The Influence of Burst-Firing EMF on Forskolin-Induced Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Plasma Membrane Extensions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Cell Culture and Induction of Plasma Membrane Extensions
2.2. Exposure Apparatus
2.3. Exposure Protocols
2.4. Experiment #1–Exposure to Burst-Firing EMF for 1 and 3 h
2.5. Experiment #2–Exposure to Different Patterned EMF
2.6. Experiment #3–Identifying the Influence of Burst-Firing EMF Timing on PC12 PME
2.7. Experiment #4–Investigating the Role of Intensity of Burst-Firing EMF on PC12 Cell PME
2.8. Experiment #5–Examining Differences in the Proportion of PC12 PME between Changing and Constant EMF Exposure
2.9. Cell Morphological Measures
2.10. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Results of Experiment #5–Determining the Difference between Rotational or Constant Application of Burst-Firing EMF Generated through the 4-D Exposure Application
3.3. Results of Experiment #3–The Influence of Point Duration of Burst-Firing EMF on PC12 Plasma Membrane Extensions
3.4. Results of Experiment #4–Effect of Intensity of Burst-Firing EMF on Plasma Membrane Extensions in PC12 Cultures
3.5. Results of Experiment # 2–Pattern Specificity of EMF Application on Forskolin Induced PC12 Plasma Membrane Extensions
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Experiment | Condition | Average Cell Total | Number of Replicates | Total Number of Plates Sampled | Average Cell Density (Cells/cm2) | Average PME | Average PME Density (Cells/cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experiment #1 Exposure Duration | Sham 1 h | 628.5 (175.64) | 3 | 6 | 4.76 × 104 | 105.5 (32.35) | 7.99 × 103 |
Sham 3 h | 613.00 (180.92) | 3 | 6 | 4.64 × 104 | 101.33 (28.98) | 7.67 × 103 | |
Burst 1 h | 421.5 (160.82) | 3 | 6 | 3.19 × 104 | 113.67 (47.92) | 8.61 × 103 | |
Burst 3 h | 392.17 (166.22) | 3 | 6 | 2.97 × 104 | 103.77 (42.36) | 7.86 × 103 | |
Experiment #2 Rotation vs. Constant | Rotation | 163.94 (57.96) | 4 | 8 | 1.24 × 104 | 71.75 (20.61) | 5.43 × 103 |
Constant | 222.13 (60.31) | 4 | 8 | 1.68 × 104 | 68.00 (22.06) | 5.13 × 103 | |
Experiment #3 Point Duration | Sham | 594.75 (78.30) | 12 | 24 | 4.50 × 104 | 107.00 (14.79) | 8.10 × 103 |
Burst (3,3) | 348.5 (132.73) | 3 | 6 | 2.64 × 104 | 107.17 (33.26) | 8.11 × 103 | |
Burst (1,1) | 298.33 (166.64) | 3 | 6 | 2.26 × 104 | 91.83 (49.61) | 6.96 × 103 | |
Burst (33,000) | 159.00 (23.39) | 3 | 6 | 1.20 × 104 | 53.83 (7.61) | 4.08 × 103 | |
Experiment #4 Intensity | Sham | 690.75 (112.35) | 6 | 12 | 5.23 × 104 | 119.54 (21.98) | 9.06 × 103 |
Low | 465.17 (27.16) | 3 | 6 | 3.52 × 104 | 120.50 (10.83) | 9.13 × 103 | |
Med | 314.5 (89.31) | 3 | 6 | 2.38 × 104 | 85.17 (26.87) | 6.45 × 103 | |
Hi | 310.67 (43.25) | 3 | 6 | 2.35 × 104 | 88.00 (4.49) | 6.67 × 103 | |
Experiment #5 EMF Pattern | Sham | 594.75 (78.30) | 12 | 24 | 4.51 × 104 | 107.42 (14.79) | 8.14 × 103 |
Thomas | 846.17 (166.88) | 3 | 6 | 6.41 × 104 | 52.03 (21.24) | 3.94 × 103 | |
Burst | 212.67 (54.73) | 3 | 6 | 1.61 × 104 | 47.00 (10.89) | 3.26 × 103 | |
Rev-Burst | 251.17 (57.28) | 3 | 6 | 1.90 × 104 | 33.33 (7.07) | 2.53 × 103 | |
7-Hz | 304.84 (81.01) | 3 | 6 | 2.31 × 104 | 63.29 (25.84) | 4.79 × 103 |
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Carniello, T.N.; Lafrenie, R.M.; Dotta, B.T. The Influence of Burst-Firing EMF on Forskolin-Induced Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Plasma Membrane Extensions. NeuroSci 2021, 2, 383-399. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci2040028
Carniello TN, Lafrenie RM, Dotta BT. The Influence of Burst-Firing EMF on Forskolin-Induced Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Plasma Membrane Extensions. NeuroSci. 2021; 2(4):383-399. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci2040028
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarniello, Trevor N., Robert M. Lafrenie, and Blake T. Dotta. 2021. "The Influence of Burst-Firing EMF on Forskolin-Induced Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Plasma Membrane Extensions" NeuroSci 2, no. 4: 383-399. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci2040028