Women, Volume 5, Issue 4 (December 2025) – 4 articles

This study seeks to provide insight into the comprehensive efforts aimed at advancing gender justice, eliminating period poverty, and exposing stigmatizing views toward women’s bodies, specifically in relation to menstrual health. Menstruation is a normal bodily process for all women and girls, but the availability of menstrual products, dignity, and justice during menstruation remains a worrying concern. Menstruators still suffer from adverse circumstances when they menstruate, adding to their sufferings of experiencing pain and distress on a monthly basis. Menstrual hygiene requires the use of standardized menstrual products to maintain cleanliness during menses. However, women experiencing economic hardship and women who are marginalized bear the burden of inadequate hygiene amenities, basic hygiene services, and affordable menstrual products; they are victims of period poverty. The failure to recognize and effectively address menstrual issues perpetuates the idea that menstruation is a burden unique to women. In other words, government inaction on menstrual issues strengthens the perception that menstruation is an individual problem that women must manage independently. This study argues that when menstruation is identified as a bodily problem or a neglected subject, it perpetuates gender inequities and restricts access to well-suited hygiene material, which is known to cause urogenital infections. Given these challenges, the study recommends recognizing menstrual health as a serious health challenge. The absence of robust legal and international norms that specifically address menstrual health perpetuates neglect and the ongoing failure to meet the needs of menstruating women. Full article

Despite growing interest in humanized childbirth practices, there is still little qualitative research exploring women’s perspectives on vocalization during labor. The present study aims to analyze women’s experiences with the use of vocalization in the first and second stages of labor. A descriptive and exploratory qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 16 women in the postpartum period between February and April 2024. Participants were recruited by convenience sampling, and data saturation was achieved when no new themes emerged from the interviews. Thematic analysis was performed using IRaMuTeQ (version 0.8 alpha 7) software. The textual corpus generated allowed classification into five thematic categories: Vocalization as an instinctive expression in natural childbirth; Functionality of vocalization during labor; Medicalized childbirth and natural childbirth; Fears during childbirth and their contributing factors; Typology of vocalization in labor. We conclude that many women reported that vocalization during labor is instinctive and functional, providing pain relief, but also serving as a means of communication, empowering women. Its expression can be strongly influenced by sociocultural, emotional, and contextual factors in each woman’s particular sphere. These findings, although limited to a specific population, suggest that healthcare professionals should consider vocalization as an individualized support tool, taking cultural differences into account. Full article

Cardiovascular disease disproportionately affects women in the United States. CVD outcomes are closely tied to a multitude of factors including lifestyle habits and socioeconomic status which create a complex interweb of determinants of health that place certain age and racial groups at higher risk over others. Such inequities highlight the need for targeted prevention strategies to address the unique risks faced by different populations. In this study, a state-wide analysis examining the mortality rates among women aged 35 years or older in Florida from 2018 to 2023 was done in order to identify high risk groups to better inform evidence-based public heath interventions that are tailored to the population’s needs. Mortality rates were extracted from the CDC Wonder Database. Age-adjusted and crude mortality rates, per 100,000 women, were calculated and stratified by ten-year age groups, Hispanic origin, race, and major CVD subtypes based on various ICD-10 codes. From the ICD-10 113 Cause List, “The Diseases of the Heart” were the cause of the majority of the deaths; however, “Other Forms of Chronic Ischemic Heart Diseases” was the leading subtype. Crude rates for the “Ischemic Heart Diseases” decreased 110.9 per 100,000 women in 2018 to 101.5 per 100,000 women in 2023. Yet, the most common cause of CVD-related mortality remains ischemic heart disease. Across the study period, non-Hispanic women experienced more than twice the crude mortality rate of Hispanic women. Racial breakdowns showed that White women had the highest CVD mortality, followed by Black women, who had elevated rates of heart failure and heart attacks in comparison to other minority groups. Asian women had the lowest rates across all cardiovascular subtypes. These findings underscore the persistent age and racial differences in cardiovascular outcomes emphasize the urgent need for culturally informed, community-specific preventative interventions to improve cardiovascular care and reduce mortality within high-risk populations. Full article

Postpartum psychosis (PPP) is a rare but high-risk psychiatric emergency, with an estimated incidence of 1–2 in 1000 births. This study focuses on describing the characteristics of episodes occurring within the first postpartum year, specifically examining clinical, etiopathogenic, and prognostic differences between immediate- or early-onset PPP (≤15 days postpartum) and delayed-onset PPP (onset after several weeks). Data were collected from ten patients diagnosed with PPP during the first postpartum year, and a retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted. Five patients experienced immediate or early decompensation and five experienced delayed onset. None of the variables analyzed showed a significant association with the timing of decompensation (p > 0.05). The majority of deliveries were vaginal (n = 8), and most patients were primiparous (n = 9). The most frequent subsequent diagnosis was schizophrenia or a psychotic spectrum disorder (n = 6). The type of partner showed a non-significant trend (p = 0.15), which may warrant further investigation. Notably, the role of partner type deserves closer examination, as it may act as a protective factor against the development of mental disorders and could inform targeted support strategies within health care systems. The lack of descriptions of time to onset periods (staging) in PPP samples could be a gap in the literature. Full article