Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Governance of Amenity Trees in the Premises of Industrial Companies in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

by Oyinlola Abiodun Fasoro, Opeyemi Isaac Ajewole and Sulaimon Olamilekan Daud

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031014 - 27 Dec 2024

Industries contribute to environmental pollution, and increasing tree cover is an often-proposed urban climate change adaptation strategy. This manuscript investigates the governance of amenity trees within industrial settings in Ibadan, Nigeria. It aims to encourage industries to develop policy frameworks that optimize tree [...] Read more.

Industries contribute to environmental pollution, and increasing tree cover is an often-proposed urban climate change adaptation strategy. This manuscript investigates the governance of amenity trees within industrial settings in Ibadan, Nigeria. It aims to encourage industries to develop policy frameworks that optimize tree management for environmental benefits. This study involved surveying twenty purposively selected active industries and analyzing the data through descriptive, correlation, and chi-square methods to assess tree species diversity, management practices, and the relationships between the number of species and the land area, as well as tree establishment and silvicultural activities. Polyalthia longifolia (30.8%) had the highest number, while Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Alstonia boonei (0.6%) had the lowest numbers. The respondents (38.3%) revealed that there was no department (unit) responsible for tree management, and there was no precise tree maintenance schedule. However, tree maintenance is conducted when needed. The respondents (98.0%) responded that no funds were set aside for tree management. The result of the correlation, r = −0.14412, represents a weak negative relationship between the number of tree species planted and the land area of the industries. The year in which trees were planted has a significant relationship with the silvicultural activities practiced. Full article

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7 pages, 2795 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of the Biostimulant Larrea Divaricata on the Quality of Neltuma Alba Plants in the Nursery

by Gabriela Soledad Cordero Vega, María Gracia Senilliani, Analía del Valle Guzman, Ana Carolina Santacruz García and Gastón F. Villalba

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031012 - 27 Dec 2024

Abstract

In our region, promoting Neltuma alba (algarrobo blanco) plantations is crucial due to its ecological and productive value, requiring ongoing research for successful cultivation. Ensuring seedlings possess optimal physiological and morphological traits is essential for survival and adaptation after transplanting. Previous studies suggest [...] Read more.

In our region, promoting Neltuma alba (algarrobo blanco) plantations is crucial due to its ecological and productive value, requiring ongoing research for successful cultivation. Ensuring seedlings possess optimal physiological and morphological traits is essential for survival and adaptation after transplanting. Previous studies suggest plant biostimulants can aid in reducing stress during rustication and field planting stages. This work aimed to explore the potential of Larrea divaricata (Jarilla) phytoextract in varying doses as a biostimulant to enhance seedling quality and stress response in N. alba, ultimately improving their adaptability and growth in field conditions. Full article

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7 pages, 1630 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Preliminary Studies on the Selection of Uruguayan Woods for the Production of Transparent Wood

by Claudia Marcela Ibañez, Rafael Soares and Pablo Raimonda

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031011 - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Transparent or translucent wood has garnered significant attention in recent years. In this preliminary work, the best delignification conditions for two wood species grown in Uruguay, Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus bosistoana, were determined. It was analyzed to determine which species is more [...] Read more.

Transparent or translucent wood has garnered significant attention in recent years. In this preliminary work, the best delignification conditions for two wood species grown in Uruguay, Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus bosistoana, were determined. It was analyzed to determine which species is more suitable for the process. The effects of temperature and NaCl₂ concentration during delignification were the focus; delignified wood was impregnated with epoxy resin. Wood anatomy was observed with SEM and FTIR spectra were analyzed. The results suggest that the best delignification conditions were a reaction time of 300 min, a NaClO₂ concentration of 3.5% at a constant temperature of 80 °C, and bleaching with H₂O₂ for one hour at 80 °C. Both wood species are suitable for the development of transparent wood. Full article

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10 pages, 2167 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring the Dynamics of Forest Biodiversity: Perspectives from a Four–Species Disease–Food Web Model

by Thangavel Megala, Manickasundaram Siva Pradeep, Thangaraj Nandha Gopal, Arunachalam Yasotha and Thangaraj Aasaithambi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031009 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of forest biodiversity through a model representing a diseased food web system, focusing on the interactions among four animal species within a forest ecosystem. The relationships between predators and prey, as well as the [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of forest biodiversity through a model representing a diseased food web system, focusing on the interactions among four animal species within a forest ecosystem. The relationships between predators and prey, as well as the transmission of diseases within this system, provide valuable insights into the functioning of such ecosystems. If predator species are not present, it is proposed that the prey population will experience logistic growth. The hypothesis suggests that the infected prey consume healthy prey, utilizing a Holling type II functional response. This analysis focuses on maintaining non-negative solutions, ensuring solution remain within a specific range, and preserving non-negativity over time from initial conditions. These considerations are essential for comprehending the system’s behavior and stability. Also, it involves assessing the stability of equilibrium points, which are states where the system remains unchanged over time, and evaluating how the system behaves under different conditions, such as varying environmental factors. Here, local stability is determined by examining the eigenvalue distribution. By investigating the effects of the factors on the model parameters, the study aims to understand how changes in the environment can impact the dynamics of the ecosystem. Thus, by exploring these aspects, the numerical findings of infection rate and predation rate contribute a deeper understanding of ecological models. It can be utilized to study and protect forest biodiversity, especially in the face of challenges posed by environmental changes. Full article

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7 pages, 206 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Potential of Agroforestry to Enhance Rural Livelihoods in Punjab, Pakistan: A Socioeconomic Viewpoint

by Muhammad Bilal, Rabia Khan, Muhammad Tayyab, Muhammad Ikhlaq and Tahseen Aslam

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031008 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Agroforestry improves the stability and productivity of agro-ecosystems and reduces environmental pressures, making it extremely flexible and useful in a variety of physical and social contexts. This practice is crucial to farmers’ livelihoods on both an ecological and economical level. Using an interview [...] Read more.

Agroforestry improves the stability and productivity of agro-ecosystems and reduces environmental pressures, making it extremely flexible and useful in a variety of physical and social contexts. This practice is crucial to farmers’ livelihoods on both an ecological and economical level. Using an interview schedule, data were gathered from 170 heads of rural families who were chosen at random. Of the responders, the majority (77.5%) were young (25 to 40 years old). Of those who had completed more than five years of schooling, only 46.7% were literate, while a sizable majority (53.3%) were illiterate. For the vast majority of responders (62.4%), farming was their primary source of income. Given that over 54% of the respondents only owned up to five acres of land, small farming was extremely common. The majority (61.3%) were considered poor with a monthly income of less than PKR 18,000. “good source of fuel wood” was placed at the top (mean = 3.1%) when it came to the effect of agroforestry on the food security of rural households. One of the main obstacles was having a small land holding (mean = 2.52). The majority of respondents believed that the primary benefit of agroforestry was a reduction in soil loss. The amount of land held, income source, and educational attainment all significantly correlated with the perception of poverty. The study found that the best way of sustainably assuring food security in the study area and satisfying rural residents’ needs for food for extended periods of time is to incorporate agroforestry into the current farming system. Full article

6 pages, 502 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Neutral Genetic Diversity of Brazilian Native Flora: Current Approaches and Gaps

by Catarina da Fonseca Lira

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031007 - 18 Dec 2024

Abstract

Understanding genetic diversity is crucial for plant adaptation in a changing world. The neutral genetic variation (NGD) is correlated to adaptation capacity, which is crucial for long-term conservation of threatened species. Brazil, a megadiverse nation with habitats encompassing a great variety of ecosystems, [...] Read more.

Understanding genetic diversity is crucial for plant adaptation in a changing world. The neutral genetic variation (NGD) is correlated to adaptation capacity, which is crucial for long-term conservation of threatened species. Brazil, a megadiverse nation with habitats encompassing a great variety of ecosystems, harbors a wealth of plant biodiversity, yet studies on NGD remain scarce. This work analyzed published data on NGD in native Brazilian plant populations, identifying 731 papers through a systematic search on the Scopus database. Results indicated microsatellite markers as the most used for population studies, followed by ISSR. The SNP marker is still underutilized, possibly due to its higher costs and labor-intensiveness. Fabaceae, Bromeliaceae, and Arecaceae were the most studied families. Moreover, the two most studied species were Euterpe edulis and Hancornia speciosa, both economically important species. Notably, trees and herbs dominated the studies with a focus on the Atlantic Forest biome. However, Cerrado and Amazon biomes were also well represented, underscoring the importance of broader investigation across all Brazilian ecosystems. These findings reveal a critical gap in knowledge, where traditional molecular markers are most used and few economically important species are intensively studied. The number of threatened species studied is negligible, and most are not endemic. With looming climate and landscape changes, more comprehensive studies of NGD of threatened flora in Brazil are vital. The lack of genetic diversity information of native species may threaten any conservation efforts in the long term. Full article

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5 pages, 2038 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Urgency of Implementing Field Research for Fir Forest Conservation and Management: Case Studies in Central Greece

by Panagiotis P. Koulelis and Panos V. Petrakis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031010 - 16 Dec 2024

Abstract

Findings from monitoring Greek fir forests in central Greece regarding radial growth, insect infestations, plant communities, and climate response have highlighted the urgent need for expanded field research to address critical conservation challenges within the fir forest ecosystem on Giona and Parnassus mountains. [...] Read more.

Findings from monitoring Greek fir forests in central Greece regarding radial growth, insect infestations, plant communities, and climate response have highlighted the urgent need for expanded field research to address critical conservation challenges within the fir forest ecosystem on Giona and Parnassus mountains. This underscores the urgency of adopting measures to mitigate the impacts of both abiotic and biotic factors. Our findings so far, encompassing biometric data, tree ring analysis, observations on plant communities, climatic response, and insect infestations—primarily Choristoneura murinana (European Bud Moth)—across various stands on the mountain, have revealed significant local infestations of varying degrees. In many instances, these infestations were detected in adult trees, particularly in sunny areas or near country roads. Furthermore, our research has revealed the varied ability of the fir trees to adapt to both minor and significant climatic variations. The proposed research aims to monitor, preserve, and protect the fir trees, utilizing new knowledge for informed decision-making in their management. The project’s scope includes studying the growth characteristics of the fir forest, mitigating threats from biological factors (primarily the moth Choristoneura murinana-Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) by involving pheromones and other biological methods, promoting natural regeneration, preserving biodiversity, and evaluating the water status of the fir trees in response to climate change. Investigating their interactions and understanding the ecosystem’s status concerning the previously mentioned aspects is a significant priority for biological and genetic diversity, landscape aesthetics, recreation, and sustainable regional development (with economic impacts on local beekeepers and guesthouse owners). The evaluation of the implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy in Greece has shown partial or minimal progress in addressing new threats and challenges, as well as in promoting new approaches. The proposed project, with specific actions, aligns with the spirit of the National Biodiversity Strategy and contributes to the strategy goals within the framework of conservation, restoration, and the strengthening of nationwide enhancement actions. Full article

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10 pages, 2252 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Genetic Diversity of Ishpingo Exploited Trees (Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm, Lauraceae)

by David Draper, Lorena Riofrío, Carlos Naranjo and Isabel Marques

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031006 - 16 Dec 2024

Abstract

Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm, known as Ishpingo, is a tree endemic to the Amazonian rainforests of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. In Ecuador, the Ishpingo tree faces significant threats due to overexploitation for its valuable spices and essential oils, as well as extensive deforestation [...] Read more.

Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm, known as Ishpingo, is a tree endemic to the Amazonian rainforests of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. In Ecuador, the Ishpingo tree faces significant threats due to overexploitation for its valuable spices and essential oils, as well as extensive deforestation and land-use changes. Understanding and preserving the genetic diversity of Ishpingo is vital for ensuring the species’ survival and continued contribution to the ecological and cultural richness of the Amazonian rainforest. Nevertheless, we currently lack comprehensive genetic diversity data. Within this scenario, we developed nuclear microsatellites to analyze the genetic diversity in ten known Ecuadorian populations of Ishpingo. Results show low levels of genetic diversity, especially when compared with other Ocotea trees. The mean number of alleles ranged from 2.20 to 4.47, the observed heterozygosity from 0.33 to 0.62, while the expected heterozygosity (He) was notably higher, ranging from 0.61 to 0.79. The inbreeding coefficient (Fis) was consistently positive, with some values close to zero. Despite these results, some populations such as the northern populations of Ishpingo still harbor moderate levels of genetic diversity, key for the preservation of this species. Full article

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7 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Changes in Photosynthetic Pigment Concentrations Induced by Pinewood Nematode Infection of In Vitro Pine Shoots

by Gonçalo Pereira and Jorge M. S. Faria

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031005 - 16 Dec 2024

Abstract

The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, infects susceptible pine species and causes pine wilt disease (PWD). The first visible symptoms are yellowing and drooping of pine needles due to compromised biochemical reactions of photosynthesis, as a result of damage to the tree’s [...] Read more.

The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, infects susceptible pine species and causes pine wilt disease (PWD). The first visible symptoms are yellowing and drooping of pine needles due to compromised biochemical reactions of photosynthesis, as a result of damage to the tree’s water column. In vitro cultures are useful tools to study minute biochemical changes because they easily enable reproducibility and genetic homogeneity. In the present work, in vitro maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) shoot cultures were used to simulate PWD, by infecting with PWN in asepsis. Changes in the levels of photopigments, i.e., chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and stress related anthocyanins, were followed through spectrophotometry. Infection with the PWN led to a 30% decrease in shoot concentrations of chlorophyll a and a 50% reduction on chlorophyll b. Concentrations of carotenoids increased by 70%, while for anthocyanins no statistically significant changes were observed. PWN phytophagy seems to trigger chlorophyll degradation and production of carotenoids, most probably as a response to oxidative stress. This preliminary study allows gauging the impacts of PWN infection in pine, at the initial stages of PWD, as a contribution to developing, for example, an early detection tool for this phytoparasite. Full article

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7 pages, 863 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Emerald Ash Borer in the Park with a Long-Time History of Black Ash Sawfly Defoliation

by Valentyna Meshkova, Olga Zinchenko, Vladyslav Us and Yuriy Skrylnyk

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031004 - 15 Dec 2024

Abstract

The emerald ash borer (EAB) was found in Kharkiv (Ukraine) in 2022, infesting ash trees in the permanent focus of the ash black sawfly. We aimed to recognize the characteristics of trees that attract EAB. Ash tree defoliation, dieback, epicormic shoots, health condition [...] Read more.

The emerald ash borer (EAB) was found in Kharkiv (Ukraine) in 2022, infesting ash trees in the permanent focus of the ash black sawfly. We aimed to recognize the characteristics of trees that attract EAB. Ash tree defoliation, dieback, epicormic shoots, health condition class, and ash bark beetle infestation were analyzed with EAB presence or absence. The EAB preferred to infest the trees with higher defoliation, epicormic shoots, and ash bark beetle infestation more than in the trees without these symptoms. Despite the deterioration in the health of most trees in the EAB outbreak, some specimens have maintained and even improved their health. This confirms the possibility of selecting resistant trees with subsequent reproduction. Full article

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10 pages, 955 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Brief Overview of Lignin Extraction and Isolation Processes: From Lignocellulosic Biomass to Added-Value Biomaterials

by Raja Saadan, Chaymaa Hachimi Alaoui, Aziz Ihammi, Mohamed Chigr and Ahmed Fatimi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031003 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

Lignin is one of the three major components of the cell wall of lignocellulosic biomaterials. It is the second-most abundant polymer in nature. It is a complex and heterogeneous polymer found in the cell walls of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin’s predominant composition, which is [...] Read more.

Lignin is one of the three major components of the cell wall of lignocellulosic biomaterials. It is the second-most abundant polymer in nature. It is a complex and heterogeneous polymer found in the cell walls of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin’s predominant composition, which is rich in carbon and aromatic structures, enhances its value by enabling the development of high-value chemicals and bio-based materials. As one of the most affluent natural renewable sources of aromatic structures and the world’s second-largest renewable source of carbon, lignin possesses a thermal value comparable to that of carbon. Its aromatic constituents exhibit unique chemical properties and significant bioactive effects, making lignin a crucial material in various advanced applications. Different chemical fractionation methods have been designed to overcome the obstacles to extracting the lignin biopolymer from lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin fractionation is a process that involves separating lignin from other components of biomass feedstock, such as cellulose and hemicellulose. This process is commonly used in the paper and pulp industry to obtain valuable lignin derivatives that can be used in various applications, including, among others, biofuels, chemicals, and biomaterials. In the brief overview described in this proceedings paper, we provide a comprehensive chemical overview of the current processes for extracting technical lignin from wood and lignocellulosic biomass, critically evaluating the advantages and limitations of each method. Full article

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5 pages, 3027 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modern Genetic and Dynamic Forest Typology: Priority Development Areas and Outstanding Problems

by Natalya Ivanova, George Andreev and Sergey Ivanchikov

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031002 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

The success of forest management depends to a large extent on the ecological classification on which it is based. The aim of this work is to review the current status of forest management, priority lines of development, and unresolved problems in genetic and [...] Read more.

The success of forest management depends to a large extent on the ecological classification on which it is based. The aim of this work is to review the current status of forest management, priority lines of development, and unresolved problems in genetic and dynamic forest typologies. Papers were searched using the national database Elibrary. We selected and analyzed 94 journal articles with a DOI from the last 10 years. It has been established that the primary scientific focus of genetic and dynamic forest typologies remains the formulation of a conceptual framework for the comprehensive representation of forest dynamics. This evidence demonstrates that, in the context of contemporary global change, these typologies offer the most robust foundation for sustainable forest management. It has been proven that these typologies are currently being developed in parallel, with an emphasis on building on their scientific basis and integrating the strengths of the European Forest Ecological Classifications and the Braun-Blanquet approach. The results of this research can be used to provide the scientific basis for the study and classification of boreal vegetation, as well as the scientific basis for sustainable forest management and reforestation. Full article

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9 pages, 801 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Challenges for Wood–Plastic Composites: Increasing Wood Content and Internal Compatibility

by Pieter Samyn

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031001 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are interesting materials as the biobased content is determined by the inclusion of wood particles regenerated from residual wood sources or biomass products. At present, the aim is to increase the wood content in WPCs above 60%, while it is [...] Read more.

Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are interesting materials as the biobased content is determined by the inclusion of wood particles regenerated from residual wood sources or biomass products. At present, the aim is to increase the wood content in WPCs above 60%, while it is currently limited to around 40%. The rationale behind this is based on the need for an increase in the performance of WPCs, the relatively cheap price of wood and the aim to augment the biobased content. Most studies are presently carried out with a maximum of 50% wood particles (preferably ranging from around 30 to 40%), while there are only very few sources where the wood concentration is increased to 70%. The formulations are not yet optimized and there are problems in interface compatibility, leading to weak mechanical properties. Problems in the augmentation of the wood content have to be further controlled, e.g., aggregation, dimensional stability and water absorption. Alternative approaches for the treatment of wood chips before (or during) compounding with the polymer matrix should therefore be developed. As the water resistance is mainly related to the control of the surface properties of the hydroscopic wood particles, possible solutions should consider the better protection of the individual wood particles’ surfaces against water ingress, the better development of the wood–polymer interface and the prevention of the formation of a continuous network with contacting wood particles. Therefore, this overview suggests various processing routes together with their industrial potential based on various sources from the literature, including the effects of compatibilizers and additives, the spray coating of wood particles, chemical pretreatment, physical modifications and the thermal treatment of wood fillers. Full article

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1 pages, 150 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Minor Title Change: Environmental Sciences Proceedings Becomes Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings

by Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings Editorial Office

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 30(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024030001 - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

We are pleased to announce that, as part of our efforts to reflect the breadth and depth of the journal’s content, Environmental Sciences Proceedings [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Stand Alone Papers 2024)

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Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings

Vol. 30

Stand Alone Papers 2024

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