Next Article in Journal
Sustainable Development Goals in Mine Tailings Management: Targets and Indicators
Previous Article in Journal
Combined Corrosion Inhibitors and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Embedded Steel (AISI 316L) during Accelerated Saline Corrosion Test
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials Proceedings
Volume 6
Issue 1
10.3390/CMDWC2021-09890
materproc-logo
Submit to this Journal
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Abstract

Predicting Environmental Ageing of Composites: Modular Approach and Multiscale Modelling †

by
Andrey E. Krauklis
Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
†
Presented at the First Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference, 17–19 May 2021; Available online: https://cmdwc2021.sciforum.net/.
Mater. Proc. 2021, 6(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/CMDWC2021-09890
Published: 6 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference)
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Fibre-reinforced composite materials are used in structural applications in marine, offshore, and oil and gas industries due to their light weight and excellent mechanical properties. However, the exposure of such materials to water leads to environmental ageing, weakening the composite over time. A typical design lifetime of offshore composite structures, being in direct contact with water and humid air, spans 25 years or more. Thus, the prediction and modelling of environmental ageing phenomena has become highly important, especially for predicting long-term environmental durability. In this study, a systematic and modular approach for quantitatively modelling such phenomena is provided. The modular methodology presented in this work can, and should, be further expanded—it is multiscale and scalable. A state-of-the-art degradation framework is not yet complete; however, it is a systematic step towards the multiscale modelling paradigm for composite materials. The topic of the environmental durability of composite materials is being actively developed and is expected to continue growing in the future. There are three constituents in a composite: matrix, fibres, and an interphase. Each constituent degrades differently and may also affect the degradation behaviour of each other. Therefore, a modular multiscale approach is preferred. The modules are based on the physics and chemistry of individual constituents’ interaction with the environment, including the diffusion, molecular mechanisms, and kinetics of environmental ageing [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. The methodology is seen as a useful approach for both industry and academia, including such use cases as accelerated testing, prediction of the lifetime of composite materials and structures, as well as improving the understanding of environmental ageing effects and the time-dependent properties of composites due to environmental ageing.

Supplementary Materials

The poster presentation is available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/CMDWC2021-09890/s1.

Funding

This work was funded by the European Regional Development Fund within the Activity 1.1.1.2 “Post-doctoral Research Aid” of the Specific Aid Objective 1.1.1 of the Operational Programme “Growth and Employment” (Nr.1.1.1.2/VIAA/4/20/606, “Modelling Toolbox for Predicting Long-Term Performance of Structural Polymer Composites under Synergistic Environmental Ageing Conditions”).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

Andrey is especially grateful to Oksana V. Golubova for her support.

References

  1. Krauklis, A.E. Environmental Aging of Constituent Materials in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites. Ph.D. Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, August 2019; p. 203. [Google Scholar]
  2. Gagani, A.I. Environmental Effects on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites—Fluid and Temperature Effects on Mechanical Performance. Ph.D. Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, May 2019. [Google Scholar]
  3. Echtermeyer, A.T.; Gagani, A.I.; Krauklis, A.E.; Mazan, T. Multiscale Modelling of Environmental Degradation—First Steps. In Durability of Composites in a Marine Environment; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; Volume 2, pp. 135–149. [Google Scholar]
  4. Gagani, A.I.; Fan, Y.; Muliana, A.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Micromechanical modeling of anisotropic water diffusion in glass fiber epoxy reinforced composites. J. Comp. Mater. 2017, 52, 2321–2335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Gagani, A.I.; Krauklis, A.E.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Orthotropic fluid diffusion in composite marine structures. Experimental procedure, analytical and numerical modelling of plates, rods and pipes. Comp. Part A 2018, 115, 196–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Krauklis, A.E.; Gagani, A.I.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Method for Monitoring Water Content in Epoxy Resins and Fiber-Reinforced Composites. Materials 2018, 11, 586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  7. Krauklis, A.E.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Mechanism of Yellowing: Carbonyl Formation during Hygrothermal Aging in a Common Amine Epoxy. Polymers 2018, 10, 1017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  8. Krauklis, A.E.; Gagani, A.I.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Hygrothermal Aging of Amine Epoxy: Reversible Static and Fatigue Properties. Open Eng. 2018, 8, 447–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Krauklis, A.E.; Gagani, A.I.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Prediction of Orthotropic Hygroscopic Swelling of Fiber-Reinforced Composites from Isotropic Swelling of Matrix Polymer. J. Comp. Sci. 2019, 3, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Krauklis, A.E.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction. Open Chem. 2018, 16, 1189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Krauklis, A.E.; Gagani, A.I.; Vegere, K.; Kalnina, I.; Klavins, M.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Dissolution Kinetics of R-Glass Fibres: Influence of Water Acidity, Temperature, and Stress Corrosion. Fibers 2019, 7, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Krauklis, A.E.; Gagani, A.I.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Long-Term Hydrolytic Degradation of the Sizing-Rich Composite Interphase. Coatings 2019, 9, 263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Echtermeyer, A.T.; Krauklis, A.E.; Gagani, A.I.; Saeter, E. Zero Stress Aging of Glass and Carbon Fibers in Water and Oil—Strength Reduction Explained by Dissolution Kinetics. Fibers 2019, 7, 107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  14. Krauklis, A.E.; Akulichev, A.G.; Gagani, A.I.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Time–Temperature–Plasticization Superposition Principle: Predicting Creep of a Plasticized Epoxy. Polymers 2019, 11, 1848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Gagani, A.I.; Krauklis, A.E.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Anisotropic fluid diffusion in carbon fiber reinforced composite rods: Experimental, analytical and numerical study. Mar. Struct. 2018, 59, 47–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Krauklis, A.E.; Gagani, A.I.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Hygrothermal aging of fiber-reinforced composites: Introduction to phenomenological perspective and mass balance approach. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Composite Structures (ICCS21), Bologna, Italy, 4–7 September 2018. [Google Scholar]
  17. Krauklis, A.E.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model for Predicting Hygrothermal Aging of Glass Fiber Bundles and Fiber-Reinforced Composites. In Proceedings of the 4th International Glass Fiber Symposium, Aachen, Germany, 29–30 October 2018. [Google Scholar]
  18. Echtermeyer, A.T.; Gagani, A.I.; Krauklis, A.E.; Moslemian, R. Long Term Fatigue Degradation—Superposition of Dry and Wet Properties. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM22), Melbourne, Australia, 11–16 August 2019. [Google Scholar]
  19. Gagani, A.I.; Krauklis, A.E.; Sæter, E.; Vedvik, N.P.; Echtermeyer, A.T. A novel method for testing and determining ILSS for marine and offshore composites. Comp. Struct. 2019, 220, 431–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Gagani, A.I.; Monsås, A.B.; Krauklis, A.E.; Echtermeyer, A.T. The effect of temperature and water immersion on the interlaminar shear fatigue of glass fiber epoxy composites using the I-beam method. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2019, 181, 107703–107712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Fan, Y.; Krauklis, A.E.; Gagani, A.; Sæter, E.; Echtermeyer, A.T.; Muliana, A. Predicting Multi-axial Diffusion of Water in Laminated Composite Structural Components. Comp. Struct. 2021, 261, 113551–113562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Gagani, A.I.; Mialon, E.P.V.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Immersed interlaminar fatigue of glass fiber epoxy composites using the I-beam method. Int. J. Fatigue 2019, 119, 302–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Gagani, A.I.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Influence of delaminations on fluid diffusion in multidirectional composite laminates–theory and experiments. Int. J. Solids Struct. 2019, 158, 232–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Gagani, A.I.; Echtermeyer, A.T. Fluid diffusion in cracked composite laminates–Analytical, numerical and experimental study. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2018, 160, 86–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Bicerano, J. Prediction of Polymer Properties, 3rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2002; p. 756. [Google Scholar]
  26. Foreman, J.P.; Behzadi, S.; Tsampas, S.A.; Porter, D.; Curtis, P.T.; Jones, F.R. Rate dependent multiscale modelling of fibre reinforced composites. Plast. Rubber Compos. 2009, 38, 67–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Krauklis, A.E. Predicting Environmental Ageing of Composites: Modular Approach and Multiscale Modelling. Mater. Proc. 2021, 6, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/CMDWC2021-09890

AMA Style

Krauklis AE. Predicting Environmental Ageing of Composites: Modular Approach and Multiscale Modelling. Materials Proceedings. 2021; 6(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/CMDWC2021-09890

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krauklis, Andrey E. 2021. "Predicting Environmental Ageing of Composites: Modular Approach and Multiscale Modelling" Materials Proceedings 6, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/CMDWC2021-09890

APA Style

Krauklis, A. E. (2021). Predicting Environmental Ageing of Composites: Modular Approach and Multiscale Modelling. Materials Proceedings, 6(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/CMDWC2021-09890

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop