.18 | 2.44 | 0.46 | 0.93 | 1.01 | 0.30 | 1.39 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.99 | <0.03 | 0.62 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 5.37 | 100.28 | 0.06 | Soda-lime-lead |
SA VCh2 | pale green | 64.59 | 17.97 | 6.32 | 2.30 | 0.44 | 0.88 | 1.05 | 0.30 | 1.43 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 1.03 | <0.03 | 0.04 | 0.16 | <0.03 | 2.98 | 99.74 | 0.03 | Soda-lime-lead | |
SA VCh3 | pale green | 63.34 | 18.11 | 6.67 | 2.56 | 0.43 | 1.02 | 1.26 | 0.38 | 1.41 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 1.07 | <0.03 | 0.33 | 0.11 | <0.03 | 2.47 | 99.37 | 0.03 | Soda-lime-lead | |
SA VCh4 | pale green | 68.06 | 18.31 | 5.86 | 2.15 | 0.65 | 0.78 | 0.63 | 0.11 | 0.62 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 1.06 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 99.80 | 0.01 | Soda-lime | |
SA VCh5 | pale green | 64.90 | 18.41 | 5.52 | 2.34 | 0.70 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.15 | 0.47 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 1.13 | <0.03 | 2.14 | 0.11 | 0.60 | 1.89 | 100.50 | 0.02 | Soda-lime-lead | |
SA VS1 | dark green | 64.66 | 17.54 | 6.17 | 2.34 | 0.57 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.19 | 0.96 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.97 | <0.03 | 1.25 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 2.16 | 99.25 | 0.02 | Soda-lime-lead | |
SA VS2 | dark green | 66.95 | 17.44 | 5.74 | 2.32 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 1.28 | 0.12 | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 1.01 | <0.03 | 1.93 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.96 | 100.50 | 0.01 | Soda-lime | |
SA VS3 | dark green | 66.16 | 17.04 | 5.90 | 2.34 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 1.29 | 0.11 | 0.49 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.94 | <0.03 | 1.74 | 0.05 | 0.52 | 1.37 | 99.72 | 0.02 | Soda-lime-lead | |
Yellow | SA G1 | yellow | 67.65 | 17.10 | 5.93 | 2.12 | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 1.08 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 0.48 | 3.80 | 100.12 | 0.04 | Soda-lime-lead |
SA G2 | yellow | 68.10 | 17.45 | 5.52 | 2.14 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 1.13 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | 0.46 | 3.16 | 99.93 | 0.03 | Soda-lime-lead | |
Red/Orange | SA A1 | orange | 40.01 | 11.36 | 5.04 | 2.20 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 1.60 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.51 | <0.03 | 5.28 | 1.39 | 0.28 | 30.64 | 100.10 | 0.54 | Lead glass |
SA R1 | dark red | 60.44 | 15.71 | 6.69 | 2.57 | 1.00 | 1.30 | 3.16 | 0.25 | 0.90 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.86 | <0.03 | 1.18 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 5.09 | 100.19 | 0.06 | Soda-lime-lead | |
SA R2 | red | 57.47 | 15.47 | 5.37 | 2.28 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 2.69 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.96 | <0.03 | 0.86 | 0.50 | 0.84 | 10.97 | 99.47 | 0.14 | Lead glass | |
SA R3 | red | 63.67 | 16.96 | 7.16 | 2.17 | 1.42 | 1.99 | 2.00 | 0.20 | 0.69 | 0.87 | 0.22 | 0.81 | <0.03 | 1.24 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 99.83 | 0.00 | Soda-lime | |
SA Au8 * | SiO2 (wt%) | Na2O (wt%) | CaO (wt%) | Al2O3 (wt%) | K2O (wt%) | MgO (wt%) | Fe2O3 (wt%) | TiO2 (wt%) | MnO (wt%) | P2O5 (wt%) | SO3 (wt%) | Cl (wt%) | CoO (wt%) | CuO (wt%) | SnO2 (wt%) | Sb2O3 (wt%) | PbO (wt%) | Total | ||||
SA Au8 Cartellina | pale green | 68.78 | 19.08 | 5.98 | 2.10 | 0.38 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 0.11 | 0.85 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 1.29 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.06 | 99.98 | |||
SA Au8 Supporting tessera | pale green | 67.51 | 18.29 | 6.97 | 2.43 | 0.49 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.11 | 1.07 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 1.08 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.06 | 99.68 | |||
SA Au9 * | SiO2 (wt%) | Na2O (wt%) | CaO (wt%) | Al2O3 (wt%) | K2O (wt%) | MgO (wt%) | Fe2O3 (wt%) | TiO2 (wt%) | MnO (wt%) | P2O5 (wt%) | SO3 (wt%) | Cl (wt%) | CoO (wt%) | CuO (wt%) | SnO2 (wt%) | Sb2O3 (wt%) | PbO (wt%) | Total | ||||
SA Au9 Cartellina | colourless | 65.11 | 19.05 | 6.35 | 2.65 | 0.32 | 1.55 | 1.31 | 0.30 | 2.20 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 1.11 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.06 | 100.19 | |||
SA Au9 Supporting tessera | colourless | 64.87 | 19.03 | 6.37 | 2.59 | 0.32 | 1.53 | 1.33 | 0.30 | 2.23 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 1.03 | <0.03 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.06 | 99.86 |
S. Agnese Compositional Groups | SiO2* (wt%) | Na2O* (wt%) | CaO* (wt%) | Al2O3* (wt%) | K2O* (wt%) | MgO* (wt%) | Fe2O3* (wt%) | TiO2* (wt%) | P2O5* (wt%) | SO3* (wt%) | Cl* (wt%) | Literature Compositional Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SA-Roman | Number of samples: 15 | Mean | 70.35 | 17.72 | 6.34 | 2.33 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.78 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.96 | |
St. Dev. | 0.87 | 1.01 | 0.52 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.39 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.19 | |||
Date: 1st–3st cent. AD | Mean | 70.50 | 17.40 | 6.73 | 2.27 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.07 | 0.09 | n.r. | 1.17 | Roman | |
St. Dev. | 1.27 | 1.84 | 1.69 | 0.50 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.06 | n.r. | 0.09 | |||
SA-Foy 3.2 | Number of samples: 11 | Mean | 69.19 | 19.35 | 5.98 | 2.26 | 0.45 | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 1.18 | |
St. Dev. | 2.32 | 1.25 | 1.13 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.07 | |||
Date: 4th–7th cent. AD | Mean | 68.45 | 19.35 | 6.31 | 2.10 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.11 | 0.05 | n.r. | 1.23 | Foy 3.2/HIMT 2 | |
St. Dev. | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | n.r. | 0.24 | |||
SA-Foy 2.1 | Number of samples: 9 | Mean | 66.87 | 18.79 | 6.88 | 2.62 | 0.70 | 0.92 | 1.68 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 1.09 | |
St. Dev. | 1.58 | 1.27 | 0.69 | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 1.04 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.16 | |||
Date: 4th–7th cent. AD | Mean | 65.70 | 17.70 | 8.12 | 2.53 | 0.75 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 0.15 | 0.16 | n.r. | 0.83 | Foy 2.1 | |
St. Dev. | 1.70 | 1.30 | 0.92 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.10 | n.r. | 0.11 | |||
SA-HIMT | Number of samples: 7 | Mean | 67.27 | 18.96 | 6.66 | 2.63 | 0.47 | 1.11 | 1.32 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 1.06 | |
St. Dev. | 0.72 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |||
Date: 4th–7th cent. AD | Mean | 66.70 | 18.80 | 6.06 | 2.64 | 0.47 | 1.00 | 1.51 | 0.38 | 0.05 | n.r. | 1.01 | HIMT | |
St. Dev. | 1.80 | 1.20 | 0.63 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.02 | n.r. | 0.09 | |||
Opaque white—high Mg | Number of samples: 3 | Mean | 69.15 | 17.69 | 5.74 | 2.18 | 0.56 | 3.23 | 0.51 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.69 | 0.29 | |
St. Dev. | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
Red— high Mg and P | Number of samples: 1 | SA R3 | 65.25 | 17.38 | 7.34 | 2.22 | 1.45 | 2.03 | 2.05 | 0.20 | 0.89 | 0.23 | 0.83 |
4.2. Opacifiers/Pigments and Other Crystalline Inclusions
4.3. Colouring Elements
5. Conclusions
- New-production tesserae i.e., tesserae characterised by both glassy matrices (compositional groups Foy 2.1, Foy 3.2 and HIMT) and Sn-containing opacifiers/pigments typical of Late antique and Early Medieval period (19 of 46 tesserae): all grey (SA Gr1 and SA Gr2) and red/orange (SA A1, SA R1, SA R2 and SA R3), and the majority of gold (SA Au2, SA Au5, SA Au6, SA Au7, SA Au8, SA Au9), green (SA VCh1, SA VCh2, SA VCh3 and SA VS1), and purple (SA P2, SA P6 and SA R4).
- Re-used tesserae, i.e., tesserae characterised by both glassy matrices and opacifiers, typical of the Roman period (17 of 46 tesserae): all white (SA Bi1, SA Bi2, SA Bi3) and yellow (SA G1 and SA G2), four blue (SA B2, SA B6, SA B7, SA B9), three gold (SA Au1, SA Au3, SA Au4), three green (SA VCh4, SA VS2, SA VS3), and two purple (SA P1 and SA P4).
- Recycled tesserae, i.e., tesserae characterised by glassy matrix, Late Antique/Early Medieval in age (compositional groups Foy 2, Foy 3.2 and HIMT), and Sb-containing opacifiers, typical of the Roman period (10 of 46 tesserae): all turquoise (SA Tu1 and SA Tu2), the majority of blue (SA B1, SA B3, SA B4, SA B5, SA B8), two purple (SA P3 and SA P5), and one green (SA VCh5).
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Colour Macro-Group | Sample | Colour | Diaphaneity | Colouring Elements (+Decolourants) | Opacifier/Gold Foil | Reference Compositional Groups of Glassy Matrix | NOTES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gold | SA Au1 | Pale yellow-green | transparent | Iron (+Sb and very low Mn) | no gold foil | Roman | RE-USE |
SA Au2 | Colourless | transparent | iron (+Mn and very low Sb) | gold foil: 100 wt% Au | Foy 3.2 | NEW-PRODUCTION | |
SA Au3 | Colourless | transparent | Iron (+Sb and very low Mn) | no gold foil | Roman | RE-USE | |
SA Au4 | Colourless | transparent | Iron (+Mn) | gold foil: 100 wt% Au | Roman | RE-USE | |
SA Au5 | Colourless | transparent | Iron (+Mn) | no gold foil | Foy 3.2 | NEW-PRODUCTION | |
SA Au6 | Colourless | transparent | Iron (+Mn) | no gold foil | Foy 3.2 | NEW-PRODUCTION | |
SA Au7 | Pale green | transparent | Iron (+Mn) | no gold foil | Foy 3.2 | NEW-PRODUCTION | |
SA Au8 | Pale green | transparent | Iron (+Mn) | golf foil: 100 wt% Au | Foy 3.2 | NEW-PRODUCTION | |
SA Au9 | Colourless | transparent | Iron (+Mn) | gold foil: 96.5 wt% Au and 3.5 wt% Ag | HIMT | NEW-PRODUCTION | |
Blue | SA B1 | blue | opaque | Cobalt | abundant Ca-antimonate (euhedral habit) | Foy 3.2 | RECYCLING |
SA B2 | blue | opaque | Cobalt | abundant Ca-antimonate (euhedral habit) | Roman | RE-USE | |
SA B3 | blue | semi-opaque | Cobalt | rare Ca-antimonate + bubbles | HIMT | RECYCLING | |
SA B4 | blue | semi-opaque | Cobalt | rare Ca-antimonate + bubbles | Foy 2.1 | RECYCLING | |
SA B5 | blue | semi-opaque | Cobalt | rare Ca-antimonate + bubbles | Foy 3.2 | RECYCLING | |
SA B6 | blue | opaque | Cobalt | abundant Ca-antimonate (euhedral habit) | Roman | RE-USE | |
SA B7 | blue | opaque | Cobalt | abundant Ca-antimonate (euhedral habit) | Roman | RE-USE | |
SA B8 | blue | semi-opaque | Cobalt | rare Ca-antimonate + bubbles | Foy 2.1 | RECYCLING | |
SA B9 | blue | opaque | Cobalt | abundant Ca-antimonate (euhedral habit) | Roman | RE-USE | |
SA Tu1 | turquoise | opaque | Copper | abundant Ca-antimonate (rosary-shaped) | Foy 3.2 | RECYCLING | |
SA Tu2 | turquoise | opaque | Copper | abundant Ca-antimonate (rosary-shaped) | Foy 3.2 | RECYCLING | |
White | SA Bi1 | white | opaque | abundant Ca-antimonate (euhedral habit) | High Mg glass | RE-USE | |
SA Bi2 | white | opaque | abundant Ca-antimonate (euhedral habit) | High Mg glass | RE-USE | ||
SA Bi3 | white | opaque | abundant Ca-antimonate (euhedral habit) | High Mg glass | RE-USE | ||
SA Gr1 | grey | opaque | abundant cassiterite | Foy 2.1 | NEW-PRODUCTION | ||
SA Gr2 | grey | opaque | abundant cassiterite | Foy 2.1 | NEW-PRODUCTION | ||
Purple | SA P1 | purple | opaque | Manganese | abundant Ca-antimonate (euhedral habit) | Roman | RE-USE |
SA P2 | dark purple | semi-opaque | Manganese | bubbles + sporadic cassiterite | HIMT | NEW-PRODUCTION | |
SA P3 | pale purple-pink | semi-opaque | Manganese | rare Ca-antimonate + bubbles + quartz + terracotta grains | Roman | RECYCLING | |
SA P4 | greyish purple | opaque | Manganese | abundant Ca-antimonate (euhedral habit) | Roman | RE-USE | |
SA P5 | pale purple-pink | semi-opaque | Manganese | rare Ca-antimonate + bubbles + quartz + terracotta grains | Foy 3.2 | RECYCLING | |
SA P6 | dark purple | translucent | Manganese | HIMT | NEW-PRODUCTION | ||
SA R4 | purple | translucent | Manganese | Foy 3.2 | NEW-PRODUCTION | ||
Green | SA VCh1 | pale green | opaque | Copper | Pb-stannate | HIMT | NEW-PRODUCTION |
SA VCh2 | pale green | opaque | Pb-stannate | HIMT | NEW-PRODUCTION | ||
SA VCh3 | pale green | opaque | Copper | Pb- stannate | HIMT | NEW-PRODUCTION | |
SA VCh4 | pale green | opaque | Pb-antimonate | Roman | RE-USE | ||
SA VCH5 | pale green | opaque | Copper | Pb-antimonate + terracotta grains + rare Ca-antimonate (rosary-shaped) + rare cassiterite | Foy 2.1 | RECYCLING | |
SA VS1 | dark green | opaque | Copper | Pb-stannate | Foy 2.1 | NEW-PRODUCTION | |
SA VS2 | dark green | opaque | Copper | Pb-antimonate | Roman | RE-USE | |
SA VS3 | dark green | opaque | Copper | Pb-antimonate | Roman | RE-USE | |
Yellow | SA G1 | yellow | opaque | Pb-antimonate | Roman | RE-USE | |
SA G2 | yellow | opaque | Pb-antimonate | Roman | RE-USE | ||
Red | SA A1 | orange | opaque | cuprite | Foy 2.1 | NEW-PRODUCTION | |
SA R1 | dark red | opaque | metallic copper | Foy 2.1 | NEW-PRODUCTION | ||
SA R2 | red | opaque | metallic copper | Foy 2.1 | NEW-PRODUCTION | ||
SA R3 | red | opaque | metallic copper | High Mg-P glass | NEW-PRODUCTION |
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Colour Macro-Group | Label | Colour | NCS Code | Diaphaneity | Sampling Area | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gold | SA Au1 | pale yellow-green | n.a. | transparent | Background on the left of Onorio | Only supporting tessera: no gold foil and cartellina. |
SA Au2 | colourless | n.a. | transparent | Background between Onorio and Agnese | Only gold foil and cartellina: no supporting tessera. | |
SA Au3 | colourless | n.a. | transparent | Background between Onorio and Agnese | Only supporting tessera: no gold foil and cartellina. | |
SA Au4 | colourless | n.a. | transparent | Background between Onorio and Agnese | Only gold foil and cartellina: no supporting tessera. | |
SA Au5 | colourless | n.a. | transparent | Background between Onorio and Agnese near church | Only supporting tessera: no gold foil and cartellina. | |
SA Au6 | colourless | n.a. | transparent | Background between Onorio and Agnese near church | Only supporting tessera: no gold foil and cartellina. | |
SA Au7 | pale green | n.a. | transparent | Background between Agnese and Simmaco | Only supporting tessera: no gold foil and cartellina. | |
SA Au8 | pale green | n.a. | transparent | Background between Agnese and Simmaco | Complete gold tessera. | |
SA Au9 | colourless | n.a. | transparent | Erratic | Complete gold tessera. | |
Blue | SA B1 | blue | S4050-R80B | opaque | meadow (dark green) between Simmaco and Agnese | |
SA B2 | blue | S3050-R80B | opaque | meadow (dark green) near the left foot of Simmaco | ||
SA B3 | blue | S4550-R80B | semi-opaque | Erratic | ||
SA B4 | blue | S4550-R80B | semi-opaque | Erratic | ||
SA B5 | blue | S3560-R80B | semi-opaque | Erratic | ||
SA B6 | blue | S3560-R80B | opaque | Erratic | ||
SA B7 | blue | S5040-R80B | opaque | Erratic | ||
SA B8 | blue | S5040-R80B | semi-opaque | Erratic | ||
SA B9 | blue | S5040-R80B | opaque | Erratic | ||
SA Tu1 | turquoise | S3060-B10G | opaque | meadow (dark green) on the left of Onorio, over the second letter “a” of the word “aurea”. | ||
SA Tu2 | turquoise | S3060-B10G | opaque | meadow (dark green) on the left of Onorio, over the first letter “s” of the word “concisis”. | ||
White | SA Bi1 | white | S1000N | opaque | Simmaco—pallio | |
SA Bi2 | white | S1000N | opaque | Onorio—pallio | ||
SA Bi3 | white | S1002-Y | opaque | Erratic | ||
SA Gr1 | grey | S2502-Y | opaque | Onorio—church, low part between two doors. | ||
SA Gr2 | grey | S2502-Y | opaque | Simmaco—pallio | ||
Purple | SA P1 | purple | S 6010-R30B | opaque | Agnese dress—Right sleeve | |
SA P2 | dark purple | S 8505-R80B | semi-opaque | Agnese dress—Left sleeve | located very close to SA-P4 | |
SA P3 | pale purple-pink | S5010-Y70R | semi-opaque | Onorio dress—under the church and right-hand | ||
SA P4 | greyish purple | S5010 R10B | opaque | Agnese dress—Left sleeve | located very close to SA-P2 | |
SA P5 | pale purple-pink | S5020-R | semi-opaque | Simmaco dress—Left sleeve | ||
SA P6 | dark purple | S 8505-R80B | translucent | Simmaco pallio—under the book | ||
SA R4 | purple | S8010-Y90R | translucent | Erratic | ||
Green | SA VCh1 | pale green | S3010- G1Y0 GL | opaque | meadow (light)—near the feet of Onorio | |
SA VCh2 | pale green | S 2010-G40Y GL | opaque | meadow (light)—between Onorio and Agnese | located very close to SA-VCh3 | |
SA VCh3 | pale green | S 2010-G70Y GL | opaque | meadow (light)—between Onorio and Agnese | ||
SA VCh4 | pale green | S 2020 G50Y | opaque | meadow (light) on the left of the low part of Onorio’s dress | located very close to SA-G2 | |
SA VCh5 | pale green | S3030-G10Y | opaque | Erratic | ||
SA VS1 | dark green | S6010-G10Y | opaque | meadow (dark)—under the right feet of Onorio | ||
SA VS2 | dark green | S5020-G10Y | opaque | meadow (dark)—under the right feet of Onorio | located very close to SA-VS3 | |
SA VS3 | dark green | S5030-G30Y | opaque | meadow (dark)—under the right feet of Onorio | located very close to SA-VS2 | |
Yellow | SA G1 | yellow | S2060-Y | opaque | Gold background over meadow (light) on the left of Onorio | |
SA G2 | yellow | S2050-Y10R | opaque | Meadow (light) on the left of the low part of Onorio’s dress | located very close to SA-VCh4 | |
Red/orange | SA A1 | orange | S2050-Y50R | opaque | Flames on the left of Agnese | |
SA R1 | dark red | S6030-R | opaque | Onorio—dress (in the centre) | ||
SA R2 | red | S2570-Y80R | opaque | Onorio—roof of the church | ||
SA R3 | red | S3060-Y90R | opaque | Erratic |
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Silvestri, A.; Maltoni, S.; Gianandrea, M.; Deiana, R.; Croci, C. The Glass Mosaic of S. Agnese fuori le mura: New Tesserae in the Puzzle of Early Medieval Rome. Heritage 2024, 7, 4562-4591. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7090215
Silvestri A, Maltoni S, Gianandrea M, Deiana R, Croci C. The Glass Mosaic of S. Agnese fuori le mura: New Tesserae in the Puzzle of Early Medieval Rome. Heritage. 2024; 7(9):4562-4591. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7090215
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilvestri, Alberta, Sarah Maltoni, Manuela Gianandrea, Rita Deiana, and Chiara Croci. 2024. "The Glass Mosaic of S. Agnese fuori le mura: New Tesserae in the Puzzle of Early Medieval Rome" Heritage 7, no. 9: 4562-4591. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7090215