Proposal of Methodology for Evaluation of a Vertical Shanty Building in Beira, Mozambique
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The “Grande Hotel”
2.1. A Short History of Beira
2.2. The “Grande Hotel” before
2.3. The “Grande Hotel” of Beira Now
3. Diagnostic Methodology
The Pathological Process: Its Analysis
- -
- Classification and characterization of construction typologies.
- -
- Identification of the damage associated with each constituent element.
- -
- Identification of deterioration in the junction points between the elements.
- -
- Determination of the origin evolution and current state of the different pathological states.
4. Preliminary Survey
5. Conclusions
- Most buildings in the area under study are affected by pathologies, most of them caused by humidity.
- The most frequent faults that occur due to humidity are those caused by rainwater that seeps through the roof and facade.
- The damages that may appear in a building vary depending on the element where they are located and the building’s constituent material.
- Non-destructive testing methods are best suited for application to existing buildings, as they do not affect the tested element’s future use. However, sometimes it is necessary to use destructive techniques or tests that are most certainly necessary to assess the structure’s component elements’ current state.
- Careful analysis is required to select test methods to be applied in a building to assure the more accurate results.
- Visual inspection and the use of pictures is an essential technique for diagnosing any building.
- The essential stages of diagnosis to determine the causes of damage found in a building are background collection, inspection, and testing on-site and laboratory.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
- Artur, L.; Hilhorst, D. Everyday realities of climate change adaptation in Mozambique. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2012, 22, 529–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Forjaz, J.; Lage, L.; Guedes, M.C.; Lopes, L.; Borges, K.E.; Cantuária, G.; Pinheiro, M.D.; Pereira, M.; Lopes, Â.; Aleixo, J.; et al. Arquitectura Sustentável em Moçambique: Manual de Boas Práticas; CPLP Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa: Lisboa, Portugal, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Cheer, J.M.; Reeves, K. Colonial heritage and tourism: Ethnic landscape perspectives. J. Herit. Tour. 2015, 10, 151–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarmento, J.; Linehan, D. The Colonial Hotel: Spacing violence at the Grande Hotel, Beira, Mozambique. Environ. Plan. D Soc. Space 2019, 37, 276–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ornelas, C.; Guedes, J.M.; Sousa, F.; Breda-Vázquez, I. Supporting Residential Built Heritage Rehabilitation through an Integrated Assessment. Int. J. Arch. Herit. 2020, 3058, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mendes, R.P. O modernismo e suas abordagens em Moçambique e Angola. Urbe. Revista Brasileira Gestão Urbana 2012, 4, 245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anonymous. The Delagoa Bay Review. Available online: https://delagoabayword.wordpress.com/2011/02/17/a-beira-e-o-grande-hotel-da-beira/ (accessed on 20 September 2020).
- Newitt, M. A History of Mozambique; Indian University Press: Boomington, India, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Ivo, F. Estudo Preliminar Para a Desocupação e Demolição Do Grande Hotel na Beira, Beira, Mozambique, 2008.
- Stoops, L. Grande Hotel [documentary]; Serendipity Films: St. Antelinks, Belgium, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Spinuzza, G. O ciclo do Grande Hotel da Beira: Os documentários Grande Hotel, de Lotte Stoops; Grande Hotel, de Anabela Saint-Maurice; Hóspedes da Noite, de Licínio Azevedo e Amanhecer a andar, de Sílvia Firmino. Remat de Males 2018, 38, 161–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mate, J.C.D.O.M. Construction History and the History of Construction Cultures: Between Architecture and Engineering in Portugal. Buildings 2020, 10, 65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Arlotta, A.I. Locating heritage value in building material reuse. J. Cult. Herit. Manag. Sustain. Dev. 2019, 10, 6–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mateus da Silva, C.D. Arquitetura Moderna na África Lusófona. Quelimane e a obra de João Garizo do Carmo (1952–1970); IST: Lisboa, Portugal, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Cóias, V. Inspeções e Ensaios na Reabilitação de Edifícios; IST PRESS: Lisboa, Portugal, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Ferreira, A.A. Técnicas de Diagnóstico de Patologias em Edifícios; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto: Porto, Portugal, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Habraken, N. De Dragers en de Mensen: Het Einde van de Massawoningbouw; Scheltema & Holkema: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1961. [Google Scholar]
- Farahani, A.; Wallbaum, H.; Dalenbäck, J.-O. Optimized maintenance and renovation scheduling in multifamily buildings—A systematic approach based on condition state and life cycle cost of building components. Constr. Manag. Econ. 2019, 37, 139–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cuperus, Y. An Introduction to Open Building. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, Singapore, 6–8 August 2001; Available online: http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/137/pdf (accessed on 20 September 2020).
- Riggio, M.; D’Ayala, D.; A Parisi, M.; Tardini, C. Assessment of heritage timber structures: Review of standards, guidelines and procedures. J. Cult. Herit. 2018, 31, 220–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehani, Y.; Benouar, D.; Bechtoula, H.; Kibboua, A. Vulnerability evaluation of the strategic buildings in Algiers (Algeria): A methodology. Nat. Hazards 2011, 59, 529–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Open Building Implementation. Open Building Implementation, CIB W104. 2006. Available online: http://www.open-building.org/%5Cnhttp://www.open-building.org/site/map.html (accessed on 20 September 2020).
- Gonçalves, J.; Mateus, R.; Silvestre, J.D. Comparative analysis of inspection and diagnosis tools for ancient buildings. In Digital Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; Volume 11197, pp. 289–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balaras, C.A.; Droutsa, K.; Dascalaki, E.; Kontoyiannidis, S. Deterioration of European apartment buildings. Energy Build. 2005, 37, 515–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dascalaki, E.; Balaras, C.A. XENIOS—A methodology for assessing refurbishment scenarios and the potential of application of RES and RUE in hotels. Energy Build. 2004, 36, 1091–1105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balaras, C.A. TOBUS—A European method and software for office building refurbishment. Energy Build. 2002, 34, 111–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alba-Rodríguez, M.D.; Martínez-Rocamora, A.; González-Vallejo, P.; Ferreira-Sánchez, A.; Marrero, M. Building rehabilitation versus demolition and new construction: Economic and environmental assessment. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2017, 66, 115–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
| Type of damages: The types of damages that manifest themselves are of mechanical and chemical origin. Regarding mechanical damages, we can observe cracks and, for chemical damages, vegetation growth. These damages are classified as secondary damages. Causes: For the damages described above, the causes are direct biological (interaction between materials and biological agents that causes vegetation growth), and direct causes, previous damages (obstruction of coverage). |
| Types of damages: The types of damages that manifest themselves are of mechanical and chemical origin. We can observe the mechanical damage in the figure detachment of concrete and cracks and chemical injuries corrosion of the reinforcement. The damages described are classified as secondary. Causes: For the damages described above, the causes are mechanical direct, mechanical stresses at the origin of the cracks, and concrete detachment. On the other hand, direct physical causes, exposure to the environment also work. |
| Types of damages: The types of damages that manifest themselves are of mechanical and chemical origin. We can observe the mechanical damage in the figure detachment of concrete and cracks and chemical injuries corrosion of the reinforcement. The damages described are classified as secondary. Causes: For the damages described above, the causes are direct mechanical, differentiated settlements in the foundations and mechanical stresses at the origin of the concrete cracks and detachment. On the other hand, direct physical causes, exposure to the environment also work. |
| Type of damages: The damages observed in the figure are of chemical, physical, and mechanical origin. For chemical damages, efflorescence’s, and plant organisms, i.e., vegetation growth, for physical damages, black spots, greenish spots, and dirt, are observed. And related to mechanical damages, cracks and coating fall is observed. In terms of classification, damages of chemical, mechanical, and physical origin are classified as secondary; only dirt is classified as primary. Causes: The causes of the damages in the figure on left are, directly, previous damages (moisture by lateral absorption of the waters of the obstructed drainage system that are in some way at the origin of the appearance of efflorescence’s, black spots, greenish and dirt, direct mechanical causes (unforeseen mechanical stresses that are causing cracks in the wall region, direct physical causes (temperature variations and retraction of the mortar causing cracks in the facades), and direct biological causes (interaction between biological agents and the materials that propitiate vegetation growth). On the other hand, there are indirect causes of the execution project that may be allied to the appearance of pathologies and inappropriate materials and technologies for solutions. |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Santos, M.M.; Lanzinha, J.C.G.; Vaz Ferreira, A. Proposal of Methodology for Evaluation of a Vertical Shanty Building in Beira, Mozambique. CivilEng 2021, 2, 35-47. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010003
Santos MM, Lanzinha JCG, Vaz Ferreira A. Proposal of Methodology for Evaluation of a Vertical Shanty Building in Beira, Mozambique. CivilEng. 2021; 2(1):35-47. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos, Michael M., João C. G. Lanzinha, and Ana Vaz Ferreira. 2021. "Proposal of Methodology for Evaluation of a Vertical Shanty Building in Beira, Mozambique" CivilEng 2, no. 1: 35-47. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010003