Correlation Between the Anticorrosive Performance of Protective Coatings Under Neutral Salt Spray Testing and Outdoor Atmospheric and Immersion Exposure

Abstract

Anticorrosive organic coatings are usually tested with accelerated weathering methods to assess their anticorrosive performance. The results of lab testing often do not correlate well with results from field testing, which resembles the conditions of actual use more closely. We tested the correlation of the neutral salt spray test (NSS, ISO 9227) and tests for mechanical properties and a 5-year field exposure in four different locations in the atmospheric zone, splash zone and immersion zone using 19 organic coatings for hydraulic steelwork. No correlation was found between the anticorrosive performance under outdoor exposure and the mechanical properties of a coating. The NSS test showed a positive correlation with the results in the field in 6 of 12 cases. For the fresh water testing location in Trier, the correlation proved to be very good. The biggest difference between lab and field testing was observed for zinc-primer-free coatings, which passed in the lab testing and failed in the outdoor testing. This study shows that the NSS test correlates with outdoor exposure only in some cases on a statistically significant level, but the results of NSS testing can be useful in approval testing for protective coating systems using predefined pass/fail criteria.

1. Introduction

Applying organic coatings is one of the main strategies to prevent corrosion in hydraulic steelwork. The usual service lifetime of these coatings is in the order of 25 years, or, in terms of ISO 12944-1 [1], “high” (15–25) years or even “very high” (>25 years). Due to these challenging requirements, in combination with the high costs for paint application and even higher possible costs for damage to the steel structure, organic coatings undergo extensive performance testing, both by the manufacturer and by independent test laboratories. The coatings are exposed to many different effects during their service time, such as natural UV radiation, heat, moisture or immersion and impacts due to traffic or floating debris, leading to material degradation. Laboratory tests aim to reproduce these effects at a higher intensity in order to accelerate degradation. Typical tests are given in, e.g., ISO 12944-6 [2], i.e., resistance against water immersion ISO 2812-2 [3], resistance against condensation ISO 6270-1 [4], the neutral salt spray test ISO 9227 (NSS test) [5] and cycling aging (previously ISO 20340). At the same time, ISO 12944-6 recognizes that it is difficult to emulate natural conditions in accelerated lab testing, which can lead to inaccurate results. The standard recommends that coatings should always be tested using outdoor exposure.

Outdoor exposure experiments, usually in combination with lab testing, are time consuming and require a suitable testing location. Reports of such experiments are therefore much rarer than reports using only lab experiments on coatings. The results of these combined studies often emphasize the necessity of outdoor testing. Usually, outdoor exposure means natural weathering in atmospheric conditions, i.e., UV radiation, temperature, humidity/rain and, to some extent, chlorides, with the intensity of the exposure depending on the location. The corrosivity of atmospheres can be classified with the system defined by ISO 9223 [6], ranging from C1 (very low) to C5 (very high) or even CX (extreme). The classification of a location can be different for different metals, e.g., unalloyed steel, Zinc, Copper and Aluminum, as listed by ISO 9223. Within the context of this study, all classifications relate to unalloyed steel.

The intensity and duration of outdoor exposure usually depend on the studied materials and the possibilities for exposure. Some examples of studies on coatings using outdoor exposure are listed in Table 1.

Field testing with immersion of the sample in natural water is rarer than that with atmospheric immersion, to some extent because operating an immersion test station is more challenging. An older example of an immersion test station in the River Danube and the Balaton in Hungary is described by Csokán [7]. The present study includes outdoor exposure in the splash zone and immersion zone, which has been rarely reported in the literature, as can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Overview of studies on coatings using outdoor exposure.

Reference	Coating on Steel Substrate 1	Conditions	ISO 9223 Category (Steel)	Duration [Years]
Chico et al. [8]	Silane pre-treatment, alkyd/polyester aminoplast base paint	atmospheric, inland	C2	1/3
Takeshita et al. [9]	Polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl butyral resins	atmospheric, inland and coastal	not specified	0.5/0.7
Seré et al. [10]	Electrogalvanized steel pre-treated with a silane, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane or chromium(III)-based solution (Cr), painted with an alkyd system	atmospheric, inland	not specified	5
Fragata et al. [11]	Aluminum polyamine epoxy mastic	atmospheric, coastal, addition of NaCl solution	C3	0.9
Fekete and Lengyel [12]	Styrene–acrylate waterborne paint systems	atmospheric, inland	not specified	0.3–2.5
De Florian et al. [13]	Galvanized steel with Zn and Zn-Al alloys and a urethane chromate primer, a polyester chromate primer, an epoxy chromate primer and a fluoropolymer top coating	atmospheric, inland and coastal	not specified	0.1–1
Li et al. [14]	Epoxy polysiloxane coating	atmospheric and tidal, coastal	not specified	0.77
Almeida et al. [15]	Acrylic, acrylic enamel, epoxy and epoxy polyamide waterborne coatings	atmospheric, inland and coastal	C3, CX	2, 3
Zhang et al. [16]	Epoxy anticorrosion paint, polyurethane paint or fluorocarbon top paint	atmospheric, coastal	not specified	2
Davalos-Monteiro et al. [17]	Polyester, polyester–epoxy and epoxy powder coatings	atmospheric, coastal	C5	1–4
LeBozec et al. [18]	Marine paint systems	atmospheric, coastal, atmospheric and splash zone, on a ship	C5, CX	3, 4
Pélissier et al. [19]	Ethyl silicate, epoxy, aliphatic acrylic polyurethane, polyamine epoxy, silicone alkyd, waterborne epoxy and acrylic, aliphatic polyurethane, vinylic epoxy, acrylic, polyamide epoxy, aliphatic acrylic polyurethane	atmospheric, coastal, atmospheric, on a ship	C5, CX	1–6
Momber et al. [20]	Epoxy, polyaspartate, epoxy/siloxane repair coatings	atmospheric, coastal	not specified	0.5–5.75
Perrin et al. [21]	Modified epoxy, alkyd silicon/TC	atmospheric, coastal	C3, C5	4
Knudsen et al. [22]	Epoxy, epoxy mastic and polyurethane top coat	atmospheric, coastal	C5	1, 2
Binder [23,24]	Epoxy and polyurethane	atmospheric, splash and immersion zone, inland and coastal	C2, C3, C4	5

¹ The substrate in the respective study was carbon steel if not stated otherwise. Additives such as functional pigments (Zinc, Iron oxide, Aluminum) and high-solid variants are not listed.

Table 1. Overview of studies on coatings using outdoor exposure.

Reference	Coating on Steel Substrate 1	Conditions	ISO 9223 Category (Steel)	Duration [Years]
Chico et al. [8]	Silane pre-treatment, alkyd/polyester aminoplast base paint	atmospheric, inland	C2	1/3
Takeshita et al. [9]	Polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl butyral resins	atmospheric, inland and coastal	not specified	0.5/0.7
Seré et al. [10]	Electrogalvanized steel pre-treated with a silane, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane or chromium(III)-based solution (Cr), painted with an alkyd system	atmospheric, inland	not specified	5
Fragata et al. [11]	Aluminum polyamine epoxy mastic	atmospheric, coastal, addition of NaCl solution	C3	0.9
Fekete and Lengyel [12]	Styrene–acrylate waterborne paint systems	atmospheric, inland	not specified	0.3–2.5
De Florian et al. [13]	Galvanized steel with Zn and Zn-Al alloys and a urethane chromate primer, a polyester chromate primer, an epoxy chromate primer and a fluoropolymer top coating	atmospheric, inland and coastal	not specified	0.1–1
Li et al. [14]	Epoxy polysiloxane coating	atmospheric and tidal, coastal	not specified	0.77
Almeida et al. [15]	Acrylic, acrylic enamel, epoxy and epoxy polyamide waterborne coatings	atmospheric, inland and coastal	C3, CX	2, 3
Zhang et al. [16]	Epoxy anticorrosion paint, polyurethane paint or fluorocarbon top paint	atmospheric, coastal	not specified	2
Davalos-Monteiro et al. [17]	Polyester, polyester–epoxy and epoxy powder coatings	atmospheric, coastal	C5	1–4
LeBozec et al. [18]	Marine paint systems	atmospheric, coastal, atmospheric and splash zone, on a ship	C5, CX	3, 4
Pélissier et al. [19]	Ethyl silicate, epoxy, aliphatic acrylic polyurethane, polyamine epoxy, silicone alkyd, waterborne epoxy and acrylic, aliphatic polyurethane, vinylic epoxy, acrylic, polyamide epoxy, aliphatic acrylic polyurethane	atmospheric, coastal, atmospheric, on a ship	C5, CX	1–6
Momber et al. [20]	Epoxy, polyaspartate, epoxy/siloxane repair coatings	atmospheric, coastal	not specified	0.5–5.75
Perrin et al. [21]	Modified epoxy, alkyd silicon/TC	atmospheric, coastal	C3, C5	4
Knudsen et al. [22]	Epoxy, epoxy mastic and polyurethane top coat	atmospheric, coastal	C5	1, 2
Binder [23,24]	Epoxy and polyurethane	atmospheric, splash and immersion zone, inland and coastal	C2, C3, C4	5

¹ The substrate in the respective study was carbon steel if not stated otherwise. Additives such as functional pigments (Zinc, Iron oxide, Aluminum) and high-solid variants are not listed.

There are, however, reports about testing in coastal environments, which includes exposure to humidity and chlorides. Almeida et al. tested the anticorrosive performance of waterborne coatings in Lisboa (C3) and Sines (CX) (Portugal) for 24/30 months, comparing the results with salt spray testing and the prohesion test [15]. Zhang et al. studied the correlation between natural exposure and artificial aging tests for epoxy polyurethane anticorrosion coating systems for marine applications in a marine atmosphere in Sanya, Hainan province (China), with an exposure time of 24 months [16]. Davalos-Monteiro et al. tested powder coatings under cyclic aging and natural exposure in Florida (USA) for 4 years [17]. LeBozec et al. studied the correlation between standardized lab tests, including salt spray testing (ISO 9227) and cyclic aging testing (ISO 20340, now ISO 12944-9 [25]), and field exposure [18]. For this, they tested fifteen anticorrosion coatings for offshore and naval application for 2 years in Brest (France) in a coastal C5 atmosphere and on a container carrier ship in operation. Similarly, Pélissier et al. studied 11 coating systems in Brest and on a ship operating on the French coast [19]. Momber et al. studied the anticorrosive performance of repair coatings for offshore wind power constructions with an exposure of 57 months in Helgoland (German North Sea) [20]. Perrin et al. applied salt spray testing and cyclic aging testing to three anticorrosive coating systems and also exposed samples for 4 years in France and the USA in a C3 and C5 atmosphere [21]. Knudsen et al. evaluated the correlation between standard accelerated tests such as the salt spray test and the cyclic aging test described in ISO 12944-9 and field performance. For this, they exposed samples of 26 epoxy coating systems to a C5 atmosphere in Norway for 1 and 2 years [22].

The Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute tests coatings for use on structures of the German Federal Waterways. These tests include, among others, lab methods as given in ISO 12944-6 as well as 5-year outdoor exposure in different natural environments, including the atmospheric zone, the splash zone and full immersion. Results from previous outdoor exposure experiments have been reported by Binder [23,24].

Lab tests are used to identify and reject coatings with a weak performance, while outdoor testing is used to confirm positive lab testing results under more realistic conditions. Coatings are approved when the requirements given in [26] are met in lab testing, under the condition that this approval can be revoked if the coating fails the tests in the natural environment. Obviously, a good agreement between the test results from the lab and from outdoor exposure is needed. Lab testing should ideally identify in advance all coatings that will fail in the field but should not reject coatings with adequate performance in the field. Here, the results of a 5-year outdoor exposure of 19 organic coatings used for hydraulic steel structures are compared with the respective lab results to evaluate the correlation between lab and outdoor testing.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Samples

All samples were prepared on mild steel according to EN 10025-2 [27], e.g., S235. The surface of the test panels was Sa 2½ according to ISO 8501-1 [28] and had a profile roughness of grade medium (G) according to ISO 8503-1 [29]. Airless spray was used for coating. In this study, 19 coatings were tested and evaluated. The respective number of coats and their thickness followed the specification given by the manufacturer. More details are given in

Table 2. Coating systems used in this study.

System Number	Number of Coats	Type of Coat 1	Nominal Dry Film Thickness Per Layer [µm] 2	Measured Total Dry Film Thickness [µm] 3
1	1	Epoxy	400	470
2	1	Epoxy	550	540
3	1	Epoxy	500	540
4	1	Epoxy	580	570
5	1	Epoxy	600	610
6	1	Epoxy	1100	1080
7	2	Epoxy, Epoxy	300/300	550
8	2	Zn–Epoxy, Epoxy	60/400	430
9	2	Zn–Epoxy, Epoxy	50/350	480
10	2	Zn–Epoxy, Epoxy	70/430	520
11	2	Zn–Epoxy, Epoxy	50/600	550
12	2	Zn–Epoxy, Epoxy	80/500	550
13	2	Zn–Epoxy, Epoxy	60/500	590
14	2	Zn–Epoxy, Epoxy	50/600	620
15	3	Zn–Epoxy, Epoxy, Epoxy	50/250/250	640
16	3	Zn–Epoxy, Epoxy, Epoxy	50/250/250	780
17	3	Al–Epoxy, Epoxy, Epoxy	170/170/160	500
18	1	2C-PUR	1200–1500	1430
19	3	1C-PUR-Zn, 1C-PUR, 1C-PUR	100/200/200	570

¹ 2C-PUR: two-component polyurethane, Zn–Epoxy: zinc-rich epoxy primer, Al–Epoxy: epoxy primer with Aluminum pigment, 1C-PUR-Zn: zinc-rich one-component polyurethane primer, 1C-PUR: one-component polyurethane. ² Nominal dry film thickness of each layer, according to the specification by the manufacturer. In multilayer systems, the first number represents the thickness of the first layer on the steel substrate, and the second number represents the second layer. ³ Average of the front sides of all panels before testing under outdoor exposure. The dry film thickness was measured using an Elcometer 456 Coating Thickness Gauge.

.

The size of the samples, as specified in [26], was 340 mm × 400 mm for outdoor exposure, 150 mm × 100 mm for NSS testing and 200 mm × 300 mm for abrasion resistance. For NSS testing, three identical samples of each system were tested. For abrasion testing, two identical samples were tested. Under outdoor exposure, only one sample of each system was tested per exposure zone and location, due to space limitations.

The samples for NSS testing and outdoor exposure received a vertical scribe with a width of 2 mm and a length of 70 mm (NSS) or 200 mm (outdoor exposure) on the front side. The scribe was deep enough to remove the coating, but did not measurably cut into the surface of the steel. This artificial damage was produced in our mechanics workshop using a milling machine.

2.2. Laboratory Testing Methods

2.2.1. NSS Testing

NSS testing was carried out according to ISO 9227 [5]. The samples were tested for 1.440 h at a temperature of 35 ± 2 °C. They were held at an angle of 20 ± 5° to the vertical. The salt (NaCl) spray solution had a concentration of 5% by weight and a pH value of 6.5–7.2.

2.2.2. Pull-Off Adhesion

Pull-off adhesion was tested according to ISO 4624 [30]. After salt spray testing, the samples were left under room conditions for 48 h. Subsequently, three pull-off adhesion tests were performed per sample, from which the average value is used here. Additionally, one pull-off adhesion test was performed on an untested reference sample.

2.2.3. Abrasion Testing

Abrasion resistance was determined as the key mechanical property of a coating in approval testing according to [26]. Abrasion testing was carried out according to the specification given in [26]. The samples were stored in tap water for 6 months. After that, they were mounted to the inner surface of an octagonal rotating steel drum, with each of the eight sides of the drum holding one of the 200 mm × 300 mm plates. A mixture of basalt grit (2.0 kg grain size 8/12 mm, 1.0 kg grain size 5/8 mm and 1.0 kg grain size 3/5 mm) and 8.0 kg water was added as abrasive material. A test cycle consisted of 40,000 turns of the drum at 16 turns per minute. A test included two to five cycles, depending on the abrasion resistance of the coating.

2.3. Outdoor Exposure

The sites for outdoor exposure were in Büsum (North Sea), Kiel (Baltic Sea), Trier (river Moselle, fresh water) and Windheim (river Weser, fresh water with slightly increased salinity). These sites can be differentiated by their corrosivity; Trier and Windheim represent fresh water (Im1 according to ISO 12944-2 [31]), and Büsum and Kiel represent sea water (Im2 according to ISO 12944-2 [31]). The atmospheric corrosivity for steel samples was C2 for the fresh water sites, C3 for Büsum and C4 for Kiel. More details on the properties of the water at the sites can be found in

Table 3. Properties of the water at the outdoor exposure sites.

Property	Trier (Moselle)	Windheim (Weser)	Kiel (Baltic Sea)	Büsum (North Sea)
Type of water	fresh water	fresh water, slightly increased salinity	sea water/brackish water	sea water
Conductivity [mS/cm]	1.2	1.5	27.1	42.5
Chloride [ppm]	250	350	9000	16,500
Sulfate [ppm]	100	110	1900	1700
Calcium [ppm]	121	72	190	320
Carbonate hardness [°dH]	8	7	7	7
pH	7.8	7.7	7.8	7.7
Salinity [g/kg]	0.5	0.9	17	25
Wo-value 1	2.2	1.2	−6.4	−7.6
Fouling	algae, mussels	algae, mussels	algae, barnacles, oyster mussels	barnacles, oyster mussels

¹ according to DIN 50929-3:2018 [32].

. The Chloride and Calcium contents and the Carbonate hardness were measured using MQuant titrimetric tests bought from Merck Millipore. The Carbonate hardness is reported in °dH, with 1 °dH corresponding to the equivalent of 10 mg CaO per litre. The Sulfate content was measured using the colorimetric test kit VISOCOLOR bought from Macherey-Nagel. The salinity refers to the salt content of the water and is measured in g (salt) per kg (water). The W_o-value is an index for the corrosion likelihood of metallic materials according to [32]. It is calculated from various factors, including the type of the water body (standing, flowing, coastal), the zone (atmospheric, splash, immersion), Chloride and Sulfate content of the water, pH and others. More negative values indicate higher corrosivity.

Each system was exposed for 5 years at each site in three zones. One sample was fully immersed, one sample was partially immersed in the splash water zone and one was completely above water in the atmospheric zone.

2.4. Evaluation of the Results

After NSS testing, the surface of the coatings was visually evaluated according to ISO 4628-2 [33] (blistering), ISO 4628-3 [34] (rusting), ISO 4628-4 [35] (cracking) and ISO 4628-5 [36] (flaking) immediately after the end of the test. Then, the samples were rinsed with warm tap water, dried using paper towels and dried in the room atmosphere for an hour. To measure the corrosion creep at the scribe, the coating around the scribe was removed using a chisel and a hammer. After drying, the corrosion around the scribe was documented and analyzed digitally using OLYMPUS Stream Motion 2.4 software. The average corrosion creep per side of a sample was calculated by measuring the corroded area, subtracting the area of the scribe, dividing by the length of the scribe and dividing the result by two. For approval according to [26], two of the three samples had to fulfill the following criteria: blistering 0(S0), rusting Ri0, cracking 0(S0), flaking 0(S0) on the surface, corrosion creep ≤ 1.0 mm. For correlation purposes, the average corrosion creep of the three samples is used.

After the outdoor exposure, the samples were retrieved and cleaned of fouling by water jetting. Evaluation of the coating surface and scribe was performed as described above. The approval conditions according to [26] for the coating surface were the same as for the lab testing samples, namely, no blistering, rusting, cracking or flaking. The limit values for corrosion creep are given in

Table 4. Limit values in mm for approval [26] of the corrosion creep at the scribe after outdoor exposure.

Zone	Trier (Moselle)	Windheim (Weser)	Kiel (Baltic Sea)	Büsum (North Sea)
Immersion	1.5	1.5	2.5	2.5
Splash zone	2.0	2.0	10.0	5.0
Atmospheric zone	1.0	1.0	6.0	2.0

.

During abrasion testing, the coating thickness was measured at defined spots of the sample after each test cycle. The material loss was calculated from the reduction in coating thickness. The result of abrasion testing a_W is defined as material loss in µm per 10.000 turns. Values for a_W ≤ 40 are considered an indication of strong resistance to abrasion.

3. Results

3.1. NSS Testing and Outdoor Exposure

Table 5. Results for the corrosion creep at the scribe after NSS testing and outdoor exposure in mm.

System Number	Corrosion Creep [mm]
	NSS		Trier (Im1)			Windheim (Im1)
			Atm. Zone	Splash Zone	Immersion	Atm. Zone	Splash Zone	Immersion
1	0.98		0.0	0.4	0.3	0.1	0.8	1.1
2	1.03		0.0	3.1	0.3	0.2	2.2	2.5
3	2.40		0.8	2.6	1.9	0.9	3.0	6.8
4	0.61		0.1	0.6	0.2	0.3	4.7	5.8
5	1.77		0.2	1.1	1.2	0.8	6.0	4.5
6	0.60		0.4	1.0	1.0	0.7	3.5	1.9
7	0.60		0.6	2.5	2.2	0.6	*	*
8	1.00		0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.9
9	0.59		0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.3
10	0.74		0.2	0.5	0.6	0.5	1.5	0.9
11	1.03		0.6	1.1	0.7	0.5	1.5	1.5
12	0.31		0.1	0.3	0.6	0.0	2.0	1.4
13	1.57		0.2	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.8	1.8
14	0.50		0.4	0.5	0.7	0.4	1.0	1.1
15	1.43		0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	1.5	2.2
16	0.87		0.3	0.6	0.7	0.4	2.4	0.2
17	2.00		0.5	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	2.6
18	1.43		0.6	13.7	0.7	0.9	13	8.4
19	0.90		0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.6
System Number		Corrosion Creep [mm]
		NSS	Kiel (Im2)			Büsum (Im2)
			Atm. Zone	Splash Zone	Immersion	Atm. Zone	Splash Zone	Immersion
1		0.98	1.6	7.2	2.6	0.5	2.6	2.5
2		1.03	18.3	12.5	0.9	13.6	7.9	2.5
3		2.40	19.8	19.5	3.3	7.4	12.2	4.5
4		0.61	23.4	11.8	1.5	6.5	6.6	3.1
5		1.77	18.5	9.0	1.8	6.0	5.2	3.3
6		0.60	17.2	11.3	2.1	4.0	7.4	3.5
7		0.60	16.1	11.3	15.0	5.7	8.5	7.3
8		1.00	1.5	10.1	0.8	1.0	3.1	1.3
9		0.59	0.3	4.1	0.2	0.0	1.4	0.3
10		0.74	0.4	9.7	1.6	0.6	3.7	2.4
11		1.03	3.6	16.9	1.0	1.0	4.0	1.4
12		0.31	1.3	11.0	2.0	0.2	5.1	4.0
13		1.57	1.6	9.8	2.1	0.2	6.4	1.8
14		0.50	0.9	10.0	0.8	0.5	4.1	1.3
15		1.43	13.5	12.7	0.7	3.0	6.3	1.1
16		0.87	6.1	11.3	0.7	2.1	4.9	1.5
17		2.00	9.3	14.9	2.3	2.4	6.0	2.8
18		1.43	26.5	18.2	8.5	12	12.3	2.6
19		0.90	0.1	9.0	0.6	0.1	1.8	0.7

* The samples for the Windheim splash zone and immersion zone were lost during outdoor exposure.

shows the results for the corrosion creep at the scribe after NSS testing and after outdoor exposure.

For most locations and zones, a broad spectrum of values for the corrosion creep was obtained. The corrosion creep of the following systems exceeded the average of all systems in the same location and zone by a factor of 3: System 2 in the Büsum splash zone, System 7 in the Trier immersion zone and Kiel immersion zone and System 18 in the Trier splash zone, the Windheim splash zone and immersion zone, the Kiel immersion zone and the Büsum atmospheric zone. On the other side of the spectrum, Systems 1, 9, 12 and 19 showed corrosion creep values well below the average in multiple locations and zones.

In order to compare the results from NSS testing and outdoor exposure, the data for each location and each zone were plotted and fitted with a linear function (y = a + b∙x). For some examples, see Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Table 6. Fit coefficients and results of Pearson correlation testing between the corrosion creep in NSS testing and outdoor exposure.

Location	Zone	a	b	r (Pearson)	p (Pearson)
Im1 Trier	Atmospheric	0.1390	0.1895	0.40	0.08
	Splash	0.2363	1.2971	0.24	0.33
	Immersion	0.3804	0.3179	0.32	0.19
Im1 Windheim	Atmospheric	0.1135	0.3361	0.62	<0.01
	Splash	1.3174	1.138	0.21	0.40
	Immersion	0.0363	2.219	0.53	0.02
Im2 Kiel	Atmospheric	3.3086	5.7533	0.35	0.14
	Splash	7.7446	3.593	0.54	0.02
	Immersion	2.5262	0.0247	<0.01	0.99
Im2 Büsum	Atmospheric	1.1584	2.1999	0.30	0.21
	Splash	3.0254	2.5549	0.47	0.04
	Immersion	2.3406	0.1684	0.06	0.81

lists the coefficients of the fit function and the results of Pearson correlation. For the correlation of ISO 9227 and the Windheim splash zone and immersion zone, System 7 was not included due to missing data. Although NSS testing is only used for lab approval for Im2, the data from all outdoor locations are used here.

The results for NSS testing and for each zone were tested for normal distribution using the Shapiro–Wilk test. The results for most zones showed values of p smaller than 0.05, indicating that the results were not normally distributed. Only the Trier atmospheric zone, Windheim atmospheric zone, Kiel splash zone, Büsum splash zone and the results of NSS testing showed a normal distribution.

While there is some agreement between the results from NSS testing and outdoor exposure, i.e., systems with high corrosion creep in the NSS test also had high corrosion creep under outdoor exposure, only for the Windheim atmospheric zone, Windheim immersion zone, Kiel splash zone and Büsum splash zone were statistically significant correlations with p < 0.05 found. The strength of these correlation was moderate to good, with r-values between 0.47 and 0.62.

The coefficient b, giving the slope of the fit, was in the range of 0.2–1.3 for Trier and 0.3–2.2 in Windheim (both Im1), with the smallest slope in the atmospheric zone. In Kiel and Büsum (both Im2), the smallest slope was found for the immersion zone. The slope coefficients for the other zones were 3.6 and 5.8 in Kiel and 2.2 and 2.6 in Büsum. This fit parameter can be interpreted as the inverse of the acceleration factor.

Most systems showed no blistering, rusting, cracking or flaking, with the exception of System 1, which showed blistering in the Büsum splash zone, System 4, which showed minor rusting of the surface in the Kiel atmospheric zone, and System 7, which showed blistering in the Trier splash zone. Due to the general good performance, these data could not be used for further analysis.

3.2. Pull-Off Adhesion

Table 7. Results of the pull-off adhesion tests: breaking strength σ in MPa and type of fracture.

System Number	Sample 1		Sample 2		Sample 3		Average	Reference Sample
	σ	Type of Fracture	σ	Type of Fracture	σ	Type of Fracture	σ	σi	Type of Fracture
1	5.3	100% B	6.7	100% B	6.6	100% B	6.2	8.2	100% B
2	10.2	100% B	15.2	100% B	12.5	100% B	12.6	13.6	100% B
3	10.2	100% B	6.1	100% B	11.0	100% B	9.1	*	*
4	4.5	100% B	9.3	100% B	7.2	100% B	7.0	15.0	100% B
5	5.8	100% B	10.0	100% B	12.0	100% B	9.3	12.5	100% C
6	10.9	95% A/B 5% B	11.7	80% A/B 20% B	11.9	80% A/B 20% B	11.5	*	*
7	8.8	40% B 60% C	8.8	80% B 20% C	8.4	80% B 20% C	8.7	17.1	30% B 70% C
8	2.3	100% B	2.1	100% B	3.2	100% B	2.5	4.8	100% B
9	5.3	100% C	6	100% C	5.6	100% C	5.6	9.8	100% C
10	5.7	100% C	5.7	100% C	6.8	100% C	6.1	7.9	100% C
11	10.3	100% C	9.7	100% C	9.2	100% C	9.7	*	*
12	5.4	100% B	8.7	100% B	9.3	100% B	7.8	15	100% B
13	9.3	40% B 60% C	11.0	10% B 90% C	10.4	70% B 30% C	10.2	10	100% C
14	5.9	100% C	4.6	100% C	4.1	100% C	4.9	*	*
15	2.7	100% B	2.8	100% B	2.2	100% B	2.6	5.3	100% B
16	1.6	100% B	2.8	100% B	2.9	100% B	2.4	9.8	100% B
17	9.4	90% B 10% D	8.2	80% B 20% D	9.8	90% B 10% D	9.1	11.5	100% C
18	5.6	100% B	5	100% B	5.9	100% B	5.5	15	100% B
19	9.5	100% C	9.1	100% C	8.4	100% C	9.0	10.1	100% C

* No reference sample was available for Systems 3, 11 and 14.

gives the breaking strength σ and type of fracture of the pull-off adhesion tests. As described by ISO 4624 [30], B denotes a fracture within the first layer of the coating on the steel surface, C a fracture within the second layer and A/B a fracture between the steel surface and the first layer. Figure 5 shows the comparison of the breaking strength before testing and the average pull-off strength after NSS testing. Unfortunately, no samples were available for adhesion tests after outdoor exposure.

As expected, the breaking strength of most systems was lower after NSS testing, with the exception of System 13, where the breaking strength increased slightly. The breaking strength of Systems 4, 7, 8, 12 and 15 decreased by about 50% after testing and the breaking strength of Systems 16 and 18 decreased even more.

The initial breaking strength σ_i, the breaking strength after salt spray testing σ, the change in breaking strength Δσ and the change in breaking strength in relation to the initial breaking strength were tested for correlation with the corrosion creep in all four locations and each zone and the corrosion creep in ISO 9227 testing using Pearson correlation. Systems with missing datapoints were excluded. Each of the four datasets passed the test for normal distribution (Shapiro–Wilk) with p > 0.05.

Intuitively, one would expect adhesion to have a major influence on the corrosion creep of a system. Strong adhesion should lead to small values for the corrosion creep by limiting the diffusion of aggressive ions under the coating. Out of all correlations tested, on a statistically significant level, this was only found for the breaking strength after salt spray testing σ in the Trier atmospheric zone, with r = −0.56. All other negative correlations were above the statistical significance level of p = 0.05. It should be noted that this correlation was expected for the breaking strength measured on the respective exposure samples. The comparison of the corrosion creep in NSS testing and the breaking strength after NSS testing showed no statistically significant correlation. Contrarily, statistically significant positive correlations were found for the initial breaking strength σ_i in the Windheim splash and immersion zone, Kiel atmospheric zone and all zones in Büsum. The correlation coefficients ranged between 0.54 and 0.65. This means that systems showing good adhesion before testing also showed high corrosion creep in outdoor testing.

3.3. Abrasion Testing

Table 8. Results of abrasion resistance, a_w, in µm.

System Number	aw
1	58
2	30
3	35
4	32
5	34
6	29
7	29
8	31
9	50
10	58
11	34
12	32
13	30
14	29
15	50
16	30
17	58
18	25
19	46

shows the result of abrasion testing, a_W, the average material loss per 10,000 turn. Because the outdoor exposure tested for anticorrosive performance, a systematic correlation between the results of abrasion testing and outdoor exposure was neither expected nor found in the data.

4. Discussion

The aim of lab testing according to the test guideline of the Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute [26] is to identify coating systems with a good performance which are suitable for application on the federal waterways. This is ultimately demonstrated by the performance under outdoor exposure, but lab testing should produce these results in advance, as accurately as possible.

Table 9. Results show approval based on lab testing compared to the approval based on outdoor exposure.

System Number	Lab Approval Im1	Lab Approval Im2	Outdoor Approval Im1	Outdoor Approval Im2
1	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
2	Yes	Yes	No	No
3	Yes	No	No	No
4	Yes	Yes	No	No
5	Yes	No	No	No
6	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
7	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
8	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
9	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
10	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
11	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
12	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
13	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
14	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
15	Yes	No	Yes	No
16	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
17	Yes	No	Yes	No
18	Yes	No	No	No
19	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

shows approval based on the respective pass/fail criteria after lab testing and after outdoor exposure for each system. The results of NSS testing are used for lab approval for Im2. The lab approval for Im1 uses a cyclic condensation test specified in [26]. These results are not reported here in detail because all systems passed this test.

Of the 19 systems tested in the lab and in outdoor exposure, 11 showed matching results in both immersion categories, 6 showed partial matches with differing results between the two settings in one immersion category and 2 systems showed completely different results in NSS and outdoor testing (see

Table 10. Matching and differing results for lab and outdoor testing.

Results	Number of Systems
Match	11
Approval in Im1 and Im2	9
Approval in Im1, rejection in Im2	2
Difference	8
Lab: Approval in Im1 and Im2 Outdoor: Rejection in Im1 and Im2	2
Lab: Approval in Im1 and Im2 Outdoor: Approval only in Im1, rejection in Im2	2
Lab: Approval in Im1, rejection in Im2 Outdoor: Rejection in Im1 and Im2	3
Lab: Approval only in Im1, rejection in Im2 Outdoors: Approval in Im1 and Im2 outdoors	1

). Summarized by immersion categories, the results for NSS and outdoor testing agreed for 14 of 19 systems in Im1 and for 14 of 19 systems in Im2. This shows that NSS testing was a good indicator of the outdoor performance for most systems, but that there was still a considerable number of systems that performed different than expected in the field.

Noticeably, all systems passed Im1 lab testing. Any system not passing Im1 outdoor testing is therefore listed as a difference. It can be concluded that, in order to improve the agreement between lab and outdoor testing for Im1, lab testing should be better able to find unsuitable systems. This could be achieved by using longer test times, stricter requirements for the measured values or other testing methods altogether. For Im2, the picture is not as clear as for Im1. Of the five differences, four were due to systems not passing in outdoor testing and one due to not passing in the lab, meaning that lab testing (in this case, NSS) produced in one case a “false negative” result by rejecting a system that was accepted in outdoor testing.

A common cause for the differences can be found in the type of coating. The systems tested can be categorized as epoxy coatings with and without Zn primer and other systems, namely, an epoxy coating with Al primer, a two-component polyurethane coating without primer and a one-component polyurethane coating with Zn primer. Looking at the results for the outdoor testing, it is noteworthy that only three of seven epoxy systems without Zn primer passed Im1 testing, and only one passed Im2 testing. However, all epoxy systems with Zn primer passed Im1 testing and eight of nine systems passed Im2 testing. This trend continued for the two polyurethane coatings tested; the system without primer failed in Im1 and Im2 testing, whereas the system with Zn primer passed in Im1 and Im2. Looking at the differences between lab and outdoor testing in Im2, it is clear that these stem mainly from good test results for systems without primer in lab testing and the corresponding negative test results in outdoor exposure. This is in agreement with previous results from exposure at the same locations [23,24]. LeBozec et al. also found that coatings with a Zn primer showed less corrosion in outdoor testing in a marine C5 environment and on a ship [18]. Similar results were reported by Pélissier et al. [19]. Knudsen et al. recently reported higher corrosion in systems with epoxy mastic primers and lower corrosion with Zn primers after outdoor exposure for 2 years in a C5 atmosphere and similar results for both groups in NSS testing using a horizontal scribe [22]. In order to improve the informative value of lab testing, it would be helpful to better identify unsuitable coatings without Zn primer.

A statistically significant correlation of NSS testing and the respective corrosion creep existed only for some locations and zones. At the same time, the qualitative statement of approval in NSS testing and outdoor testing was in much better agreement, with differences being found in the subgroup of coatings without Zn primer. The data for some of the zones were not normally distributed, which could be because two different sets of coatings were tested that behaved differently. Pearson correlation testing requires normally distributed data and can be disturbed by outliers. Spearman correlation, a different correlation test, only tests for the monotonicity between variables, does not require normal distribution and is more robust with regard to outliers.

Table 11. Results of Spearman correlation testing between the corrosion creep in NSS testing and outdoor exposure.

Location	Zone	ρ (Spearman)	p (Spearman)
Trier	Atmospheric	0.3405	0.1542
	Splash	0.4599	0.0476
	Immersion	0.232	0.3392
Windheim	Atmospheric	0.5395	0.0171
	Splash	0.1649	0.5133
	Immersion	0.5791	0.0118
Kiel	Atmospheric	0.4605	0.0473
	Splash	0.4155	0.0769
	Immersion	0.2779	0.2493
Büsum	Atmospheric	0.4244	0.0702
	Splash	0.3294	0.1685
	Immersion	0.0787	0.7488

shows the result of Spearman correlation testing of the corrosion creep in NSS testing and outdoor exposure.

Statistically significant correlations with ρ < 0.05 were only found for the Trier splash zone, Windheim atmospheric and immersion zone and Kiel atmospheric zone, i.e., two of the locations/zones found in Pearson testing and two different zones.

Assuming that coatings with and without primer behaved as two different groups, the correlation testing was repeated on these two separate groups. For the group without Zinc primer, only the Trier immersion zone showed a statistically significant correlation with NSS testing (see

Table A1. Results of Pearson correlation testing between the corrosion creep in NSS testing and outdoor exposure for systems without Zinc primer (systems 1–6 and 18).

Location	Zone	r (Pearson)	p (Pearson)
Trier	Atmospheric	0.64	0.12
	Splash	0.21	0.65
	Immersion	0.81	0.03
Windheim	Atmospheric	0.63	0.13
	Splash	0.16	0.72
	Immersion	0.52	0.23
Kiel	Atmospheric	0.17	0.72
	Splash	0.56	0.20
	Immersion	0.28	0.52
Büsum	Atmospheric	0.19	0.68
	Splash	0.50	0.25
	Immersion	0.58	0.17

, Appendix A). For the group with Zinc or Al primer, only the Windheim atmospheric and immersion zone showed a statistically significant correlation with NSS testing (see

Table A2. Results of Pearson correlation testing between the corrosion creep in NSS testing and outdoor exposure for systems with Zinc or Al primer (systems 7–17 and 19).

Location	Zone	r (Pearson)	p (Pearson)
Trier	Atmospheric	0.29	0.36
	Splash	<0.01	>0.99
	Immersion	−0.11	0.73
Windheim	Atmospheric	0.57	0.05
	Splash	−0.16	0.64
	Immersion	0.72	0.01
Kiel	Atmospheric	0.31	0.31
	Splash	0.46	0.13
	Immersion	−0.16	0.61
Büsum	Atmospheric	0.15	0.64
	Splash	0.30	0.35
	Immersion	−0.20	0.54

, Appendix A). This suggests that coatings with and without Zn primer did not behave in a fundamentally different way with regard to the correlation between NSS and outdoor testing.

Looking at the data from outdoor exposure, outliers exist both in systems with and without Zinc primer. Another way of examining the correlation between NSS testing and outdoor testing is to remove all outliers in order to obtain normally distributed data, which can be used in Pearson correlation testing. For the following discussion, outliers are identified as showing a corrosion creep of “average corrosion creep of the location/zone + 2.5 times the standard deviation of the location/zone”. As discussed before in Section 2.4, high corrosion creep results were found especially for Systems 7 and 18. By the given definition, the corrosion creep of System 7 in the Trier immersion zone and Kiel immersion zone and of System 18 in the Trier splash zone and Windheim splash and immersion zones are marked as outliers. An alternative method for outlier identification is the Grubbs test, by which the results for System 7 in the Kiel immersion zone and Büsum immersion zone and System 18 in the Trier splash zone and Windheim splash zone are found here. With both methods pointing to the same two systems, these were removed from the data and the evaluation was repeated.

The p-value for the Shapiro–Wilk test for normal distribution increased for most locations/zones, with the Kiel immersion zone and Büsum immersion zone now passing the test. Even after outlier removal, 6 of the 12 locations/zones did not show normal distribution of the data. In Pearson correlation testing, the Trier immersion zone and Kiel immersion zone showed an additional statistically significant correlation. Total outlier removal increased the number of locations/zones with statistically significant correlations from four to six, and resulted in three additional correlations with a p-value between 0.05 and 0.06 (see

Table 12. Results of Pearson correlation testing between the corrosion creep in NSS testing and outdoor exposure after outlier removal (Systems 7 and 18).

Location	Zone	r (Pearson)	p (Pearson)
Trier	Atmospheric	0.46	0.06
	Splash	0.47	0.06
	Immersion	0.60	0.01
Windheim	Atmospheric	0.66	<0.01
	Splash	0.17	0.52
	Immersion	0.57	0.02
Kiel	Atmospheric	0.38	0.13
	Splash	0.54	0.02
	Immersion	0.51	0.03
Büsum	Atmospheric	0.31	0.22
	Splash	0.56	0.02
	Immersion	0.29	0.25

). The corresponding plots of the data can be found in Figure A1, Figure A2, Figure A3 and Figure A4, Appendix B. The correlation was best in Trier. One possible reason for these inhomogeneous results could be scattering in the data. Outdoor testing was performed with only one sample per location/zone, increasing the probability of unrepresentative results within the data. It can be assumed that the scattering in the data from NSS testing is smaller, partially because usually three samples are tested. In a recent study on the increase in corrosion creep over time in NSS testing using similar coating systems, we analyzed seven identical samples per system and found a scattering of 0.30 mm for a system without Zn primer and 0.15 for a system with Zinc primer at a test duration of 1440 h [37]. Knudsen et al. reported similar values [22].

Summarizing these results, the correlation between NSS testing and outdoor exposure shows is generally positive but does not overall reach the level of statistical significance. While it is not possible to predict the exact corrosion creep in outdoor testing from NSS testing, the correlation is good enough to be useful in approval testing for systems with Zinc primer.

In accordance with this result, Almeida et al. reported good correlation between the NSS test and outdoor exposure [15]. Predominantly, NSS testing has been criticized for not showing good correlation with outdoor testing [18,38,39].

Knudsen et al. recently studied NSS testing and the cyclic aging test (ISO 12944-9) to perform a systematic investigation of the correlation between these accelerated lab tests and a 2-year field exposure in Kjerringvik (Norway) in a C5 atmosphere [22]. They found a strong negative correlation between NSS testing and field testing for systems without Zn primer and a weaker but also negative correlation for system with Zn primer. This is in contrast to the results found in this study, where the correlation coefficients in all zones were predominantly positive or, in some cases, close to zero (see Table 6). They found no correlation between cyclic aging testing and field testing.

LeBozec et al. compared the correlation of various accelerated corrosion tests, including the NSS test and ISO 12944-9 (previously ISO 20340), with each other and with field exposure on ships and in a marine C5 atmosphere [18]. They concluded that the best correlation was found for cyclic testing according to ISO 16701 [40], while testing according to ISO 12944-9 and the NSS test showed a larger deviation. Based on their results, they recommended not to use the NSS test for prediction of paint performance.

Pélissier et al. studied anticorrosive coatings in the lab using ISO 12944-9 testing and ASTM D5894 and under outdoor exposure in Brest (France) and on a ship operating near the French coast [19]. They found that ISO 12944-9 testing showed no correlation with the results of outdoor testing in Brest, but there was good correlation with the results of outdoor testing on the ship. ASTM D5894 [41] showed an acceptable correlation for both.

Regularly, cyclic aging testing according to ISO 12944-9 (previously ISO 20340) is discussed as an alternative to NSS testing. Recently, Davalos-Monteiro et al. studied the relationship between outdoor exposure testing and cyclic aging testing according to ISO 12944-9 for different types of powder coatings [17]. Comparing the result of 4 years of exposure in a C5 environment (atmospheric) with 4 or 6 months of ISO 12944-9 testing, they did not find a correlation. For some groups of coatings, there was a trend for a negative correlation, i.e., coatings performing better in ISO 12944-9 testing also performed worse in outdoor testing. They identified the freezing step in the ISO 12944-9 cyclic aging testing procedure as a possible reason for this.

Another important factor could be the pre-treatment of the samples tested in the laboratory. Laboratory testing is usually performed soon after coating, while samples in outdoor testing are exposed over a long time, in which the coating properties may change due to UV radiation, moisture or heat. Fekete and Lengyel studied waterborne coatings in outdoor exposure in a mild atmosphere in Budapest (Hungary) for up to 2.5 years and in the lab using salt spray testing (ASTM B 117-03 [42]) and a humidity chamber (ISO 6270) [12]. They found that the anticorrosive performance of samples depended on their pre-treatment before lab testing. Previous outdoor weathering improved the performance significantly, and, to a lesser extent, also indoor storage. From this, it can be assumed that the correlation between lab testing using the NSS test and outdoor exposure could be improved by pre-treatment of the samples under outdoor weathering, but, considering the time constraints in approval procedures, there are limits on the time available for weathering.

5. Summary and Conclusions

In this study the correlation of lab testing and outdoor exposure was studied using 19 different anticorrosive coatings. The abrasion resistance of the coatings showed no correlation with their anticorrosive performance. Pull-off adhesion before testing showed statistically significant negative correlation with the corrosion creep in outdoor testing in some locations and zones. NSS testing (ISO 9227) showed a generally positive correlation with all locations and zones that was statistically significant in 6 of the 12 cases tested after the removal of outliers in the data. Spearman correlation testing came to similar results. This is in contradiction to previous results, where NSS testing showed no or even negative correlation with outdoor testing [18,22]. While the NSS test correlated with outdoor exposure only in some cases on a statistically significant level, this study showed that the results of NSS testing can be useful in approval testing for protective coating systems. Systems without Zn primer were an exception to this, showing much more corrosion in the field, as also reported in other studies [18,19,22,23].