J. Zool. Bot. Gard., Volume 6, Issue 2 (June 2025) – 15 articles

In the present study, we examine the possibilities of planned generation in snakes by controlling the two most important factors for their estrus—ambient temperature and daylight hours. As a result of controlling these environmental parameters in an increasing gradient until reaching optimal values for the species, we observed copulations in late March and early April between a female Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana and a male V. a. ammodytes. After three months of “pregnancy”, we obtained viable offspring in early July, which is about two months earlier compared to wild populations. The species used in the experimental setup, in natural conditions, usually produce offspring in late August to early October. Another aspect considered in the publication and followed in the experimental setup was to possibly test if in evolutionary and developmental aspect, both subspecies are closely related and interspecies breeding is possible (which might indicate mutual ancestry). The hybrid individuals were monitored during their entire development from newborns to subadults for pathological traits during development to roll-out crossbreeding incompatibility. In our pilot investigation, no acquired or inherited pathological traits have been observed. The individuals were consistent with feeding and exhibited excellent individual development. Future research coupled with genetic investigation can give valuable insight in the field, whether it is valid to regard the genera as a Vipera ammodytes complex or as different subspecies groups. Full article

Marine animals without faces (MAWFs), are some of the most important creatures maintaining the ecological balance in marine environments. How these animals are depicted across conservation organizations may impact public perceptions and conservation efforts. We assessed the online presentation of sea stars, jellies, and corals among all public websites of institutions accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) (N = 237). Among the organizations with an aquarium (n = 125), only 55 (44 percent) profiled at least one of the three animals, resulting in 89 total profiles. Five general approaches to characterizing these animals emerged: (1) scientific social distancing, (2) beautiful and eye-catching, (3) grotesque, otherworldly, and strange, (4) brainless beauties, and (5) objects of touch, entertainment, and experience. While some practices, like touch exhibits, can support empathy outcomes among visitors, online profile practices may contribute to the objectification of these animals among visitors, which could ultimately impact conservation attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. Full article

The welfare of animals in zoos has come under increasing scrutiny as public awareness grows around the biological needs of captive species. It is also becoming clear that promoting positive welfare experiences upholds population management and conservation aims. This paper re-evaluates current welfare frameworks in zoological institutions, advocating for evidence-based practices, multi-dimensional welfare metrics, and greater emphasis on species-specific needs, as well as the importance of input-based approaches to assess the welfare of zoo animals. By evaluating the limitations of current welfare practices (e.g., a lack of species-specific assessment protocols or sound husbandry evidence to base measures on) and presenting potential areas for improvement, this paper identifies ways that sound baselines for meaningful zoo animal welfare outputs can be created. Although current welfare policies from large zoo membership organisations stipulate assessment of welfare outputs as key to improving animal welfare standards, such outputs can only be positive if inputs are species-specific and relevant to the animals being housed. Practices such as the use of environmental enrichment (for example) need to be further refined to ensure they provide meaningful outputs (for the individuals) from the inputs that create them. Understanding the animal’s needs to ensure that the goal of enrichment is clear benefits both the animal who is provided with the enrichment and the human caregivers as husbandry and management becomes easier. A focus on welfare outputs is commendable and (especially when considering emotional outputs) is indeed a gold standard to aim for, yet we must not lose sight of striving for improvements to housing, husbandry, and species-specific care. Without such fundamental support from correct inputs, outputs are unlikely to be truly (or meaningfully) positive. Therefore, consistent re-examination of inputs is required to make sure they uphold an individual’s attainment of good welfare. Full article

Considering the taxonomic uncertainties of Neotropical deer species, as well as the threat status of many of them, new studies and strategies for their maintenance are urgently needed. Obtaining live cells is of great importance for the conservation of wild species in order to allow cytogenetic and molecular studies to be carried out and for the construction of genomic resource banks. In order to increase the genetic diversity stored in these banks, the possibility of collecting skin fragments from dead animals (e.g., run over, hunted, deaths related to disease or natural causes) becomes a valuable source and a last alternative for obtaining material from these individuals. However, the interval between the death of the animal and the collection of tissue can directly interfere with the quality of the sample obtained and it is therefore essential to identify the maximum time during which viable cells are still found. Thus, this study sought to establish a protocol for the collection, storage, cryopreservation, and cultivation of skin obtained postmortem from individuals of the species Subulo gouazoubira (gray brocket deer) and Mazama rufa (red brocket deer). The collection of tissue fragments at different postmortem intervals (0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, 9 h, 10 h, and 11 h) was evaluated. The tissues were analyzed for fibroblast cell viability immediately after collection. Their ability to undergo cryopreservation was evaluated based on techniques that can be directly applied to samples obtained in the field and their subsequent thawing and success of cell cultures was performed in the laboratory. Regarding the genetic integrity of the cells, the number of metaphases was observed by the mitotic index. The cell viability presented by the samples always remained above 60%. It was possible to establish cell cultures even with the tissues obtained 11 h after the death of the individuals; however, they required twice as many days to reach bottle confluence compared to the cultures performed with the tissues obtained 0 h after the death of the individuals. The results suggest that the best rates of cell viability, time to reach confluence, and number of metaphases per cell (mitotic index) are found in skin fragments collected up to 5 h after the death of individuals when their carcasses are kept at room temperature. Full article

Butterflies have nectar-feeding preferences based on various floral characteristics, including flower shape, size, color, fragrance, and nectar composition, which in turn affect their survival, reproduction, and roles in pollination. The National Botanical Garden (NBG) in Lalitpur, Nepal, holds a variety of flowering plants and butterfly populations, providing a suitable study site to test the hypotheses on floral preferences of butterflies. This study assessed the floral preferences of the butterfly community in the NBG based on flower color, the origin of flowering plants (native and alien), and the type of plants (herbs and shrubs). It also tested the association between butterfly proboscis lengths and corolla tube lengths of flowers. Data were collected from 10 blocks (each 5 × 5 m²) through direct observation during the spring and autumn seasons, from March to October 2022. A total of 24 species of butterflies were recorded during the study period, with the chocolate pansy (Junonia iphita) being the most abundant. The relative abundance of pink flowers was higher in the NBG, but the butterflies’ visitation frequency was significantly higher on yellow flowers (p < 0.05) than on other colors. The visitation frequencies of butterflies significantly varied with the flowers’ origin and types. Butterflies visited flowers of alien origin more frequently than native ones (p < 0.05) and those of herbs over shrubs (p < 0.05). Flowers from alien plants, such as Calluna vulgaris and Viola tricolor, were among the most frequently visited. The proboscis length of butterflies showed a significantly strong positive correlation with the corolla tube length of flowers (τ = 0.74, p < 0.001). These results can inform conservation practices and garden management strategies aimed at supporting butterfly diversity through the intentional selection of floral resources. Full article

Zoo, aquarium, and sanctuary exhibit designers, both specialist “zoo architects”, and general practice architects, as well as landscape architects generally do not closely follow the evolving scientific literature on zoo biology, visitor experience, and managed animal welfare. Reportedly, this is because most zoo and aquarium clients do not require these efforts. Detailed requirements are provided by clients as project programs or briefs, which vary widely in quality and currency. Many clients and designers copy or adapt popular enclosure models without regard to their scientific foundations. Research papers frequently focus on discrete subject areas, such as animal behavior and welfare, visitor experience, or education, using their own methods and vocabulary. Relatively few studies integrate findings in ways useful to designers in preparing widely integrated systems. Regulatory standards set minimum rather than ideal standards. Knowledge of in situ animal behavior is lacking for many managed species. How can zoo and aquarium managers and designers be encouraged to increase research within the design process? This review article suggests that the long-term benefits of greater and better science integration outweigh initially higher design costs, resulting in improved facility and management design, benefiting all zoo, aquarium, and sanctuary stakeholders, and providing factual evidence underpinning community support. Full article

Flagellates of the genus Giardia are intestinal parasites with a broad host range. Several Giardia duodenalis variants (assemblages) recently elevated to species rank—G. duodenalis (assemblage A1), G. intestinalis (A2) and Giardia enterica (B) are human pathogens. Giardia enterica has been reported in some hystricomorph rodents such as wild crested porcupines (Hystrix cristata), but no data were previously available from Brazilian porcupines (Coendou prehensilis) and naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber). The aim of this study is to genetically identify the Giardia isolates from these three rodent species, all housed in a zoological institution. Fecal samples were processed using the Bailenger concentration method, and DNA was extracted from the sediments using commercial kits. Partial PCR amplification and sequencing of the glutamate dehydrogenase, beta-giardin, and triose-phosphate isomerase genes revealed that all isolates belonged to G. enterica, showing 99–100% identity with sequences available in GenBank. Prevalences could not be reliably estimated due to small group sizes and the resulting proportions may be biased. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying Giardia (G. enterica) in C. prehensilis and H. glaber, thus expanding the known host range of this parasite species and reinforcing the importance of surveillance in captive wild hosts. Full article

Botanical gardens have historically introduced alien species for agronomic, medicinal, and ornamental purposes, but they also contribute to plant invasions. The Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK) is a historic botanical garden established in 1866, as an acclimatisation arboretum for tropical plants, by the University of Cagliari. This study inventoried alien vascular plants in the HBK that showed some degree of spontaneity, analysing their status, origin, life form, introduction pathways, reproductive strategies, and presence in Sardinian habitats. A focus on invasive species and their historical introduction based on their first records on the island and in the HBK was made. Field surveys from 2015 to 2024 allowed us to identify 146 alien taxa, primarily neophytes (83%), 45% of which were naturalised and 12% were invasive. Ornamental plants contributed to 70% of introductions, while accidental taxa (weeds and hitchhikers, 61%) were the most invasive. Seed reproduction was the most common way of propagation (41%). About the diffusion in Sardinia, 25% of taxa had no records in nature outside the HBK, 39% were found only in anthropogenic habitats, and 36% in natural habitats. Among them, 8% were invasive in both the HBK and Sardinia, with wetlands being the most affected (5%). However, only 3% of common invasive species were first recorded in the HBK. The results highlight the role of the HBK in alien species spread and early detection, aiding in invasion management and biodiversity conservation in Sardinia. Full article

Amberboa moschata (L.) DC. (Asteraceae) is an endangered species, listed in the Red Book of Plants of the Republic of Armenia. The restricted extent of occurrence and habitat degradation necessitate conservation measures of this species, not only in the wild but also through ex situ cultivation. This study examines the comprehensive morpho-phenological, karyological, palynological, eco-physiological, and ornamental characteristics of A. moschata in the context of ex situ conservation. A. moschata plants cultivated ex situ demonstrated high adaptive traits, undergoing a full development cycle and experiencing less water stress compared to wild populations. The diploid cytotype has been found for the species to be 2n = 32, the karyotype is asymmetric, with chromosomes, 0.77–1.91 µm in size. The average pollen fertility of A. moschata is high, 96.7–96.9% in both natural and cultivated samples. A scale of decorativeness was developed, which includes 15 characteristics of the plant, providing an objective means to assess its visual appeal. The scale can be useful for integrating A. moschata into various landscaping schemes. Under cultivation, the total ornamental period lasts approximately 98 days, with the peak ornamental effect observed during the flowering phase, which spans 68–70 days. The study recommends A. moschata for inclusion in living collections in botanical gardens and for use in ornamental gardening and landscaping as part of its ex situ conservation strategy. A map, original photographs, and tables illustrate the article. Full article

Ongoing research on the effectiveness of enrichment at the species, group, and individual levels is beneficial to our growing understanding of animal welfare and behaviour for animals housed in human care. Diversifying the enrichment opportunities offered to animals in facilities such as zoos and aquariums helps to encourage a wide repertoire of species-typical, naturalistic, and rewarding behaviours. The present study aimed to examine the behavioural impact of novel food (ice blocks, gelatine, eggs) and non-food (lavender, clean sheets, mirrors) enrichment strategies on two zoo-housed prides of African lions (Panthera leo) housed in a rotation-based enclosure system at Orana Wildlife Park, New Zealand. The results of the study indicate that, while both forms of enrichment had a behavioural impact, the effects on behaviour varied with the type of enrichment used, both between and within the two categories. Different enrichment strategies varied in their impacts on resting behaviour, locomotion, and exploration levels in the lions. An increased focus on the specific behavioural outcomes of various novel enrichment strategies is essential to expand the efficacy of enrichment programs for future efforts to improve the wellbeing of zoo-housed animals. Full article

This study investigates how virtual reality (VR) experiences influence tourists’ intentions to visit Da Lat, Vietnam, as a botanical destination, emphasizing the mediating roles of enjoyment and immersion. By integrating flow theory with the Information Systems Success model, this research develops a comprehensive framework explaining how content quality, system quality, and VR vividness shape user engagement and travel intentions. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study analyzes survey data from 231 valid responses out of 240 participants. The findings reveal that content quality, system quality, and vividness significantly enhance enjoyment and immersion, which subsequently have a positive impact on travel intentions. The study contributes to the tourism and consumer experience literature by demonstrating how multisensory engagement in VR fosters decision-making. Theoretical implications include extending flow theory within virtual tourism and highlighting the joint influence of technological and perceptual factors on user behavior. Practically, these insights inform tourism marketers on optimizing VR environments to evoke emotional engagement and enhance destination appeal through immersive technology. Full article

For the effective management of captive animals, monitoring their behavior and interactions within the exhibit is essential. This approach provides insights into their welfare and helps identify behavioral differences compared to conspecifics in the wild. This ex situ study aimed to provide more insights about the behavior of a pair of siamangs residing at the Wildlife Park “Le Cornelle” in Valbrembo, Italy. The focus was on their behavior, and observations were conducted during two distinct periods (May–June 2021 and December 2021) to identify any seasonal differences. In both periods, the most frequent behaviors observed were resting, feeding, and allogrooming. Compared to conspecifics in the wild, allogrooming and singing occurred more frequently. Spatial analysis indicated a higher utilization of outdoor spaces than the tunnel and indoor areas, with statistically significant variations for both periods. The spatial analysis of singing behavior showed an equal use of outdoor and indoor areas during the first observation period. However, in the second observation period, a preference for indoor spaces was observed, likely due to lower recorded temperatures. More observations are needed to identify the factors influencing behavior, but it is clear that continuous monitoring plays a vital role in promptly addressing deviations or anomalies in animal behavior. Full article

It is surprising that, despite focusing on delivering engaging and informative content to zoo and aquarium visitors nationwide, relatively few zoos or aquariums incorporate culture or the extensive species and place-based knowledge of local communities, also known as traditional ecological knowledge (or TEK). In an exploratory study of educational programming at the Wildlife Conservation Society’s five zoo and aquarium institutions, we found that only 15% of onsite signage, webpages, and in-person animal programs used cultural or TEK elements to educate visitors. The TEK presented was primarily limited to a place or cultural group’s name only or an image of native communities who live in the region where a particular species originated. We found little to no focus on providing more detailed accounts of the knowledge of the many different communities contributing to conservation at a local level. We conclude there are many opportunities for further research and for informal education facilitates to readily incorporate culture and TEK into existing exhibits and programming. Extending relationships with local native community members and integrating indigenous perspectives, among other strategies, can extend a zoo’s reach in novel ways. Full article

Faecal parasitological examination of three red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus) newly arrived at Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria, revealed infestation with nematode eggs. The animals were successfully treated with albendazole and ivermectin. Adult nematodes obtained after deworming the kangaroos were identified as gastric strongylids of the species Rugopharynx australis (Mönnig, 1926). The initially collected faecal samples were used to follow the development of the parasites, in particular, the viability of the larvae hatching from the eggs. Morphometric and molecular data as well as some epidemiological observations of the species in the present materials are provided. The study provides the first morphological description of the free-living, infective third-stage larvae of the species. It is also the first record of R. australis in captive-bred kangaroos on the European continent. Full article