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Volume 2
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10.3390/immuno2010015
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Review

Host–Pathogen Interaction in Leishmaniasis: Immune Response and Vaccination Strategies

by
Hadida Yasmin
1,
Anureeta Adhikary
1,
Mohammed N. Al-Ahdal
2,
Syamal Roy
3 and
Uday Kishore
4,*
1
Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar 736101, West Bengal, India
2
Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
3
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
4
Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Immuno 2022, 2(1), 218-254; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2010015
Submission received: 30 November 2021 / Revised: 21 February 2022 / Accepted: 22 February 2022 / Published: 9 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Immunology and Vaccines)
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Abstract

Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishmaniasisis is a worldwide public health problem falling under the neglected tropical disease category, with over 90 endemic countries, and approximately 1 million new cases and 20,000 deaths annually. Leishmania infection can progress toward the development of species–specific pathologic disorders, ranging in severity from self-healing cutaneous lesions to disseminating muco-cutaneous and fatal visceral manifestations. The severity and the outcome of leishmaniasis is determined by the parasite’s antigenic epitope characteristics, the vector physiology, and most importantly, the immune response and immune status of the host. This review examines the nature of host–pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and various strategies that have been employed for vaccine development.
Keywords: Leishmania; sand fly; macrophage; innate immunity; Th1/Th2; vaccine Leishmania; sand fly; macrophage; innate immunity; Th1/Th2; vaccine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yasmin, H.; Adhikary, A.; Al-Ahdal, M.N.; Roy, S.; Kishore, U. Host–Pathogen Interaction in Leishmaniasis: Immune Response and Vaccination Strategies. Immuno 2022, 2, 218-254. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2010015

AMA Style

Yasmin H, Adhikary A, Al-Ahdal MN, Roy S, Kishore U. Host–Pathogen Interaction in Leishmaniasis: Immune Response and Vaccination Strategies. Immuno. 2022; 2(1):218-254. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2010015

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yasmin, Hadida, Anureeta Adhikary, Mohammed N. Al-Ahdal, Syamal Roy, and Uday Kishore. 2022. "Host–Pathogen Interaction in Leishmaniasis: Immune Response and Vaccination Strategies" Immuno 2, no. 1: 218-254. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2010015

APA Style

Yasmin, H., Adhikary, A., Al-Ahdal, M. N., Roy, S., & Kishore, U. (2022). Host–Pathogen Interaction in Leishmaniasis: Immune Response and Vaccination Strategies. Immuno, 2(1), 218-254. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2010015

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