The Coping Strategies Used by Young Tunisian Athletes in Individual and Collective Sports
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Data Analysis Plan
3. Results
3.1. The Effect of Gender and Type of Sport on Coping Strategies Used by Young Athletes
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- Effort expenditure (F = 5.61; p-value < 0.05),
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- Thought control (F = 94.77; p-value < 0.05),
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- Logical analysis (F = 20.15; p-value < 0.05),
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- Venting of unpleasant emotions (F = 99.54; p-value < 0.05),
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- Disengagement (F = 26.04; p-value < 0.05).
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- Mental imagery (F = 9.37; p-value < 0.05),
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- Effort expenditure (F = 5.74; p-value < 0.05),
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- Thought control (F = 12.93; p-value < 0.05),
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- Seeking support (F = 11.93; p-value < 0.05),
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- Relaxation (F = 76.50; p-value < 0.05),
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- Logical analysis (F = 6.75; p-value < 0.05),
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- Venting of unpleasant emotions (F = 42.08; p-value < 0.05),
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- Disengagement (F = 36.72; p-value < 0.05),
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- Social withdrawal (F = 8.90; p-value < 0.05),
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- Mental distraction (F = 20.47; p-value < 0.05).
3.2. The Coping Scores among Young Athletes According to the Gender Factor
3.3. Coping Scores among Young Athletes According to the Type of Sport
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- Young male athletes in team sport: Thought control (4.10 ± 0.75) and Logical analysis (4.10 ± 0.78).
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- Young female athletes in team sport: Venting of unpleasant emotions (4.16 ± 0.80) and Disengagement (3.83 ± 1.06).
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- Young male athletes in individual sport: Mental imagery (4.00 ± 0.83) and Disengagement (4.16 ± 0.73).
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- Young female athletes in individual sport: Venting of unpleasant emotions (4.40 ± 0.61) and Disengagement (4.23 ± 0.73).
3.4. The First-Order Scores of Coping Used by Young Athletes by Sports Specialty
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- Soccer: Thought control (3.92 ± 0.78) and Logical analysis (3.96 ± 0.89).
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- Handball: Mental imagery (4.12 ± 0.69) and Disengagement (4.13 ± 0.96).
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- Volleyball: Mental imagery (4.30 ± 0.55) and Logical analysis (4.10 ± 0.7).
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- Basketball: Logical analysis (4.20 ± 0.12) and Disengagement (4.44 ± 0.61).
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- Athletics: Venting of unpleasant emotions (4.10 ± 0.78) and Disengagement (4.10 ± 0.78).
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- Taekwondo: Thought control (4.13 ± 0.95) and Disengagement (4.2 ± 0.67).
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- Karate: Venting of unpleasant emotions (4.30 ± 0.63) and Disengagement (4.35 ± 0.55).
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- Kickboxing: Logical analysis (4.32 ± 0.52) and Disengagement (4.4 ± 0.27).
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- Kyokushinkai: Expenditure effort (4.4 ± 1.03) and Disengagement (4.2 ± 0.80).
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- Gymnastics: Venting of unpleasant emotions (4.33 ± 0.71) and Disengagement (4.6 ± 0.62).
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- Canoe Kayak: Effort expenditure (4.23 ± 0.52) and Venting of unpleasant emotions (4.1 ± 0.66).
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effect of Gender on Coping in Young Athletes in Team and Individual Sports
4.2. The Level of Coping among Young Athletes According to the Gender Factor
4.3. The Level of Coping in Young Athletes According to Type of Sport
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Effect | Value | D | Degrees of Freedom of the Hypothesis | Degrees of Freedom Error | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Trace of Pillai | 0.220 | 25.507 b | 10.000 | 904.000 | 0.000 |
Wilks’ lambda | 0.780 | 25.507 b | 10.000 | 904.000 | 0.000 | |
Hotelling trace | 0.282 | 25.507 b | 10.000 | 904.000 | 0.000 | |
Roy’s biggest root | 0.282 | 25.507 b | 10.000 | 904.000 | 0.000 | |
Type of sport | Trace of Pillai | 0.183 | 20.240 b | 10.000 | 904.000 | 0.000 |
Wilks’ lambda | 0.817 | 20.240 b | 10.000 | 904.000 | 0.000 | |
Hotelling trace | 0.224 | 20.240 b | 10.000 | 904.000 | 0.000 | |
Roy’s biggest root | 0.224 | 20.240 b | 10.000 | 904.000 | 0.000 |
Source | Dependent Variable | Sum of Type III Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean of Squares | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Mental imagery | 0.044 | 1 | 0.044 | 0.072 | 0.789 |
Effort expenditure | 5.610 | 1 | 5.610 | 4.607 | 0.032 | |
Thought control | 94.772 | 1 | 94.772 | 95.028 | 0.000 | |
Seeking support | 1.109 | 1 | 1.109 | 1.301 | 0.254 | |
Relaxation | 0.854 | 1 | 0.854 | 1.225 | 0.269 | |
Logical analysis | 20.150 | 1 | 20.150 | 30.713 | 0.000 | |
Venting of unpleasant emotions | 99.539 | 1 | 99.539 | 118.660 | 0.000 | |
Disengagement | 26.037 | 1 | 26.037 | 25.975 | 0.000 | |
Social withdrawal | 0.014 | 1 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.904 | |
Mental distraction | 1.124 | 1 | 1.124 | 1.002 | 0.317 | |
Type of sport | Mental imagery | 3.850 | 1 | 3.850 | 6.367 | 0.012 |
Effort expenditure | 6.991 | 1 | 6.991 | 5.741 | 0.017 | |
Thought control | 12.259 | 1 | 12.259 | 12.293 | 0.000 | |
Seeking support | 10.161 | 1 | 10.161 | 11.926 | 0.001 | |
Relaxation | 53.341 | 1 | 53.341 | 76.496 | 0.000 | |
Logical analysis | 4.430 | 1 | 4.430 | 6.752 | 0.010 | |
Venting of unpleasant emotions | 35.300 | 1 | 35.300 | 42.081 | 0.000 | |
Disengagement | 36.813 | 1 | 36.813 | 36.725 | 0.000 | |
Social withdrawal | 8.425 | 1 | 8.425 | 8.898 | 0.003 | |
Mental distraction | 22.964 | 1 | 22.964 | 20.466 | 0.000 |
Gender | Mental Imagery | Effort Expenditure | Thought Control | Seeking Support | Relaxation | Logical Analysis | Venting of Unpleasant Emotions | Disengagement | Social Withdrawal | Mental Distraction | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (N = 568) | Mean | 3.90 | 3.33 | 4.07 | 3.54 | 3.48 | 4.13 | 3.43 | 3.63 | 2.83 | 2.57 |
SD | 0.78 | 1.13 | 0.84 | 0.92 | .87 | 0.78 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 0.97 | 1.10 | |
Female (N = 349) | Mean | 3.89 | 3.69 | 3.36 | 3.44 | 3.45 | 3.70 | 4.30 | 4.12 | 2.75 | 2.44 |
SD | 0.77 | 1.14 | 1.23 | 0.94 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 0.98 | 1.02 |
Gender | Task-Oriented Coping | Disengagement-Oriented Coping | Distraction-Oriented Coping | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male (N = 568) | Mean | 3.74 | 3.53 | 2.70 |
SD | 0.47 | 0.97 | 0.82 | |
Female (N = 349) | Mean | 3.59 | 4.20 | 2.59 |
SD | 0.50 | 0.62 | 0.78 |
Type of Sport | Mental Imagery | Effort Expenditure | Thought Control | Seeking Support | Relaxation | Logical Analysis | Venting of Unpleasant Emotions | Disengagement | Social Withdrawal | Mental Distraction | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male team sport (N = 382) | Mean | 3.87 | 3.15 | 4.10 | 3.51 | 3.37 | 4.10 | 3.24 | 3.55 | 2.91 | 2.51 |
SD | 0.75 | 1.07 | 0.75 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.78 | 1.13 | 1.19 | 0.95 | 1.14 | |
Female team sport (N = 264) | Mean | 3.81 | 3.70 | 3.55 | 3.31 | 3.22 | 3.97 | 4.16 | 3.83 | 2.49 | 2.28 |
SD | 0.77 | 1.16 | 1.20 | 0.95 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.80 | 1.06 | 0.85 | 0.93 | |
Men’s individual sport (N = 186) | Mean | 4.00 | 3.77 | 3.91 | 3.71 | 3.77 | 3.87 | 3.93 | 4.16 | 2.89 | 2.79 |
SD | 0.83 | 1.1 | 1.06 | 0.95 | 0.87 | 0.99 | 0.81 | 0.73 | 1.01 | 1.06 | |
Women’s individual sport (N = 85) | Mean | 4.01 | 3.51 | 3.14 | 3.62 | 3.96 | 3.75 | 4.40 | 4.23 | 3.01 | 2.75 |
SD | 0.79 | 1.11 | 1.32 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 1.01 | 0.61 | 0.73 | 1.16 | 1.03 |
Type of Sport | Task-Oriented Coping | Disengagement-Oriented Coping | Distraction-Oriented Coping | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male team sport (N = 382) | Mean | 3.67 | 3.40 | 2.71 |
SD | 0.45 | 1.04 | 0.84 | |
Female team sport(N = 264) | Mean | 3.60 | 4.00 | 2.39 |
SD | 0.43 | 0.76 | 0.66 | |
Men’s individual sport (N = 186) | Mean | 3.84 | 4.05 | 2.84 |
SD | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.80 | |
Women’s individual sport (N = 85) | Mean | 3.67 | 4.32 | 2.89 |
SD | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.81 |
Sport | Mental Imagery | Effort Expenditure | Thought Control | Seeking Support | Relaxation | Logical Analysis | Venting of Unpleasant Emotions | Disengagement | Social Withdrawal | Mental Distraction | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soccer (N = 376) | Mean | 3.64 | 3.11 | 3.92 | 3.23 | 3.30 | 3.96 | 3.33 | 3.29 | 2.93 | 2.73 |
SD | 0.79 | 1.09 | 0.78 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.89 | 1.21 | 1.14 | 1.03 | 114 | |
Handball (N = 158) | Mean | 4.12 | 3.77 | 3.77 | 3.63 | 3.28 | 4.11 | 4.05 | 4.13 | 2.54 | 1.93 |
SD | 0.69 | 1.08 | 131 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.59 | 0.84 | 0.96 | 0.83 | 0.77 | |
Volleyball (N = 53) | Mean | 4.30 | 3.84 | 3.87 | 3.53 | 3.47 | 4.10 | 3.88 | 4.06 | 2.38 | 1.79 |
SD | 0.55 | 1.26 | 1.14 | 0.82 | 0.97 | 0.70 | 0.85 | 1.079 | 0.56 | 0.77 | |
Basketball (N = 59) | Mean | 4.08 | 3.64 | 3.69 | 4.02 | 3.32 | 4.20 | 4.01 | 4.44 | 2.42 | 2.26 |
SD | 0.12 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.12 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.54 | |
Athletics (N = 78) | Mean | 4.04 | 3.62 | 3.58 | 3.75 | 3.85 | 3.85 | 4.10 | 4.10 | 2.77 | 2.89 |
SD | 0.92 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 1.06 | 1.01 | |
Taekwondo (N = 61) | Mean | 3.94 | 3.06 | 4.13 | 3.71 | 3.83 | 4.02 | 3.93 | 4.2 | 2.81 | 2.50 |
SD | 0.84 | 1.08 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.85 | 0.67 | 0.94 | 1.02 | |
Karate (N = 24) | Mean | 4.20 | 3.53 | 3.31 | 3.51 | 3.56 | 3.50 | 4.30 | 4.35 | 2.85 | 2.31 |
SD | 0.43 | 0.83 | 1.39 | 1.07 | 0.76 | 0.51 | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.94 | 0.58 | |
Kickboxing (N = 21) | Mean | 3.93 | 4.05 | 4.00 | 3.68 | 4.14 | 4.32 | 4.08 | 4.4 | 3.28 | 2.85 |
SD | 0.38 | 0.94 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.72 | 0.27 | 0.66 | 0.68 | |
Kyokushinkai (N = 21) | Mean | 4.00 | 4.40 | 3.97 | 3.45 | 4.01 | 4.05 | 3.83 | 4.20 | 3.29 | 2.60 |
SD | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.31 | 1.22 | 0.76 | 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.80 | 1.01 | 1.22 | |
Gymnastics (N = 36) | Mean | 4.21 | 3.94 | 2.94 | 3.48 | 3.71 | 3.33 | 4.33 | 4.60 | 2.96 | 2.71 |
SD | 0.75 | 0.89 | 1.26 | 1.22 | 0.89 | 1.21 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 1.58 | 1.29 | |
Canoe Kayak (N = 30) | Mean | 3.62 | 4.23 | 3.62 | 3.97 | 3.80 | 3.80 | 4.10 | 3.72 | 3.12 | 3.55 |
SD | 0.80 | 0.48 | 0.90 | 0.75 | 0.89 | 1.19 | 0.66 | 0.81 | 0.74 | 0.87 |
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Hajji, J.; Bettayeb, A.; Fekih, S.; Guerchi, M.; Bragazzi, N.; Azaiez, F.; Elloumi, A. The Coping Strategies Used by Young Tunisian Athletes in Individual and Collective Sports. Psychiatry Int. 2021, 2, 277-286. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint2030021
Hajji J, Bettayeb A, Fekih S, Guerchi M, Bragazzi N, Azaiez F, Elloumi A. The Coping Strategies Used by Young Tunisian Athletes in Individual and Collective Sports. Psychiatry International. 2021; 2(3):277-286. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint2030021
Chicago/Turabian StyleHajji, Jamel, Anouer Bettayeb, Sofien Fekih, Maher Guerchi, Nicola Bragazzi, Fairouz Azaiez, and Ali Elloumi. 2021. "The Coping Strategies Used by Young Tunisian Athletes in Individual and Collective Sports" Psychiatry International 2, no. 3: 277-286. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint2030021