Optimization of Performance and Emission Parameters of Biodiesel with Additives Using Taguchi and Grey Relational Analysis †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Experimental Setup
3. Methodology
3.1. Taguchi Analysis
3.2. Estimates of Quality Loss
3.3. Calculation of the Grey Relation Coefficient
3.4. Calculation of the Grey Relational Grade
4. Results and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Engine Model AV1, | kirloskar make |
---|---|
Rated Horse power: | 5 hp (3.73 kW) |
Rated Speed: | 1500 rpm |
No of Strokes: | 4 |
Mode of Injection and injection pressure | Direct Injection, 200 kg/cm2 |
No of Cylinders: | 1 |
Stroke | 110 mm |
Bore | 80 mm |
Compression ratio | 16.5 |
Experiment No | Fuel Blend | Load (kg) | (egt)∆oi | (bsfc)∆oi | (bth)∆oi | (hc)∆oi | (co)∆oi | (co2)∆oi | (o2)∆oi | (nox)∆oi | (smoke) ∆oi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | D | 0 | 0.054878 | 0 | 1 | 0.051724 | 0.9 | 0.084337 | 0.872727 | 0.037418 | 0 |
2 | PME | 0 | 0.04878 | 0 | 1 | 0.12069 | 1 | 0.072289 | 0.036364 | 0.031805 | 0.333333 |
3 | PME+5%DEE | 0 | 0.042683 | 0 | 1 | 0.060345 | 0.6 | 0.012048 | 0.872727 | 0.027128 | 0.428571 |
4 | PME+10%DEE | 0 | 0.02439 | 0 | 1 | 0.077586 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.01029 | 0.142857 |
5 | PME+15%DEE | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.258621 | 0.4 | 0.012048 | 0.909091 | 0 | 0.238095 |
6 | D | 10 | 0.140244 | 0.801847 | 0.483652 | 0.189655 | 0.8 | 0.204819 | 0.963636 | 0.12348 | 0.142857 |
7 | PME | 10 | 0.134146 | 0.881425 | 0.433093 | 0.137931 | 1 | 0.156627 | 0 | 0.080449 | 0.380952 |
8 | PME+5%DEE | 10 | 0.146341 | 0.931664 | 0.471138 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.180723 | 0.854545 | 0.09261 | 0.52381 |
9 | PME+10%DEE | 10 | 0.140244 | 0.958158 | 0.449482 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.156627 | 0.872727 | 0.079514 | 0.428571 |
10 | PME+15%DEE | 10 | 0.115854 | 0.999938 | 0.504883 | 0.327586 | 0.2 | 0.180723 | 0.854545 | 0.064546 | 0.285714 |
11 | D | 20 | 0.317073 | 0.559358 | 0.258898 | 0.284483 | 0.6 | 0.433735 | 0.054545 | 0.4116 | 0.238095 |
12 | PME | 20 | 0.335366 | 0.609671 | 0.197414 | 0.198276 | 0.9 | 0.385542 | 0.090909 | 0.289055 | 0.47619 |
13 | PME+5%DEE | 20 | 0.341463 | 0.617779 | 0.184161 | 0.043103 | 0.2 | 0.361446 | 0.890909 | 0.282507 | 0.47619 |
14 | PME+10%DEE | 20 | 0.329268 | 0.621688 | 0.189036 | 0.362069 | 0.2 | 0.373494 | 0.6 | 0.302152 | 0.285714 |
15 | PME+15%DEE | 20 | 0.341463 | 0.628514 | 0.201904 | 0.456897 | 0.2 | 0.39759 | 0.927273 | 0.305893 | 0.142857 |
16 | D | 30 | 0.676829 | 0.502384 | 0.135801 | 0.327586 | 0.5 | 0.674699 | 0.109091 | 0.719364 | 0.47619 |
17 | PME | 30 | 0.554878 | 0.535399 | 0.076308 | 0.258621 | 0.6 | 0.650602 | 0.145455 | 0.669785 | 0.238095 |
18 | PME+5%DEE | 30 | 0.554878 | 0.537426 | 0.080593 | 0.12931 | 0.1 | 0.638554 | 0.927273 | 0.697848 | 0.666667 |
19 | PME+10%DEE | 30 | 0.560976 | 0.530476 | 0.076198 | 0.474138 | 0.1 | 0.650602 | 0 | 0.724041 | 0.619048 |
20 | PME+15%DEE | 30 | 0.609756 | 0.537851 | 0.066151 | 0.551724 | 0.2 | 0.674699 | 0.981818 | 0.633302 | 0.238095 |
21 | D | 40 | 1 | 0.431803 | 0.04628 | 0.637931 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.018182 | 0.919551 | 0.952381 |
22 | PME | 40 | 0.853659 | 0.491965 | 0.003497 | 0.715517 | 0.8 | 0.951807 | 0.054545 | 0.951356 | 1 |
23 | PME+5%DEE | 40 | 0.993902 | 0.52121 | 0.042473 | 0.508621 | 0.2 | 0.963855 | 0.927273 | 1 | 0.904762 |
24 | PME+10%DEE | 40 | 0.926829 | 0.508759 | 0.000185 | 0.922414 | 0.2 | 0.939759 | 0.072727 | 0.988775 | 0.857143 |
25 | PME+15%DEE | 40 | 0.902439 | 0.529429 | 0.063518 | 1 | 0 | 0.975904 | 1 | 0.967259 | 0.47619 |
Response | Weighting Factors |
---|---|
EGT | 0.045 |
BSFC | 0.181 |
BTHE | 0.227 |
HC | 0.045 |
CO | 0.181 |
CO2 | 0.045 |
O2 | 0.181 |
NOX | 0.045 |
SMOKE | 0.045 |
Exp No | Fuel Blend | Load | ξ(egt) | ξ(bsfc) | ξ(bthe) | ξ(hc) | ξ(co) | ξ(co2) | ξ(o2) | ξ(nox) | ξ(smoke) | grg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | D | 0 | 0.901099 | 1 | 0.333333 | 0.90625 | 0.357143 | 0.85567 | 0.364238 | 0.930374 | 1 | 0.597221 |
2 | PME | 0 | 0.911111 | 1 | 0.333333 | 0.805556 | 0.333333 | 0.873684 | 0.932203 | 0.940193 | 0.6 | 0.675135 |
3 | PME+5%DEE | 0 | 0.921348 | 1 | 0.333333 | 0.892308 | 0.454545 | 0.976471 | 0.364238 | 0.948536 | 0.538462 | 0.60057 |
4 | PME+10%DEE | 0 | 0.953488 | 1 | 0.333333 | 0.865672 | 0.555556 | 1 | 0.454545 | 0.979835 | 0.777778 | 0.648955 |
5 | PME+15%DEE | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.333333 | 0.659091 | 0.555556 | 0.976471 | 0.354839 | 1 | 0.677419 | 0.618852 |
6 | D | 10 | 0.780952 | 0.38407 | 0.50831 | 0.725 | 0.384615 | 0.709402 | 0.341615 | 0.80195 | 0.777778 | 0.489637 |
7 | PME | 10 | 0.788462 | 0.361945 | 0.535852 | 0.783784 | 0.333333 | 0.761468 | 1 | 0.861402 | 0.567568 | 0.600773 |
8 | PME+5%DEE | 10 | 0.773585 | 0.349244 | 0.51486 | 1 | 0.714286 | 0.734513 | 0.369128 | 0.843725 | 0.488372 | 0.551778 |
9 | PME+10%DEE | 10 | 0.780952 | 0.342898 | 0.526603 | 0.666667 | 0.625 | 0.761468 | 0.364238 | 0.862793 | 0.538462 | 0.525736 |
10 | PME+15%DEE | 10 | 0.811881 | 0.333347 | 0.49757 | 0.604167 | 0.714286 | 0.734513 | 0.369128 | 0.885667 | 0.636364 | 0.537351 |
11 | D | 20 | 0.61194 | 0.471984 | 0.65885 | 0.637363 | 0.454545 | 0.535484 | 0.901639 | 0.548486 | 0.677419 | 0.618737 |
12 | PME | 20 | 0.59854 | 0.450584 | 0.716934 | 0.716049 | 0.357143 | 0.564626 | 0.846154 | 0.633669 | 0.512195 | 0.600901 |
13 | PME+5%DEE | 20 | 0.594203 | 0.447316 | 0.730822 | 0.920635 | 0.714286 | 0.58042 | 0.359477 | 0.638972 | 0.512195 | 0.589962 |
14 | PME+10%DEE | 20 | 0.602941 | 0.445757 | 0.725652 | 0.58 | 0.714286 | 0.572414 | 0.454545 | 0.623324 | 0.636364 | 0.595283 |
15 | PME+15%DEE | 20 | 0.594203 | 0.443061 | 0.712348 | 0.522523 | 0.714286 | 0.557047 | 0.350318 | 0.620429 | 0.777778 | 0.575407 |
16 | D | 30 | 0.42487 | 0.498811 | 0.78641 | 0.604167 | 0.5 | 0.425641 | 0.820896 | 0.41005 | 0.512195 | 0.617407 |
17 | PME | 30 | 0.473988 | 0.482906 | 0.867592 | 0.659091 | 0.454545 | 0.434555 | 0.774648 | 0.427429 | 0.677419 | 0.629707 |
18 | PME+5%DEE | 30 | 0.473988 | 0.481962 | 0.861188 | 0.794521 | 0.833333 | 0.439153 | 0.350318 | 0.417415 | 0.428571 | 0.614406 |
19 | PME+10%DEE | 30 | 0.471264 | 0.485213 | 0.867758 | 0.513274 | 0.833333 | 0.434555 | 1 | 0.408483 | 0.446809 | 0.721923 |
20 | PME+15%DEE | 30 | 0.450549 | 0.481765 | 0.883156 | 0.47541 | 0.714286 | 0.425641 | 0.337423 | 0.441189 | 0.677419 | 0.591586 |
21 | D | 40 | 0.333333 | 0.536594 | 0.915282 | 0.439394 | 0.357143 | 0.333333 | 0.964912 | 0.352224 | 0.344262 | 0.62769 |
22 | PME | 40 | 0.369369 | 0.50405 | 0.993055 | 0.411348 | 0.384615 | 0.344398 | 0.901639 | 0.344505 | 0.333333 | 0.632954 |
23 | PME+5%DEE | 40 | 0.334694 | 0.489615 | 0.921704 | 0.495726 | 0.714286 | 0.341564 | 0.350318 | 0.333333 | 0.355932 | 0.576469 |
24 | PME+10%DEE | 40 | 0.350427 | 0.495658 | 0.999629 | 0.351515 | 0.714286 | 0.34728 | 0.873016 | 0.335847 | 0.368421 | 0.685406 |
25 | PME+15%DEE | 40 | 0.356522 | 0.485706 | 0.887283 | 0.333333 | 1 | 0.338776 | 0.333333 | 0.340771 | 0.512195 | 0.617717 |
Level | Fuel Blend | Load |
---|---|---|
1 | −4.617 | −4.048 |
2 | −4.050 | −5.354 |
3 | −3.991 | −4.497 |
4 | −4.621 | −3.965 |
5 | −4.638 | −4.053 |
Delta | 0.647 | 1.389 |
Rank | 2 | 1 |
S. no. | Factors | Optimal Level | Optimal Value |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Load | 4 | 30 kg |
2 | Type of fuel blend | 2 | PME + 10% DEE |
EXP | Load (kg) | Fuel Blend | EGT (0C ) | BSFC (kw-hr) | BTE (%) | HC (ppm) | CO (%) | CO2 (%) | O2 (%) | NOX (ppm) | Smoke (HSU) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 30 | PME + 10% DEE | 193 | 0.3664 | 26.4177 | 76 | 0.05 | 7.2 | 20.38 | 826 | 49 |
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Lakshmi, R.V.; Teja, G.D.; Mudidana, R.K.; Sagari, J. Optimization of Performance and Emission Parameters of Biodiesel with Additives Using Taguchi and Grey Relational Analysis. Eng. Proc. 2024, 66, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024066015
Lakshmi RV, Teja GD, Mudidana RK, Sagari J. Optimization of Performance and Emission Parameters of Biodiesel with Additives Using Taguchi and Grey Relational Analysis. Engineering Proceedings. 2024; 66(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024066015
Chicago/Turabian StyleLakshmi, Reddy Vara, Gurugubelli Divya Teja, Ravi Kiran Mudidana, and Jaikumar Sagari. 2024. "Optimization of Performance and Emission Parameters of Biodiesel with Additives Using Taguchi and Grey Relational Analysis" Engineering Proceedings 66, no. 1: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024066015