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Electricity, Volume 5, Issue 4 (December 2024) – 3 articles

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17 pages, 381 KiB  
Review
A Review of Photovoltaic Waste Management from a Sustainable Perspective
by Abolfazl Babaei and Ali Nasr Esfahani
Electricity 2024, 5(4), 734-750; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5040036 - 14 Oct 2024
Viewed by 388
Abstract
The rapid deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems underscores their potential as vital clean energy solutions with reduced carbon emissions and increasingly competitive installation costs. This review examines PV waste management from a sustainable perspective, focusing on environmental impacts and technological advancements. Various [...] Read more.
The rapid deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems underscores their potential as vital clean energy solutions with reduced carbon emissions and increasingly competitive installation costs. This review examines PV waste management from a sustainable perspective, focusing on environmental impacts and technological advancements. Various solar cell technologies, including crystalline silicon, thin-film, and emerging third-generation cells like perovskite and organic photovoltaics, are analyzed for their life cycle and environmental effects. Effective disposal and recycling methods, such as physical separation and thermal and chemical treatments, are critically evaluated to mitigate ecological harm. The study highlights the need for improved recycling processes and sustainable practices to enhance the environmental benefits of PV systems. Future solutions call for better recycling techniques, increased efficiency in renewable materials, and comprehensive life cycle assessments to support the global transition to sustainable energy. This review aims to foster the integration of sustainable practices in the renewable energy sector, ensuring that PV systems contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable future. Full article
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22 pages, 1109 KiB  
Review
Exploring Evolutionary Algorithms for Optimal Power Flow: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis
by Harish Pulluri, Vedik Basetti, B. Srikanth Goud and CH. Naga Sai Kalyan
Electricity 2024, 5(4), 712-733; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5040035 - 3 Oct 2024
Viewed by 715
Abstract
It has been more than five decades since optimum power flow (OPF) emerged as one of the most famous and frequently used nonlinear optimization problems in power systems. Despite its long-standing existence, the OPF problem continues to be widely researched due to its [...] Read more.
It has been more than five decades since optimum power flow (OPF) emerged as one of the most famous and frequently used nonlinear optimization problems in power systems. Despite its long-standing existence, the OPF problem continues to be widely researched due to its critical role in electrical network planning and operations. The general formulation of OPF is complex, representing a large-scale optimization model with nonlinear and nonconvex characteristics, incorporating both discrete and continuous control variables. The inclusion of control factors such as transformer taps and shunt capacitors, and the integration of renewable energy sources like wind power further complicates the system’s design and solution. To address these challenges, a variety of classical, evolutionary, and improved optimization techniques have been developed. These techniques not only provide new solution pathways but also enhance the quality of existing solutions, contributing to reductions in computational cost and operational efficiency. Multi-objective approaches are frequently employed in modern OPF problems to balance trade-offs between competing objectives like cost minimization, loss reduction, and environmental impact. This article presents an in-depth review of various OPF problems and the wide array of algorithms, both traditional and evolutionary, applied to solve these problems, paying special attention to wind power integration and multi-objective optimization strategies. Full article
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28 pages, 11825 KiB  
Article
Design and Experimental Verification of Electric Vehicle Battery Charger Using Kelvin-Connected Discrete MOSFETs and IGBTs for Energy Efficiency Improvement
by Borislav Dimitrov and Richard McMahon
Electricity 2024, 5(4), 684-711; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5040034 - 30 Sep 2024
Viewed by 346
Abstract
This research investigates the advantages of Kelvin-connected 4-pin discrete transistors, both MOSFETs and IGBTs, in onboard battery chargers for electric vehicles. The study compares the standard 3-pin and the extended 4-pin packages based on averaged data collected from leading manufacturers. The investigation shows [...] Read more.
This research investigates the advantages of Kelvin-connected 4-pin discrete transistors, both MOSFETs and IGBTs, in onboard battery chargers for electric vehicles. The study compares the standard 3-pin and the extended 4-pin packages based on averaged data collected from leading manufacturers. The investigation shows significant potential power loss reduction, thermal operation mitigation, and reduced gate-drive oscillation for the 4-pin package. The benefits have been quantified by analysing the operation of actual switches in an automotive battery charger based on Boost-PFC and DC-DC LLC converters. The converters’ practical design demonstrates a procedure for integrating the Kelvin-connected package into the design methodology. The results have been verified experimentally. Full article
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