The Impact of Solar Power Plants on the Electricity Grid: A Case Study of Albania

Abstract

The demand for electricity in Albania has risen significantly in recent years, accompanied by a growing emphasis on sustainable and environmentally friendly development. As a result, the focus of electricity generation is increasingly shifting towards renewable sources, particularly solar energy. In recent years, several large-scale solar plants have been installed across the country. This research examines four different scenarios and evaluates various technical parameters related to electrical power quality to assess the effects of integrating solar plants into the power system. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the active power losses and voltage fluctuations in the electrical distribution network following the connection of solar plants through the main distribution grid. Simulations were conducted using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software platform. The results suggest that a substantial penetration of solar energy into the grid may lead to increased losses in both active and reactive power.

1. Introduction

In Albania, electricity generation is primarily based on hydroelectric power plants located along the Drin River. Over the past decade, several small hydroelectric plants have been developed, contributing approximately 600 MW of capacity [1]. As a result, the country’s electricity production is highly dependent on meteorological conditions, which can cause fluctuations in supply. In recent years, rising electricity prices have placed significant strain on both household consumers and the industrial sector. In some cases, these price increases have led to the closure of production lines in certain industries, triggering broader economic repercussions.

This situation is not unique to Albania. Other countries in the Western Balkans, such as North Macedonia, Kosovo, and Montenegro, face similar challenges related to energy security, efficiency, and grid stability [2,3]. Like Albania, they rely heavily on hydropower, making them vulnerable to climate variations and droughts that can affect energy production [4,5]. Additionally, these countries struggle with outdated energy infrastructure, high transmission losses, and limited financial resources for modernization, all of which hinder the development of sustainable energy systems [6,7].

Meanwhile, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina face comparable obstacles in diversifying their energy sources. While they depend more on coal or natural gas, they still encounter inefficiencies and difficulties transitioning to renewable energy. The regional patterns in energy generation and distribution are clear: outdated systems, insufficient investment, and vulnerability to climate change remain common challenges. These shared issues offer a more comprehensive view of Albania’s energy landscape, especially in the context of neighboring countries and the broader European region [8,9,10,11,12,13].

As a result, there has been a shift toward renewable energy such as wind [14,15] and particularly solar power [1]. Both technologies have their place, and the choice between them will depend on a variety of factors, including land availability, local wind and solar conditions, costs, and the scale of the energy project. In Albania, with its high solar potential, solar power might be preferred for residential and small to medium-scale installations, while wind power could be more suitable for larger, utility-scale projects in areas with optimal wind conditions. Recently, several large-scale solar plants have been installed across Albania, contributing to the diversification of the energy mix. The benefits of solar power include ease of installation, minimal maintenance requirements, quick setup times, and environmental sustainability [16,17,18]. The general types of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels that are commonly used in Albania include monocrystalline silicon (Mono-Si) panels, polycrystalline silicon panels, black silicon (b/Si) panels, thin-film solar panels, bifacial solar panels, and building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) [19,20,21,22,23]. Despite its favorable solar potential, Albania’s solar energy capacity remains modest compared to some of its regional neighbors. Countries like Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Serbia have made more significant strides in integrating solar power, driven by supportive policies and larger-scale projects [24,25]. Nevertheless, the deployment of solar power also presents challenges, such as the need for substantial land area and the fact that energy production is contingent upon sunlight availability. Given these considerations, it is essential to assess the impact of solar energy penetration on the power system in Albania. The increasing integration of renewable energy sources, particularly solar, has significant implications for the stability of electricity transmission [26]. To enhance the integration of solar energy, it will be necessary to either build new or upgrade existing interconnection lines to increase export capacity. Additionally, to manage voltage levels at system nodes, solar plants must contribute in alignment with the transmission code, which may include the installation of reactors at critical nodes. The use of energy storage technologies will also play a crucial role in balancing grid supply and demand, as variations in solar generation can be mitigated by storing excess energy in batteries for later use [27,28,29,30].

Based on the highest levels of solar radiation in the country, the “Fieri” region in Albania is a promising location for the installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems, thanks to a combination of favorable environmental, logistical, and economic factors [31,32,33]. This paper examines the influence of solar power plants in the “Fieri” region on the operation of the national power system. Based on it, four distinct scenarios have been considered, and several technical parameters related to electrical power quality are analyzed to determine the impact of solar energy integration. Initially, we assess voltage levels at key nodes and power losses in the transmission lines under steady-state conditions. Simulations are conducted using ETAP software (version 21) to model the effects of solar energy penetration. The results suggest that the level of solar energy penetration directly affects both voltage stability and power losses within the transmission system. In particular, high levels of solar energy can challenge the system’s ability to meet the (N−1) reliability criterion [34]. This issue arises from the existing network’s inability to accommodate the significant energy output from the solar plants in the “Fieri” region, which can lead to system instability. To mitigate these challenges, large-capacity battery storage systems could be installed at solar plants to stabilize the power grid [35,36,37]. This approach represents a balanced scenario, reflecting a compromise between more conservative and optimistic forecasts.

2. The Current Landscape of Solar Energy Development in Albania

Solar energy is a very promising energy source for the future and its use has potential because it is an inexhaustible natural source of energy, it is the largest natural reserve of energy that is distributed everywhere in the world in large quantities, it is clean and its use does not require any other costs [7]. While sunlight itself is free, the process of converting it into electricity involves costs associated with several components and systems, including solar panels, inverters, batteries, installation costs, maintenance, repairs and grid connection. It does not cause any risk of environmental pollution.

Table 1. Energy production during 2023 [1].

Generation Type	Annual Energy Production [MWh]
PPE/hydropower connection to the DSO	982,392
PPE/hydropower connection to OST	1,085,256
Private hydropower connections to the OST	1,204,759
Lanabregas Hydropower Plant	23,244
Ashta Hydropower Plant	287628
Solar plant (with FTL contract)	61,989
Solar plant (with FTL contract)	18,885
Management of hydropower plants by KESH	5,131,482
Total	8,795,635

presents data on electricity production for all categories of producers operating in Albania during 2023 [1].

As shown in Table 1, the main contributor to energy production during 2023 is KESH sh.a (Tirana, Albania), a public company.

Table 2. Annual radiation (kWh/m² per day).

Months	Shkoder	Diber	Tirane	Fieri	Korça	Saranda
January	1.70	1.55	1.80	2.15	1.90	1.90
February	2.30	2.30	2.50	2.85	2.70	2.40
March	3.35	3.25	3.40	3.90	3.40	3.60
April	4.50	4.15	4.20	5.00	4.40	4.80
May	5.45	5.25	5.55	6.05	5.60	5.80
June	6.10	5.85	6.40	6.80	6.40	6.80
July	6.50	6.25	6.70	7.20	6.80	6.10
August	5.55	5.45	6.05	6.40	5.90	4.80
September	4.45	4.35	4.70	5.15	4.70	3.60
October	2.90	2.90	3.20	3.50	3.10	3.20
November	2.10	1.85	2.15	2.40	2.10	2.10
December	1.70	1.50	1.75	1.85	1.80	1.80

depicts the annual radiation per day in the most important regions in the Republic of Albania.

In 2023, the total annual energy production from solar plants in Albania reached 80,874 MWh, accounting for approximately 1% of the country’s total energy production from generating units. Albania, benefiting from its favorable geographical location in the Mediterranean basin, enjoys optimal climatic conditions for harnessing solar radiation for electricity generation. The intensity and duration of solar radiation, along with factors such as air temperature and humidity, contribute significantly to the country’s solar energy potential.

Table 3. Main solar plants with significant installed capacity built for 2023.

Solar Plant	Installed Capacity (MWp)
Volatile	140 MWp
Akernia	100 MWp
Solar System Nova	70 MWp
Libohova Solar Plant	93 MWp
Blue1 Solar Park	57.6 MWp
Euron Solar Park	150 MWp
Fier Solar Park	175 MWp
TGH Solar Park	18.39 MWp

presents a selection of solar plants with substantial installed capacity commissioned in 2023. The main types of installed PV systems correspond to monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and bifacial solar panels.

Albania is situated in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula, along the eastern coasts of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The country lies between latitudes 39°38′ and 42°38′ and longitudes 19°16′ and 21°04′. Albania has significant solar energy potential, with regions across the country receiving energy solar radiation ranging from 1185 kWh/m² per year to 1700 kWh/m² per year. Notably, the western and southwestern parts of Albania receive even higher levels of solar radiation, reaching up to 2200 kWh/m² per year. In these regions, each square meter of horizontal surface can receive up to 2200 kWh per year, with an average of approximately 1700 kWh per year under typical weather conditions.

Table 2 presents the average solar energy production capacity across several regions of Albania throughout the year. Data from the Tirana and “Fieri” districts, where industrial activity is concentrated, show higher daily solar energy generation compared to other regions. Table 3 further illustrates the expected expansion of energy sources, highlighting a significant number of new installations set to be connected to the transmission system. This anticipated growth underscores the need for dynamic development and increased investment to integrate these renewable energy sources into Albania’s electricity grid in the coming years.

3. Data on Solar Plants Installed in the Electric Power System in Fieri Region

As discussed in the previous section, several solar plants with significant capacity have been developed in Albania. This paper focuses on the solar plants built in the “Fieri” region. The total installed capacity of solar plants in this region is 1390 MWp.

Table 4. Main solar plants with significant installed capacity built for 2023.

Solar Plants	Installed Capacity (MWp)	Network Connection (kV)
Caravasta	140	220
Lushnje	100	110
Hoxhar 1	250	220
Hoxhar 2	300	220
Vlora 1	50	110
Vlora 2	150	110
Streaks	100	110
Fern 1	100	110
Fern 2	150	110
Belsh	50	35
Total	1390

presents a list of the solar plants installed in the “Fieri” area. The inverter groups are connected to the low-voltage side of the power transformer, operating at a voltage of 400 V. The high-voltage windings of the transformer are connected in parallel and linked to the substation via a 20 kV line.

To integrate these solar systems into the electrical grid, a dedicated electrical substation has been constructed in the “Fieri” region. This substation houses three transformers, each with a rated power of 200 MVA. The substation is connected to the national grid through a 220 kV transmission line. Figure 1 illustrates the single-line diagram showing the connection of the solar plants to the electrical power system.

The main mathematical model for the correlation of the active power losses and voltage fluctuations in the network are shown in Equations (1) and (2). The nodal admittance matrices were defined from the information of their sequential impedance, resistance, and reactance. power flow calculation for transmission networks is based on interactive numerical methods such as Newton–Raphson and Gaus–Seidel.

$$P_{losses}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^n\left(I_i^2{r}_i\right)}+{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^m\left(P_{0k}+P_{cck}{\left(\frac{S_{lk}}{S_{rk}}\right)}^2\right)}$$

(1)

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}{V}_1\\ V_2\\ \cdot \cdot \cdot \\ V_n\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{y}_{11}& y_{12}& \cdot \cdot \cdot & y_{1n}\\ y_{21}& y_{22}& \cdot \cdot \cdot & y_{2n}\\ \cdot \cdot \cdot & \cdot \cdot \cdot & \cdot \cdot \cdot & \cdot \cdot \cdot \\ y_{n1}& y_{n2}& \cdot \cdot \cdot & y_{nn}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_1\\ I_2\\ \cdot \cdot \cdot \\ I_n\end{array}\right]$$

(2)

where:

r_i: is the resistive of line “i”.

I_i: is the current of line “i”.

V_j: the voltage of node “j”.

P_0k: magnetic losses of transformer “k”.

P_cck: winding losses of transformer “k”.

S_lk: the load of transformer “k”.

S_rk: the rated power of transformer “k”.

n: the number of transmission line.

m: the number of transformers.

y_ij: is the nodal admittance for line “j” at node “i”.

4. Analysis of the Power System During Energy Penetration from Solar Power Plant Production

In this section, we analyze the electrical system of the Fieri region, focusing on the integration of solar plants into the grid. As highlighted in previous sections, the network analysis for the “Fieri” region is particularly relevant due to the concentration of solar plants in this area. The findings from this analysis may also apply to other regions with a high concentration of solar energy resources.

In this study, we adopt a conservative approach to the development of solar resources by considering a scenario where 50% of the planned solar capacity is installed and commissioned in the “Fieri” region. Two primary cases are analyzed for the solar system in the “Fieri” region: In the first case, we evaluate the energy penetration from solar plants at 50% of their installed capacity. In the second case, we consider the full penetration of energy produced by solar plants at their maximum installed capacity.

In both cases, the power system load is assumed to be at its maximum value as well as at 70% of the maximum load. These scenarios have been selected for checking the power flows on transmission lines due to normal and worst-case conditions.

The analyzed scenarios are as follows:

•

Scenario 1—50% of solar plant capacity, system load at 70% of maximum value.

•

Scenario 2—50% of solar plant capacity, system load at maximum value.

•

Scenario 3—100% of solar plant capacity, system load at 70% of maximum value

•

Scenario 4—100% of solar plant capacity, system load at maximum value.

For each scenario, we will analyze the following parameters: power flows, load levels on transmission lines and transformers, voltage profiles at system nodes, active power losses in the system, and compliance with the N−1 security criterion.

4.1. Scenario 1—50% of Solar Plant Capacity, System Load at 70% of Maximum Value

In this scenario, the transmission lines are underloaded, with transmission line losses amounting to approximately 37.4 MW. Figure 2 depicts the distribution of power flows across the transmission lines for scenario 1.

Figure 3 illustrates the voltage profile across the transmission lines in the “Fieri” region, as observed in Scenario 1. The simulation data from the “Hoxhare” node reveals that the voltage level is 7% above the nominal value. The electrical network in the “Fieri” region, under these conditions, complies with the N-1 security criterion. It is important to note that if one of the autotransformers at the “Hoxhare” substation is disconnected, the remaining autotransformer operates at approximately 91% of its capacity. Overall, the penetration of energy from 50% of the solar power plants in the “Fieri” region does not pose any significant issues for the stability or operation of the electrical system. In this scenario, all power system parameters obtained through simulation are in accordance with the Albanian Transmission Code [38].

4.2. Scenario 2—50% of Solar Plant Capacity, System Load at Maximum Value

In this regime, all transmission lines are underloaded, and the Albanian power system operates in export mode. The total power losses in this scenario are approximately 31.7 MW. Figure 4 depicts the distribution of power flows across the transmission lines for scenario 2.

Figure 5 illustrates the voltage profile across the transmission lines in the “Fieri” region, as observed in scenario 2.

The simulation data indicates that the voltage at the “Hoxhare” node reaches its highest level, 9% above the nominal value. The electrical power system in the “Fieri” region, under these conditions, complies with the N-1 security criterion. It is important to note that if one of the autotransformers at the “Hoxhare” substation is disconnected, the remaining autotransformer operates at approximately 91% of its capacity. In conclusion, the penetration of energy produced by solar plants, representing 50% of the installed capacity in the ‘Fieri’ region, with the system load at its maximum value, does not pose any issues for the stability of the electrical system.

4.3. Scenario 3—100% of Solar Plant Capacity, System Load at 70% of Maximum Value

In the scenario 3, Figure 6 and Figure 7 depict respectivelly the distribution of power flows and voltage profile accross of the transmission lines.

Figure 6. Distribution of power flows on transmission lines according to scenario 3.

Figure 6. Distribution of power flows on transmission lines according to scenario 3.

Figure 7. Voltage profile of transmission lines in the “Fieri” region according to scenario 3.

Figure 7. Voltage profile of transmission lines in the “Fieri” region according to scenario 3.

4.4. Scenario 4—100% of Solar Plant Capacity, System Load at Maximum Value

This regime is also characterized by a high level of energy generation. Figure 8 illustrates the distribution of power flows across the transmission lines.

In this scenario, the Albanian power system operates in export mode, with a power export of 900 MW. It has been seen that the 400/220 kV autotransformer at the “Fieri” substation and the 220 kV “Fieri—Hoxhare” transmission line are slightly overloaded, operating at 105–110% of their capacity.

In this regime, the active power losses in the system are approximately 55.9 MW. Figure 9 depicts the voltage profile across the transmission lines in the “Fieri” region, as observed in Scenario 4. Simulation data from the “Kafaraj” node indicates that the highest voltage level reaches 8.5% above the nominal value.

Under these conditions, the electrical network in the “Fieri” region does not comply with the N-1 security criterion. Both the transmission line and the 400/220 kV autotransformer are overloaded. In some cases, if the 220 kV line in the region is disconnected, the overload on system components can rise to 140%. Additionally, a failure of the 400/220 kV autotransformer at the “Fieri” substation results in the overloading of the 220 kV transmission lines in the region.

5. Summary and Conclusions

The production of electricity using solar energy has significantly improved the efficient use of water resources in Albania. Additionally, the installation of solar power plants has reduced the country’s dependence on electricity imports from outside the region. Solar plants, as renewable energy sources, offer several advantages, including the abundance and inexhaustibility of solar energy, its non-polluting nature, and the fact that it does not emit greenhouse gases or harmful waste. Furthermore, due to their simple construction and low maintenance costs, solar panels are primarily used for electricity generation.

However, the high penetration of solar energy into the grid presents certain challenges. These include increased system losses, high voltage levels (approaching maximum values at certain nodes), and the failure to meet the N-1 security criterion for system operation. These issues stem from the existing grid infrastructure, which is not designed to accommodate the substantial energy input from solar plants in the Fieri region.

To improve the integration of solar energy into the electrical system, the following measures should be considered:

•

Strengthening interconnection lines: Given that the load on the electrical system is expected to increase moderately based on statistical data, simply absorbing additional generation from solar plants is insufficient. Enhancing interconnection lines will be necessary to export the excess energy produced.

•

Managing voltage levels: In addition to installing reactors at key nodes in the electrical system, solar plants should contribute to voltage regulation in accordance with the transmission code to ensure system stability.

•

Involving private sector investments: Increasing transmission capacities in specific regions with high solar resource potential, through private sector involvement, will be crucial for enhancing the grid’s ability to accommodate solar energy generation.

•

Upgrading transformer capacity: Static analysis of the electrical network in scenarios with significant solar penetration indicates a need to increase transformer capacities at local substations. Moreover, the creation of a new transformation node at the 400 kV level may also be required to support the increased generation.

•

Energy storage systems: Balancing grid supply and demand can be achieved through the use of energy storage technologies. Excess solar energy can be stored in batteries during periods of high generation and utilized when needed to smooth out fluctuations in power supply.