Analysis of Current and Future Heating and Cooling Degree Days over Greece Using Observations and Regional Climate Model Simulations †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Current Conditions
3.2. Future Conditions
4. Conclusions
- Heating needs are higher during the period November–March and peak in January, while cooling needs are higher during the period June–September and peak in July and August;
- Higher heating needs and lower cooling needs are found in higher altitudes areas and less intense urban heat islands;
- Proximity to sea results in lower heating needs.
- HDDs (CDDs) are expected to decrease (increase) in general, in agreement with the expected ambient temperature increase due to climate change. Thus, cooling energy needs are expected to increase while heating energy needs are expected to decrease;
- The higher relative HDD decrease is expected in North Crete while the higher relative CDD increase is expected in high-elevation areas;
- The CDD relative increase appears to be greater than the relative decrease in HDD.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Weather | Period of Data |
---|---|
Athens center | January 2010–December 2021 |
Maroussi | February 2010–December 2021 |
Faliro | April 2012–December 2021 |
Peristeri | December 2012–December 2021 |
Kantza | January 2010–December 2021 |
Trikala | January 2010–December 2021 |
Temperature Criterion | HDD |
---|---|
Tmax ≤ Tbase | HDD = Tbase − Taver |
Taver ≤ Tbase ≤ Tmax | HDD = [(Tbase − Tmin)/2] − [(Tmax-Tbase)/4] |
Tmin ≤ Tbase ≤ Taver | HDD = (Tbase − Tmin)/4 |
Tmin ≥ Tbase | HDD = 0 |
Temperature Criterion | CDD |
---|---|
Tmax ≤ Tbase | CDD = 0 |
Taver ≤ Tbase ≤ Tmax | CDD = (Tmax − Tbase)/4 |
Tmin ≤ Tbase ≤ Taver | CDD = [(Tmax − Tbase)/2] − [(Tbase − Tmin)/4] |
Tmin ≥ Tbase | CDD = Taver − Tbase |
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Karagiannids, A.; Lagouvardos, K.; Kotroni, V.; Galanaki, E. Analysis of Current and Future Heating and Cooling Degree Days over Greece Using Observations and Regional Climate Model Simulations. Environ. Sci. Proc. 2023, 26, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2023026149
Karagiannids A, Lagouvardos K, Kotroni V, Galanaki E. Analysis of Current and Future Heating and Cooling Degree Days over Greece Using Observations and Regional Climate Model Simulations. Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2023; 26(1):149. https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2023026149
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaragiannids, Athanasios, Konstantinos Lagouvardos, Vassiliki Kotroni, and Elissavet Galanaki. 2023. "Analysis of Current and Future Heating and Cooling Degree Days over Greece Using Observations and Regional Climate Model Simulations" Environmental Sciences Proceedings 26, no. 1: 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2023026149