YOLO-NPK: A Lightweight Deep Network for Lettuce Nutrient Deficiency Classification Based on Improved YOLOv8 Nano †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Acquisition and Augmentation Strategy
3.2. VGG16 (Visual Geometry Group 16) Feature Extractor
3.3. Depthwise Convolution
3.4. YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once Version 8)
3.5. YOLO-NPK
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Experimental Setup
4.2. Ablation Study
4.3. Classification Performance
4.4. Comparison of State-of-the-Art Methods
5. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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VGG16 | Depthwise Convolution | Top-1 Accuracy (%) | FLOPs (G) | CPU Latency (ms) |
---|---|---|---|---|
93 | 3.3 | 19.8 | ||
✓ | 97.5 | 14.5 | 68.3 | |
✓ | 95.2 | 2.4 | 18.2 | |
✓ | ✓ | 99 | 9.2 | 64.1 |
Classes | Images | Correctly Classified | Falsely Classified | Missed | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Rate | Count | Rate | Count | Rate | ||
FN | 53 | 53 | 100% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
-N | 279 | 274 | 98.21% | 5 | 1.79% | 0 | 0% |
-P | 256 | 254 | 99.22% | 2 | 0.78% | 0 | 0% |
-K | 370 | 367 | 99.19% | 3 | 0.81% | 0 | 0% |
Methods | Images Size | Top-1 Accuracy (%) | FLOPs (G) | CPU Latency (ms) |
---|---|---|---|---|
SVM | 640 | 85.3 | 12 | 141.6 |
VGG16 | 640 | 87.9 | 15.2 | 170.3 |
MobileNetV2 | 640 | 82.5 | 3.4 | 41.6 |
ShuffleNetv2 | 640 | 81.6 | 2.1 | 30.8 |
YOLOV8n-cls | 640 | 93 | 3.3 | 19.8 |
YOLO-NPK | 640 | 99 | 9.2 | 64.1 |
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Sikati, J.; Nouaze, J.C. YOLO-NPK: A Lightweight Deep Network for Lettuce Nutrient Deficiency Classification Based on Improved YOLOv8 Nano. Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-10-16256
Sikati J, Nouaze JC. YOLO-NPK: A Lightweight Deep Network for Lettuce Nutrient Deficiency Classification Based on Improved YOLOv8 Nano. Engineering Proceedings. 2023; 58(1):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-10-16256
Chicago/Turabian StyleSikati, Jordane, and Joseph Christian Nouaze. 2023. "YOLO-NPK: A Lightweight Deep Network for Lettuce Nutrient Deficiency Classification Based on Improved YOLOv8 Nano" Engineering Proceedings 58, no. 1: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-10-16256