Spatial Distribution and Contamination Level Assessment of Marine Sediment of the Safi Bay (Moroccan Atlantic Coast)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Analyze and quantify the pollution level by heavy metals in Safi Bay sediment using various environmental indices, including contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), index of geo accumulation (Igeo), and pollution load index (PLI).
- Calculate the potential ecological risk of metals detected in the Safi Bay sediment.
- Establish the spatial distribution of heavy metals in Safi Bay.
- Attempt to define the possible origin of the heavy metals in this coastal environment to allow for the adequate and efficient management of Safi Bay for sustainable socioeconomic and environmental development.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Heavy Metals Determination
2.4. Statistical Analyses
2.5. Assessment of the Environmental Pollution Degree
2.5.1. Contamination Factor (CF)
2.5.2. Degree of Contamination (DC)
2.5.3. Pollution Load Index (PLI)
- PLI < 1, no metal pollution;
- PLI > 1, polluted condition.
2.5.4. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
2.5.5. Potential Ecological Risk Index ( and RI)
2.5.6. Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs)
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Spatial Distribution of Sediment Grain Size and CaCO3 Content
3.2. Assessment of the Surface Sediment Contamination by Heavy Metals
3.3. Correlation among Metals
3.4. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stations | Latitude | Longitude | Depth (m) | Sand (%) | Mud (%) | %CaCO3 | Textural Class |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 32°19′48.30″ N | 9°17′17.10″ W | 18.4 | 97.39 | 2.61 | 72.34 | Sand |
S2 | 32°19′21.05″ N | 9°16′7.33″ W | 6.5 | 98.79 | 1.21 | 82.13 | Sand |
S3 | 32°19′22.04″ N | 9°16′45.43″ W | 23.2 | 82.16 | 17.84 | 62.98 | Slightly muddy sand |
S4 | 32°19′21.54″ N | 9°17′17.67″ W | 30.08 | 97.16 | 2.84 | 78.30 | Sand |
S5 | 32°18′45.88″ N | 9°17′10.03″ W | 29.3 | 95.15 | 4.85 | 72.77 | Sand |
S6 | 32°18′49.35″ N | 9°16′37.21″ W | 25.5 | 92.02 | 7.98 | 71.06 | Slightly muddy sand |
S7 | 32°18′50.34″ N | 9°16′11.42″ W | 21.9 | 84.64 | 15.36 | 74.47 | Slightly muddy sand |
S8 | 32°18′50.83″ N | 9°15′42.71″ W | 17.05 | 96.86 | 3.14 | 79.57 | Sand |
S9 | 32°18′52.32″ N | 9°15′23.37″ W | 15.2 | 98.55 | 1.45 | 82.13 | Sand |
S10 | 32°18′53.31″ N | 9°15′4.03″ W | 3.5 | 98.86 | 1.14 | 82.55 | Sand |
S12 | 32°18′17.65″ N | 9°15′28.64″ W | 13.76 | 98.41 | 1.59 | 79.57 | Sand |
S13 | 32°18′18.64″ N | 9°16′6.73″ W | 23.5 | 95.88 | 4.12 | 79.57 | Sand |
S15 | 32°17′43.48″ N | 9°16′12.58″ W | 26.5 | 94.25 | 5.75 | 77.45 | Sand |
S16 | 32°17′42.49″ N | 9°15′41.53″ W | 25.8 | 95.41 | 4.59 | 77.87 | Sand |
S17 | 32°17′42.99″ N | 9°15′14.00″ W | 21.4 | 96.98 | 3.02 | 76.17 | Sand |
S18 | 32°17′43.97″ N | 9°14′51.73″ W | 12.5 | 96.94 | 3.06 | 69.36 | Sand |
S19 | 32°17′43.97″ N | 9°16′40.12″ W | 28.2 | 96.46 | 3.54 | 82.55 | Sand |
S20 | 32°17′42.48″ N | 9°17′2.39″ W | 29.74 | 93.72 | 6.28 | 65.53 | Slightly muddy sand |
S21 | 32°17′6.83″ N | 9°16′45.97″ W | 30.6 | 96.26 | 3.74 | 79.57 | Sand |
S22 | 32°17′7.33″ N | 9°16′13.75″ W | 28.4 | 93.85 | 6.15 | 73.62 | Slightly muddy sand |
S23 | 32°17′6.84″ N | 9°15′46.21″ W | 26.8 | 67.57 | 32.43 | 52.34 | Muddy sand |
S28 | 32°16′30.19″ N | 9°15′48.56″ W | 24.8 | 98.30 | 1.70 | 77.45 | Sand |
S29 | 32°16′30.68″ N | 9°16′13.74″ W | 26.5 | 87.41 | 12.59 | 37.02 | Slightly muddy sand |
S30 | 32°16′31.67″ N | 9°16′43.62″ W | 29.2 | 90.79 | 9.21 | 41.28 | Slightly muddy sand |
S32 | 32°15′49.57″ N | 9°16′31.31″ W | 26.3 | 97.35 | 2.65 | 80.00 | Sand |
S33 | 32°15′48.59″ N | 9°16′2.03″ W | 22.5 | 99.02 | 0.98 | 77.45 | Sand |
S34 | 32°15′18.87″ N | 9°15′59.69″ W | 11.22 | 96.96 | 3.04 | 72.34 | Sand |
S38 | 32°15′19.34″ N | 9°17′15.84″ W | 31.8 | 97.82 | 2.18 | 77.02 | Sand |
Classification | Description |
---|---|
0 < mCd < 1.5 | Nil–very low degree of contamination |
1.5 < mCd < 2 | Low degree of contamination |
2 < mCd < 4 | Moderate degree of contamination |
4 < mCd < 8 | High degree of contamination |
8 < mCd < 16 | Very high degree of contamination |
16 < mCd < 32 | Extremely high degree of contamination |
mCd ≥ 32 | Ultra-high degree of contamination |
Igeo Value | Igeo Class | Designation of Sediment Quality |
---|---|---|
>5 | 6 | Extremely contaminated |
4–5 | 5 | Strongly to extremely contaminated |
3–4 | 4 | Strongly contaminated |
2–3 | 3 | Moderately to strongly contaminated |
1–2 | 2 | Moderately contaminated |
0–1 | 1 | Uncontaminated to moderately contaminated |
<0 | 0 | Uncontaminated |
Value | Risk Intensity | RI Value | Risk Intensity |
---|---|---|---|
<40 | Low ecological risk | <150 | Low ecological risk |
40 < ≤ 80 | Moderate ecological risk | 150 ≤ RI < 300 | Moderate ecological risk |
80 < ≤ 160 | Appreciable ecological risk | 300 ≤ RI < 600 | Considerable ecological risk |
160 < ≤ 320 | High ecological risk | RI > 600 | Very high ecological risk |
> 320 | Serious ecological risk |
Locations | Metal Concentrations (mg/kg) | References | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | ||
Safi Bay, Morocco | 0.395 | 11.343 | 3.850 | 10.395 | 33.972 | 36.546 | Present study |
Dakhla Bay, Morocco | 0.4 | 108 | 17.3 | 5.8 | 71.3 | 20.8 | [76] |
Bohai Bay, China | 0.04–0.84 | ND | 7.20–44.0 | ND | 5.90–97.0 | 56.3–309 | [78] |
Bay of Bengal, India | 19.8 | 109.45 | 76.45 | 27.984 | 49.629 | 78.76 | [8] |
Zhelin Bay, China | 0.063 | 23.07 | 7.95 | 7.5 | 35.69 | 74.95 | [79] |
Laizhou Bay, China | 0.19 | 32.69 | 10.99 | 17.38 | 13.37 | 50.63 | [11] |
Tahaddart Estuary, Morocco | 0.16 | 91.83 | 57.1 | 34.92 | 25.55 | 73.73 | [66] |
Oualidia Lagoon, Morocco | 0.66 | 102.4 | 17.7 | 15.73 | 10.1 | 75.8 | [18] |
Nador Lagoon, Morocco | 1.6 | 71.6 | 150.8 | 45.2 | 135 | 554.9 | [10] |
OumEr Bia estuary, Morocco | 0.36 | 9.5 | 19.6 | ND | 28 | 138 | [80] |
The fishing port of Safi, Morocco | 1.2–2.4 | ND | 45–90 | ND | ND | 276–552 | [67] |
Bay of Biscay, Spain | 0.08–0.11 | 2.13–6.16 | 11.8–21.76 | 4.17–15.12 | 6.88–26.23 | 28.8–66.79 | [81] |
Upper Continental Crust | 0.09 | 35 | 25 | 20 | 20 | 71 | [82] |
The suspended sediment of World Rivers | 1.55 | 133 | 75.9 | 74.5 | 61.1 | 208 | [83] |
TEL | 0.6 | 37.3 | 35.7 | 18 | 35 | 123 | [84] |
TET | 3 | 100 | 86 | 61 | 170 | 540 | [84] |
Variables | Cd (mg/kg) | Cr (mg/kg) | Cu (mg/kg) | Ni (mg/kg) | Pb (mg/kg) | Zn (mg/kg) | Sand (%) | Mud (%) | %CaCO3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd (mg/kg) | 1.00 | ||||||||
Cr (mg/kg) | −0.07 | 1.00 | |||||||
Cu (mg/kg) | 0.27 | 0.62 * | 1.00 | ||||||
Ni (mg/kg) | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.12 | 1.00 | |||||
Pb (mg/kg) | 0.44 | 0.32 | 0.83 ** | 0.08 | 1.00 | ||||
Zn (mg/kg) | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.68 ** | 0.25 | 0.53 * | 1.00 | |||
Sand (%) | −0.18 | −0.71 ** | −0.82 ** | −0.09 | −0.70 ** | −0.50 | 1.00 | ||
Mud (%) | 0.18 | 0.71 ** | 0.82 ** | 0.09 | 0.70 ** | 0.50 | −1.00 | 1.00 | |
%CaCO3 | −0.35 | −0.26 | −0.78 ** | −0.05 | −0.81 ** | −0.48 | 0.63 * | −0.63 * | 1.00 |
Sites | Contamination Factor (Cf) | Degree of Contamination (DC) | Modified Degree of Contamination (mCd) | PLI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | ||||
S1 | 2.53 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 2.70 | 0.29 | 5.72 | 0.95 | 0.19 |
S2 | 1.78 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 1.33 | 0.24 | 3.49 | 0.58 | 0.14 |
S3 | 1.62 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 3.73 | 0.51 | 6.23 | 1.04 | 0.41 |
S4 | 1.68 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 2.25 | 0.25 | 4.29 | 0.72 | 0.15 |
S5 | 2.49 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 2.26 | 0.36 | 5.66 | 0.94 | 0.45 |
S6 | 1.69 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 2.52 | 0.48 | 5.01 | 0.84 | 0.35 |
S7 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 3.32 | 0.51 | 6.97 | 1.16 | 0.25 |
S8 | 2.81 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 3.42 | 0.34 | 6.81 | 1.13 | 0.23 |
S9 | 1.97 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 2.83 | 0.29 | 5.24 | 0.87 | 0.22 |
S10 | 1.74 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 1.91 | 0.20 | 3.93 | 0.65 | 0.12 |
S12 | 1.86 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 2.30 | 0.30 | 4.56 | 0.76 | 0.15 |
S13 | 1.55 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 1.81 | 0.39 | 4.54 | 0.76 | 0.40 |
S15 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 1.08 | 2.39 | 0.75 | 5.95 | 0.99 | 0.30 |
S16 | 1.54 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 1.78 | 0.56 | 4.13 | 0.69 | 0.30 |
S17 | 3.04 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 2.58 | 1.82 | 7.83 | 1.30 | 0.54 |
S18 | 1.63 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 3.74 | 0.93 | 6.62 | 1.10 | 0.28 |
S19 | 1.76 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 1.60 | 0.26 | 3.75 | 0.63 | 0.20 |
S20 | 1.61 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 2.73 | 0.44 | 4.94 | 0.82 | 0.18 |
S21 | 1.61 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 1.74 | 0.33 | 3.79 | 0.63 | 0.14 |
S22 | 1.64 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 2.08 | 0.53 | 4.62 | 0.77 | 0.36 |
S23 | 1.93 | 1.21 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 5.07 | 1.43 | 10.01 | 1.67 | 0.92 |
S28 | 1.98 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 2.57 | 0.33 | 4.95 | 0.83 | 0.14 |
S29 | 4.01 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 4.89 | 0.85 | 10.08 | 1.68 | 0.36 |
S30 | 1.65 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 4.28 | 0.86 | 7.07 | 1.18 | 0.27 |
S32 | 1.87 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 2.88 | 0.40 | 5.31 | 0.88 | 0.19 |
S33 | 1.59 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 1.89 | 0.31 | 3.91 | 0.65 | 0.14 |
S34 | 1.53 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 2.42 | 0.35 | 4.42 | 0.74 | 0.15 |
S38 | 1.70 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 3.08 | 0.29 | 5.20 | 0.87 | 0.16 |
Mean | 1.97 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 2.72 | 0.52 | 5.54 | 0.92 | 0.27 |
Min | 1.53 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.33 | 0.20 | 3.49 | 0.58 | 0.12 |
Max | 4.01 | 1.21 | 0.23 | 1.08 | 5.07 | 1.82 | 10.08 | 1.68 | 0.92 |
Sites | Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | |
S1 | 0.75 | −8.80 | −4.85 | −3.40 | 0.85 | −2.37 |
S2 | 0.25 | −8.72 | −5.27 | −4.02 | −0.18 | −2.62 |
S3 | 0.11 | −2.86 | −4.04 | −4.23 | 1.31 | −1.56 |
S4 | 0.16 | −8.81 | −4.94 | −4.64 | 0.59 | −2.56 |
S5 | 0.73 | −2.50 | −4.50 | −2.76 | 0.59 | −2.05 |
S6 | 0.17 | −2.95 | −4.35 | −4.68 | 0.75 | −1.65 |
S7 | 0.95 | −8.60 | −4.42 | −3.19 | 1.15 | −1.55 |
S8 | 0.90 | −8.65 | −4.39 | −3.21 | 1.19 | −2.12 |
S9 | 0.39 | −4.08 | −5.25 | −6.16 | 0.92 | −2.36 |
S10 | 0.21 | −8.75 | −5.57 | −5.25 | 0.35 | −2.88 |
S12 | 0.31 | −8.66 | −4.89 | −5.08 | 0.61 | −2.30 |
S13 | 0.04 | −1.29 | −4.89 | −3.53 | 0.27 | −1.95 |
S15 | 0.15 | −8.82 | −4.56 | −0.47 | 0.67 | −1.00 |
S16 | 0.04 | −4.12 | −4.90 | −3.66 | 0.25 | −1.43 |
S17 | 1.02 | −3.19 | −4.38 | −3.32 | 0.78 | 0.28 |
S18 | 0.12 | −8.85 | −3.46 | −2.96 | 1.32 | −0.69 |
S19 | 0.23 | −5.09 | −5.29 | −4.80 | 0.09 | −2.52 |
S20 | 0.10 | −8.86 | −4.36 | −4.13 | 0.86 | −1.77 |
S21 | 0.10 | −8.86 | −4.75 | −5.05 | 0.22 | −2.17 |
S22 | 0.12 | −2.64 | −4.45 | −4.43 | 0.47 | −1.51 |
S23 | 0.36 | −0.31 | −2.70 | −3.31 | 1.76 | −0.07 |
S28 | 0.40 | −8.57 | −5.24 | −5.57 | 0.77 | −2.18 |
S29 | 1.42 | −8.13 | −3.32 | −3.10 | 1.71 | −0.82 |
S30 | 0.13 | −8.83 | −3.76 | −3.19 | 1.51 | −0.80 |
S32 | 0.31 | −8.65 | −5.09 | −3.62 | 0.94 | −1.92 |
S33 | 0.08 | −8.88 | −5.11 | −4.38 | 0.34 | −2.29 |
S34 | 0.02 | −8.94 | −4.83 | −4.48 | 0.69 | −2.12 |
S38 | 0.18 | −8.79 | −5.02 | −4.20 | 1.04 | −2.37 |
Mean | 0.35 | −6.65 | −4.59 | −3.96 | 0.78 | −1.76 |
Max | 1.42 | −0.31 | −2.70 | −0.47 | 1.76 | 0.28 |
Min | 0.02 | −8.94 | −5.57 | −6.16 | −0.18 | −2.88 |
Sites | Ecological Risk Factor () | RI | RI Grade | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | |||
S1 | 50.60 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.78 | 8.44 | 0.21 | 60.36 | Low |
S2 | 35.60 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.51 | 4.14 | 0.18 | 40.68 | Low |
S3 | 32.30 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 11.64 | 0.38 | 45.77 | Low |
S4 | 33.50 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 7.04 | 0.19 | 41.36 | Low |
S5 | 49.80 | 0.59 | 0.41 | 1.22 | 7.05 | 0.27 | 59.33 | Low |
S6 | 33.70 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 7.88 | 0.35 | 43.14 | Low |
S7 | 57.90 | 0.01 | 0.43 | 0.91 | 10.38 | 0.38 | 70.00 | Low |
S8 | 56.10 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.89 | 10.70 | 0.25 | 68.39 | Low |
S9 | 39.30 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 8.85 | 0.22 | 48.92 | Low |
S10 | 34.80 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 5.96 | 0.15 | 41.33 | Low |
S12 | 37.10 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 7.18 | 0.22 | 45.07 | Low |
S13 | 30.90 | 1.36 | 0.31 | 0.71 | 5.67 | 0.29 | 39.24 | Low |
S15 | 33.30 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 5.98 | 7.46 | 0.55 | 47.69 | Low |
S16 | 30.80 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.66 | 5.57 | 0.41 | 37.94 | Low |
S17 | 60.80 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.83 | 8.06 | 1.34 | 71.83 | Low |
S18 | 32.50 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 1.06 | 11.67 | 0.68 | 46.76 | Low |
S19 | 35.10 | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 5.00 | 0.19 | 40.93 | Low |
S20 | 32.20 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 8.52 | 0.32 | 41.97 | Low |
S21 | 32.20 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 5.44 | 0.25 | 38.48 | Low |
S22 | 32.70 | 0.53 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 6.50 | 0.39 | 40.93 | Low |
S23 | 38.50 | 2.69 | 1.41 | 0.84 | 15.85 | 1.05 | 60.33 | Low |
S28 | 39.60 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 8.02 | 0.24 | 48.29 | Low |
S29 | 80.10 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 15.29 | 0.62 | 97.91 | Low |
S30 | 32.90 | 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.91 | 13.38 | 0.64 | 48.51 | Low |
S32 | 37.30 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.67 | 9.00 | 0.29 | 47.54 | Low |
S33 | 31.80 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.40 | 5.92 | 0.23 | 38.61 | Low |
S34 | 30.50 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 7.57 | 0.25 | 39.03 | Low |
S38 | 33.90 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 9.63 | 0.21 | 44.48 | Low |
Mean | 39.49 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.76 | 8.49 | 0.38 | 49.81 | Low |
grade | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
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Minoubi, A.; Mejjad, N.; El Khalidi, K.; Bouchkara, M.; Fadili, A.; Chaibi, M.; Zourarah, B. Spatial Distribution and Contamination Level Assessment of Marine Sediment of the Safi Bay (Moroccan Atlantic Coast). Oceans 2023, 4, 331-349. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans4040023
Minoubi A, Mejjad N, El Khalidi K, Bouchkara M, Fadili A, Chaibi M, Zourarah B. Spatial Distribution and Contamination Level Assessment of Marine Sediment of the Safi Bay (Moroccan Atlantic Coast). Oceans. 2023; 4(4):331-349. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans4040023
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinoubi, Abdenaim, Nezha Mejjad, Khalid El Khalidi, Mohammed Bouchkara, Ahmed Fadili, Mohamed Chaibi, and Bendahhou Zourarah. 2023. "Spatial Distribution and Contamination Level Assessment of Marine Sediment of the Safi Bay (Moroccan Atlantic Coast)" Oceans 4, no. 4: 331-349. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans4040023