Development of Halal Tourism Villages Based on Local Culture and Sustainability

Abstract

The objectives of this study are, firstly, to determine the impact of tourism village development on economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects in supporting the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and, secondly, to formulate a halal, local culture-based, and sustainable tourism village development model. The research method was qualitative and quantitative. Survey data were collected using questionnaires and interviews. The data were analyzed using a difference test before and after the development of the tourism village. Based on the data analysis, significant differences in economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects existed before and after the development of the Benteng Ciampea tourism village in Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Many studies have examined the impact of tourism village development on social, economic, cultural, and environmental aspects. However, no comprehensive research has been conducted that is supported by empirical data. Most studies have been conducted partially and not linked to the SDGs. The SDGs issue distinguishes this from previous studies on developing sustainable halal tourism villages.

1. Introduction

Tourism villages are one of the community empowerment efforts used to increase economic growth (Salouw & Pramono, 2023). Of the 83,820 villages in Indonesia, 2% are tourism villages. Tourism villages are unique in terms of local culture and physical geographical environment. The uniqueness and characteristics of the village are potential tourist attractions. The existence of tourist village destinations is intended to increase the income of local people and local governments (Khoir & Dirgantara, 2020; Hailuddin et al., 2022). Many countries develop tourism destinations related to tourism sustainability by providing physical facilities, without the active involvement of local people (Latif, 2018). The development of tourism villages requires the active involvement of local people in all stages of activities and provides a positive economic impact, both individually and regionally (Dewi et al., 2013). In addition to the natural and cultural attractions of the local community, the readiness of local human resources is also a priority for tourism sustainability (Widyastuty & Dwiarta, 2021). The application of sustainable development in the tourism sector is a long-term oriented tourism development that prioritizes the interests of tourists and the participation of local people (Khoir & Dirgantara, 2020). The implications of community empowerment in tourism development impact cultural resilience and changes in social and environmental values (Dushkova & Ivlieva, 2024; Gocer et al., 2024). Low public awareness and ability to manage tourism potential can hinder sustainable tourism development (Junaid et al., 2022).

The latest development in the tourism sector is the concept of halal tourism. For Muslim customers, halal tourism guarantees the need for permissible, acceptable, and permitted products according to Islamic Sharia. Visitor satisfaction is important in halal tourism, especially for Muslim customers who can become ambassadors for other visitors to come and visit. The increasing number of tourists can create the sustainability of halal tourism development. As an integral part of the sustainable national tourism sector, the halal tourism industry in Indonesia has promising opportunities and potential to contribute to increasing community and government income. In addition, it can strengthen Indonesia’s position as a leading halal tourism destination in the world (Wazin et al., 2024). However, halal tourism in Indonesia faces many challenges, including market demand and dynamics, integration of technology and information, compliance with regulations, and financing (Danarta et al., 2024). In addition, a strong synergy between religion and tourism is needed to ensure the sustainability of halal tourism development in Indonesia that meets Islamic principles.

Changes in civilization and information technology (IT) advances encourage every tourism business manager to adapt and compete, in order to achieve excellence. The potential of tourism destinations for growing and developing sustainably in Indonesia is significant, especially in rural areas. Tourism development in rural areas can be achieved through improving infrastructure and accessibility, promotion and branding, quality of human resources, and conservation and sustainability. Adequate, comfortable infrastructure and low transportation costs can increase tourism potential in remote villages. Digital promotion and branding are carried out to introduce Indonesian tourist destinations based on IT to local and foreign tourists. The quality of human resources can provide the best service and tourist experience to encourage visitors to visit again. Meanwhile, increasing conservation and sustainability will protect the environment, natural resources, and cultural heritage from damage and exploitation. In this way, the potential for village tourism can develop and be sustainable, based on local wisdom.

The demographic conditions of the Indonesian people, who are predominantly Muslim, are the principal capital for the development of promising halal tourism, especially the halal tourism village program. The Mastercard–CrescentRating Global Travel Market Index (GMTI) 2019 report predicts that there will be an increase in Muslim tourists globally, from 140 million in 2018 to 230 million in 2026. Based on these growth data, many countries are concentrating on developing halal tourism. The potential for halal tourism is growing in countries that not members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), such as Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. A study by Ainin et al. (2020) revealed that Japan, Malaysia, and Indonesia are world halal tourism destinations.

In line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the development of halal tourism villages is part of sustainable tourism that is grouped into four aspects: social, cultural, economic, and ecological. Social factors include cooperation with residents, community welfare, and inclusion of minority groups, youth, and women. Economic elements include benefits to the local economy, local prosperity, implementation opportunities, ways to connect countries and cultures, and better quality of life. Cultural aspects include respect for local culture, religion, diversity, multicultural and interfaith tolerance, and promoting traditions, customs, and rituals. Environmental factors include less harmful actions, respect for nature and biodiversity, use of sustainable materials, reduction of greenhouse emissions, resource efficiency, and green infrastructure. The success of the SDGs requires collaboration between the government, private sector, civil society, and various other stakeholders. The central and regional governments’ role in supporting halal tourism development include designing and implementing regulations and policies, including halal certification, standardization of products and services, and fiscal policies that support industry players. Infrastructure development includes transportation and public facilities that are Muslim-friendly (including places of worship, Sharia hotels, and halal restaurants). The Indonesian Ministry of Tourism, in collaboration with various parties, has promoted halal tourism destinations at national and international levels through campaigns and participation in international exhibitions. Academics have a strategic role in developing concepts and innovations to support the sustainability of halal tourism.

Studies related to halal tourism villages and development have not been widely conducted. Previous studies have been more commonly directed at the development of halal tourism in general, including those related to Muslim consumer behavior, economic analysis, and socio-cultural impacts. The competence of human resources for halal tourism managers has also been highlighted in various empirical studies. Ahman et al. (2024) revealed that the active involvement of local communities is a significant factor in developing sustainable halal tourism villages. This study focuses predominantly on the behavior and norms of halal tourism visitors, rather than analyzing how halal aspects determine tourists’ decisions to visit. The study by Izudin et al. (2022) concluded that religious tourism villages contribute to developing religious tourism in Indonesia. However, that study does not highlight the social aspects of the community in the halal tourism village, which is the object of the present study. Haryanto et al. (2022) revealed that the problems of developing halal tourism villages include regulations, human resources, infrastructure, village conditions, and government. That study did not investigate religious and social factors that are important in developing halal tourism villages. Sgroi (2022) found that traditional rural areas have less well known routes, relying on natural and cultural resources. Tourist visitors and communities are integrated into new recreation trends, as many tourists today seek out remote places to escape from the city and the pressures of globalization. That study does not focus on tourist villages alone but on their relationship with social problems in urban areas. Chen et al. (2024) used Fuzhou City as a case study, identified important factors in rural environments that affect tourists’ emotions, and proposed strategies for sustainable optimization in rural areas. That study focused on tourist visitors’ emotional and sentiment aspects, not investigating the social and religious aspects of tourists and the community in rural tourist areas. However, based on previous research studies, a comprehensive analysis of sustainable halal tourism has not been performed, especially for tourist villages that have developed from edu agrotourism to halal tourist villages based on local resource potential and wisdom.

This study aims to determine the impact of tourism village development on socio-cultural, economic, and environmental aspects, support the acceleration of achievement of the SDGs, and design a model for creating sustainable halal tourism villages based on local communities. Analysis of these four aspects needs to be carried out to ensure that the development of tourism villages not only to improves the economic welfare of the community and village development but also emphasizes the importance of education about sustainable cultural and environmental preservation. The study’s results are expected to help the government and tourism village managers to improve their performance through community satisfaction, and become a model for the development of halal and sustainable tourism villages in Indonesian and foreign villages.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Sustainable Tourism Theory

Some well-known sustainable tourism theories include the Triple Bottom Line (BTL) framework (Scheyvens, 2024), the Stakeholder Theory in Sustainable Tourism (Miller & Torres-Delgado, 2023),the Carrying Capacity Theory (Hughes & Zhang, 2023), the Resilience Theory in Tourist Destinations (Cochrane, 2023), and Community-Based Tourism (CBT) Development (Tolkach & King, 2023). This study attempts to combine BTL, stakeholder theory, and CBT. The BTL concept emphasizes three essential aspects of tourism sustainability: economic (local income growth and sustainable investment), environmental (conservation of natural and cultural resources), and social (local community welfare). Meanwhile, the stakeholder theory approach emphasizes the importance of involving various stakeholders (government, local communities, businesses, tourists) in decision-making related to tourism village development. CBT emphasizes the active role of local communities in sustainable tourism development so that local communities receive economic benefits.

On the other hand, the idea of a green economy is becoming the center of world attention, including in developing countries such as Indonesia. The green economy concept aims to improve human welfare, reduce inequality, maintain environmental sustainability, and develop according to the ecological carrying capacity (Hidayattuloh et al., 2020). The key to success is balancing economic development and environmental protection. The green development concept will help tourism villages solve problems such as damage to the ecological environment, changes in traditional culture, and loss of original landscapes (Liu et al., 2023). The successful development of sustainable tourism is supported by infrastructure development and tourists’ responsible behavioral intentions (Yin et al., 2024; Handriana & Ambara, 2016; Harsanto & Wahyuningrat, 2024). High trust, good public communication, and product development influence the level of resilience of sustainable tourism development (Addina, 2020; Manner-Baldeon et al., 2024).

2.2. Halal Tourism

Halal tourism is considered a religious tourism activity that provides services and facilities by prioritizing Islamic values (El-Gohary, 2016). Islam and tourism have attracted the attention of researchers and the tourism industry. Halal tourism provides services, facilities, and experiences based on Islamic Sharia principles but remains inclusive to tourists from various backgrounds. Some key elements of halal tourism include alcohol-free hotels or accommodations, providing halal food, halal-friendly services, prayer facilities, and quality experiences (Battour, 2023). Some concepts, including Islamic halal tourism, have paid attention to the importance of halal tourism (Boğan, 2023; Vargas-Sanchez, 2020; Jafari & Scott, 2014). Halal tourism has recently become a rapidly growing tourism market segment, and studies on management and sustainability are needed. Sharia economics has a positive impact on the development of halal tourism, where transactions are far from gharar without additional goods (Hidayat et al., 2020). Halal tourism has been understood to be interpreted in different ways, depending on the structural position of each group. The problem of halal tourism is not just that of managers and tour guides but also of halal services (Slamet et al., 2022). Halal tourism is a significant concern for non-Muslim countries that offer tourist destinations, as Muslims become more aware of the consumption of Sharia-compliant products and services. Halal tourism refers to any practice or activity in tourism that is ‘permitted’ according to Islamic teachings by the Quran and Hadith (Battour & Ismail, 2016). Halal tourism components include the availability of halal facilities and infrastructure, halal tourism packages, and halal tourism activities. Halal tourism practices include the availability of worship facilities and non-alcoholic food that makes tourists feel comfortable, safe, and protected from violating religious teachings (Supryadi et al., 2023; Septiani & Gani, 2024).

Halal tourism villages are only known in Indonesia, and they offer authenticity in terms of socio-culture, customs, daily life, traditional architecture, and village spatial structure, presented in the form of integrated tourism components such as attractions, accommodation, and supporting facilities. The authenticity of a village will strengthen its identity, including space, cultural heritage, agricultural activities, natural landscapes, historical and cultural tourism, and unique and exotic experiences that are typical of the region (Kusuma et al., 2022). In 2024, Indonesia, with a Muslim majority of 87% of the total population of 269.6 million people and a country consisting of 81,616 villages with cultural diversity and natural wealth, is an attraction for domestic and international tourists, especially halal tourism villages (Izudin et al., 2022). The Fatwa of the Indonesian National Sharia Council (DSN), Number 108/DSN-MUI/X/2016 of 2016 concerning Guidelines for Organizing Tourism based on Sharia Principles explains that tourism is a travel activity carried out by a person or group of people by visiting certain places for recreational purposes, personal development, or studying the uniqueness of the tourist attractions visited for a temporary period. Sharia tourism is tourism that is conducted according to Sharia principles. So, the Sharia tourism village is a Sharia-based village tourism destination that is in line with the teachings of Islam. Rural tourism encourages sustainable development tourism with aspects of natural tourism development, scale, character, and ownership (Sharpley & Roberts, 2004). Regulatory improvements are needed to ensure that halal tourism meets tourists’ standards and expectations (Said et al., 2022).

This study presents a comprehensive approach by combining TBL, Stakeholder Theory, CBT, and green economy, and emphasizes the importance of infrastructure, tourist behavior, and communication. However, the main challenge is to ensure consistent implementation and overcome potential conflicts between various interests. This approach is relevant in facing the main issues in developing sustainable tourism villages, especially in developing countries like Indonesia.

2.3. Community Empowerment Theory

Community empowerment theory is a process that involves all elements in society to achieve better conditions in the larger social and political environment (Perkins & Zimmerman, 1995). A similar concept, CBT, is a tourism approach that places local communities as key stakeholders in tourism planning, development, and management. The main goal is to create sustainable, inclusive tourism that directly benefits local communities. The success of CBT depends on four key components: economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, community engagement, and tourist satisfaction (Tolkach & King, 2023). Success requires collaborative cooperation from all elements of society, starting from planning, implementation, and evaluation of results through community leaders and institutional support as facilitators towards a healthy and developing society (Fawcett et al., 1995). The community hopes that developing tourist villages can improve their welfare and benefit them. Therefore, efforts to increase community involvement and empowerment in the development of halal tourism are urgently needed. Several factors influence the success of developing a tourist village, including individual characteristics, the environment and group support (Rachmawatie et al., 2021), community participation, program design, and resource allocation (Suryatni et al., 2021). The adaptive capacity of tourist village communities provides more opportunities for economic improvement than non-tourism village communities (Handriana & Ambara, 2016). The authors work on several factors that influence the development of tourism villages, namely information technology, human resources, and cooperation between various stakeholders (Lubis et al., 2020). Competent, creative, and innovative human resources influence the competitiveness and sustainability of businesses (Dwikat et al., 2023). Human resource competence is defined at the ability of MSMEs to compete and be sustainable (Pranitasari et al., 2024). According to the theory of community-based reliance tourism (CBRT) with aspects of the tourism value chain (TVC), the ability to manage tourist villages with existing resources can create independence and sustainability in the long term (Sutomo et al., 2024).

3. Methods

The research was conducted in Benteng village, Ciampea District, Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The non-experimental research design used in-depth interviews, observations, surveys, questionnaires, and analysis of different tests to determine the impact of developing a sustainable halal tourism village in Benteng village. Qualitative and quantitative research approaches (mixed methods) were used. The qualitative approach captures the community’s experiences and perceptions of developing tourism villages in-depth and contextually. In contrast, the quantitative approach provides objective data, such as economic growth, employment opportunities, and socio-cultural and environmental changes. This approach ensures a holistic, accurate, and relevant analysis to support the planning, implementation, and evaluation of sustainable tourism village development.

Table 1. Operational definitions and variable measurement.

No	Aspect	Operational Definition	Indikator		Measurement
			Positive Impact	Negative Impact
1	Social Aspects	Social aspects refer to the influence of tourist village development on the social life of local communities, such as social interaction, lifestyle changes, and community participation.	Increased interpersonal relations between communities Opportunity to establish relationships between tourists and the community Emergence of new values and norms (cultural change)	Materialistic mental attitude Attitudes/lifestyles of tourists imitated by the community Increased crime due to inequality in people’s income	Likert scale 1–5
2	Cultural Aspects	Cultural aspects include the impact of tourist villages on preserving local culture, adapting traditions, and disseminating cultural values to tourists.	Introduction and experience of different cultures Contribution to the formation of an environment of diversity International tolerance and peace Recognition and appreciation of new cultural values and traditions	Disruption of mother tongue Changes in local values Disruption of traditional lifestyles Cultural conflict between tourists and residents	Likert scale 1–5
3	Economic Aspects	Economic aspects include changes in income, employment, and economic welfare caused by tourist village activities.	Increased community income Creating new economic areas Absorption of labor in the tourism sector Emergence of new community businesses and improving existing local businesses	Community dependence on the tourism industry, while income from tourism is uncertain (seasonal) Emergence of external costs for residents in tourist destination areas (such as cleaning costs, environmental maintenance) Land prices increase, thus becoming a threat to local communities Increase in prices of local goods and essential commodities	Likert scale 1–5
4	Environmental Aspects	Environmental aspects refer to changes in the village’s physical environment due to tourism development, such as cleanliness, ecological preservation, and waste handling.	Environmental awareness and better environmental management Restoration of historical sites and monuments Protection of natural and cultural heritage sites	Increased consumption of natural resources Destruction of land and its sustainable use Ecosystem changes caused by tourism companies Increased pressure on existing infrastructure Increased air, water, noise, and visual pollution	Likert scale 1–5

Source: Theory concepts of the social-culture–economic–environment were developed in 2024.

presents the operational definitions and variable measurements of four aspects: social, cultural, economic, and environmental.

Observations, document analysis, and in-depth interviews with local stakeholders, including local government, village managers, and tourists, were carried out to understand the development of Benteng tourist village. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, through a survey that distributed questionnaires to the community and tourists in Benteng village, was used to collect research data to determine the impact of developing a sustainable halal tourism village. The population of this study was Benteng village, totaling 12,174 people. The Benteng village community consists of MSME business actors, farmer groups, art studios, tourism village managers, and the general public, all of whom are affected by the development of a sustainable halal tourism village. The research sample was determined to be 400 people, using a simple stratified and random sampling technique for communities affected by the development of Benteng tourist village, which spread across seven resident associations and 40 neighborhood associations. Stratified sampling of the entire Benteng village community was used to ensure that all subgroups were represented. Random sampling was chosen to reduce bias and ensure representativeness and proportional sampling was used for the community’s business actors, village managers, and tourist village managers.

The research was conducted from January to October 2024 in Benteng Ciampea Tourism Village, Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to describe the impact of Benteng tourism village development, before and after development based on community responses and data analysis. Data collection used questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and observations. The questionnaire was compiled using an ordinal scale of 1–5 (Strongly Disagree–Strongly Agree). In-depth interviews and observations were conducted to determine respondents’ views on the impact of tourism village development, before and afterwards. Determination of the number of samples used the Slovin formula; with a population of 12,147 residents of Benteng Village and with a margin of error of 5%, a sample size of 400 respondents was determined. The data were analyzed using a difference test, before and after the development of Benteng tourism village, using the Wilcoxon Rank test. The research steps were as follows: (1) Identification of research variables, including socio-cultural, economic, and environmental aspects; (2) Data collection before and after the development of the tourism village, in early and late 2024; (3) Preparation of questionnaire research instruments and testing them for validity and reliability; (4) Sampling using a random sampling technique, which is representative for each part of Benteng tourist village area (RT/RW); (5) Data collection before and after tourism village development; (6) Data analysis: calculating the score or value of socio-cultural, economic and environmental aspects before and after tourism village development; and (7) Wilcoxon Rank test (if the p-value is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, then there is a significant difference between the data collected before and after).

4. Results and Discussion

Bogor Regency is located in the Indonesian province of West Java, with an area of around 298,838,304 Ha, divided into 40 sub-districts, 416 villages, and 19 sub-districts. Bogor Regency has tourism potential, including 300 accommodations, 500 restaurants and eateries, 150 tourist attractions, 100 arts and culture studios, and 70 tourist villages. The natural potential of Bogor district is 96 setu or lakes, 11 mountains, 100 waterfalls, 11 international standard golf courses, one international standard circuit, and a stadium with a capacity of more than 30,000 spectators. Tourist visits have continued to increase since 2020, with the number of visitors in 2023 amounting to 12.7 million. Tourist visits increased local revenue from the tourism sector, from 219.1 billion in 2020 to 534.8 billion in 2023. This is a driving factor for tourism in Bogor district, including Benteng village. This condition also increased the development of tourist villages, from 4 villages in 2009 to 70 tourist villages in 2023.

Benteng Village is one of the villages in the Ciampea sub-district, Bogor Regency. The area of Benteng village is 248.5 Ha, consisting of a rice field area of 82 Ha and a land area of 152.5 Ha. Benteng Village is a multi-ethnic, racial, and religious village. Despite their different beliefs, the residents of Benteng Village have lived in harmony, safety, and peace for generations in an atmosphere of very high tolerance and togetherness.

Benteng Tourism Village is one of the BUMDes business units, “SAKINAH” Benteng Village, which was formed in 2019 through the Decree of the Head of Benteng Village by adopting the concept of EDU AGROTOURISM (Thematic et al., based on education and agriculture) with the aim of:

• Empowering residents and the economy of Benteng Village
• Exploring and utilizing the potential of natural resources and human resources
• Supporting the Bogor Regency Government program as a “City of Sport and Tourism”.

Benteng Tourism Village has more than 20 tourist destinations/attractions, packaged as natural tourism, educational tourism, cultural tourism, religious tourism, artificial/craft tourism, and culinary/MSME tourism.

Of the four hundred respondents, most were female (224; 56%), aged 31–40 years (164; 41%), had a high school education (252; 63%) and worked as housewives (299; 62%); detailed demographics of the respondents are presented in Appendix A.

The questionnaire was prepared based on indicators of social, cultural, economic, and environmental aspects for 400 respondents consisting of business actors, village officials, youth, managers, and the community of Benteng tourist village. The research data were analyzed by comparing the average values before and after the development of the tourist village. The analysis results showed an increase in the average value before and after the development of the tourist village of the four aspects (

Table 2. Changes in average values before and after development of tourism villages.

No	Aspect	Before		After		Indicator
		Score	Criteria	Score	Criteria
1	Social	3.13	Moderate	4.09	High	Interpersonal relationships, solidarity, interaction with tourists, lifestyle changes, security and order, economic inequality, and availability of public facilities
2	Cultural	3.17	Moderate	4.01	High	Involvement, participation, concern for preserving local culture and language, and cultural conflict
3	Economic	3.02	Moderate	3.99	High	Income, job opportunities, business opportunities, price increases, and cost of living
4	Environmental	3.06	Moderate	3.90	High	Awareness of environmental cleanliness, consumption of natural resources, land damage, ecosystem changes, and increased water and air pollution
	Average	3.10	Moderate	4.00	High	Increase average scores for social, cultural, economic, and environmental aspects.

Source: Benteng Village Questionnaire (data processed).

). The average values before and after the development of tourism village, shown as indicators for social, cultural, economic, and environmental elements, are presented in Appendix B.

The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test is a nonparametric test to measure the significance of differences between two groups of paired data on an ordinal or interval scale that have a non-normal distribution.

Table 3. Output ranks.

		N	Mean Rank	Sum of Ranks
Before–After	Negative Ranks	${162 }^{\mathrm{a}}$	187.17	30,321.00
	Positive Ranks	${233 }^{\mathrm{b}}$	205.53	47,889.00
	Ties	${5 }^{\mathrm{c}}$
	Total	400

Note: a, b, c indicate negative, positive and ties values respectively.

shows the results of data from the Benteng Tourism Village research questionnaire, analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test.

The difference in respondents’ responses to the conditions of Benteng Tourism Village before and after its development had a negative value, namely 162. Positive ranks represent the difference between respondents’ responses to the conditions of Benteng Tourism Village before and after its development, and they had a positive value of 233. Whether or not there are ties, there are differences in respondents’ responses to the conditions of Benteng Tourism Village before and after development, which are represented by five ties.

Based on

Table 4. Test statistic.

	Before–After
Z	${-3.869 }^{\mathrm{b}}$
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)	0.000

Note: b indicate negative value.

, the significance value of 0.000 (<0.05) means that there were differences in the condition of Benteng Tourism Village before and after the development of the tourism village, in social, cultural, economic, and environmental aspects. Several studies related to the impact of tourism development in Indonesia and the rest of the world were mostly oriented toward discussing economic, social, cultural, environmental, and sustainability aspects separately (Muqsith et al., 2023; Ružić et al., 2007; Prayitno et al., 2022).

4.1. Social Impact Analysis

The analysis of positive social impacts indicates an increase in the sense of togetherness and solidarity, concern for cleanliness, interpersonal relationships between residents, the availability of public facilities, opportunities to interact with other residents, security, and interaction with tourists. At the same time, the negative impacts are materialistic attitudes, changes in lifestyle imitating tourists, and increased crime (Appendix B). Ryan (2016) proved that halal tourism has caused changes in social interaction patterns in local communities as a result of interactions with Muslim tourists. Komaruddin and Bahri (2024) found that, socially, Sharia tourism contributes to increased community involvement and cultural awareness. Furthermore, that study revealed that interactions with Islamic tourism increase local people’s understanding of religious and cultural values. Aman et al. (2019) confirmed that local communities’ cultural and social values are important in determining their commitment to sustainable tourism practices. The ability of the community to adapt to tourists is one of the impacts of the social aspect of tourism village development. Research in China found that the adaptive capacity of tourism-oriented households was higher than that of non-tourism-oriented community groups (Poulis & Poulis, 2011). The findings of this study support previous studies related to the community empowerment theory and the stakeholder theory, which state that the sustainability of tourism village development depends on the contribution of local communities as the primary stakeholders.

4.2. Cultural Impact Analysis

Analysis of the positive impact of halal tourism villages on local community culture shows that people believe that cultural values such as cooperation, politeness, friendliness, and harmony are still maintained in Indonesian society. On the other hand, the negative impacts include changes in local cultural values, conflicts between tourists and local culture, and disruption of the mother tongue (Appendix B). On the other hand, local community culture has become an attraction for tourist villages in several countries. The factors of leniency, elegance, compassion, politeness, refinement, and truth are associated with increased contributions to hospitality in Turkish society (Tasci et al., 2021). Developing local culture through regional brand culture is a village development model strategy combining industrial areas and tourist villages (Yin et al., 2024). Motivation and experience of cultural tourism are related to tourist satisfaction. Motivation for cultural tourism also creates tolerance and fosters intercultural understanding and respect. High tourist satisfaction builds loyalty and intention to revisit or recommend tourist attractions to others (Marlina et al., 2024). In terms of development of culture-based tourist villages, cultural diversity in Indonesian tourist villages has an impact on strengthening and preserving community culture and is one of the tourist attractions. Muharis et al. (2024) revealed the need to assess local cultural compliance in conceptualizing and developing halal tourism, without disrupting cultural heritage standards and encouraging sustainable tourism. The study’s results align with the Triple Bottom Line (BTL) framework, which emphasizes three important aspects of tourism sustainability: economic, environmental (conservation of natural and cultural resources), and social. The development of tourist villages has positive and negative impacts on culture, by maintaining good values and avoiding the erosion of local cultural values.

4.3. Economic Impact Analysis

The development of halal tourism villages has an impact on the economy. The community considers the development of tourism villages to impact the addition of new businesses and economic areas, thereby increasing employment opportunities, income, and the welfare of village communities. The negative impacts of the development of tourism villages on the economic aspect include increasing land prices, external costs such as cleaning costs, increasing prices of necessities, and community dependence on the tourism industry (Appendix B). Fathan et al. (2022) stated that the development of halal tourism can increase the empowerment of the people’s economy by opening up new jobs and business opportunities. El-Gohary (2016) and Jafari and Scott (2014) proved that high halal tourism growth can increase a country’s economic growth. Ghani (2016) found that Malaysia’s economic growth has increased significantly, thanks to the halal tourism industry. Qoir (2024) found that the number of tourists positively impacts economic growth in eight Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries. OIC countries are developing the halal tourism sector through innovation and renewal, including providing Muslim-friendly facilities at every airport, Sharia-based hotels, and halal food and drinks in restaurants and places of worship for Muslim tourists. In addition, several countries also promote halal tourism to attract Muslim tourists to visit their countries. Related to the TBL theory, the development of tourist villages impacts the economic aspects and increases community welfare by creating new business and job opportunities.

4.4. Environmental Impact Analysis

Analysis of the positive impacts of halal tourism villages indicates that these result in increasing public awareness of environmental cleanliness, restoration of historical monument sites, and natural conditions of the village. On the other hand, the negative impacts consist of increasing pressure on infrastructure utilization, changes in ecosystems, and increasing air, water, and visual noise pollution. Amalia et al. (2024) report that halal tourism’s rapid development impacts resource depletion, climate change, and environmental degradation (Amalia et al., 2024). Rojabi et al. (2020) revealed the relationship between the development of halal tourism and the implementation of zero waste, known to the community as maintaining environmental cleanliness, reflecting Islamic teachings. Zulvianti et al. (2022) prove that combining environmental and other important elements determines tourist satisfaction.

One of the impacts of developing tourism villages on environmental aspects is increasing public awareness of environmental cleanliness, which is one of the positive impressions tourists have of the environment of tourism villages. Ecological labeling in the tourism industry impacts international tourism activities and the development of the green economy (Yılmaz et al., 2019). Consumers are generally more interested in green hotels as tourist destinations (Liu et al., 2023). This discussion is not limited to the tourism industry, especially tourism villages. However, environmental issues are important issues that need to be considered, not only for the manufacturing industry but also for the service industry, including tourism, for performance and sustainability (Hameed et al., 2020; Zacher et al., 2023). Research on green knowledge sharing affects pro-environmental workplace performance and behavior and green autonomy through green HRM, rewards, and compensation (Ansong et al., 2024; Khan et al., 2019; Ren et al., 2020). The impact on the environment of tourism villages is that the increase in tourists will increase waste; this increases public awareness of environmental cleanliness as a tourist attraction and creates business opportunities for waste processing for homemakers without an income. According to the TBL framework, developing tourist villages impacts community awareness of environmental concerns, cleanliness, security, comfort, and beauty.

4.5. Stakeholder Involvement

The role of stakeholder involvement in developing tourism villages is vital and necessary. The participation of regional and central governments, academics, financial institutions, and the industrial community and society greatly influences tourist village development. Several programs are implemented by the Bogor Regency government related to developing tourist villages to achieve SDGs. These include sustainable management programs, training in tourism village management, facilitation of tourist village forums or Pokdarwis, facilitation of university assistance, and facilitation of partnerships with stakeholders. In addition, there are socio-economic sustainability programs, homestay capacity-building training, IPR facilities, creative economy development, and village tourism festivals and jamborees. Furthermore, there are cultural sustainability programs, grants for art equipment, coaching for studios and artists, and inventory and revitalization of cultural sites or heritage. In addition, there is an environmental sustainability program, tourism awareness movement campaign, development of ecovillages and environmentally friendly villages, and the one billion 1 village program to improve sanitation, water, and the environment. The programs that have been implemented can encourage the development of tourist villages, from pioneering to developing, advanced, and independent. Stakeholder involvement impacts the SDG goals of decent work and economic growth, significantly increasing the number of foreign tourists visiting Indonesia, from 1,557,530 people to 5,471,277 people (251%).

The results of the focus group discussion (FGD) with stakeholders (village heads, tourism village managers, heads of culture and tourism services, tourist village associations, academics, and the community) formed a design for the hexa-helix model for halal, quality, and sustainable tourism village development (Figure 1).

Appropriate government policies and collaborative partnerships drive sustainable rural tourism development (Sutomo et al., 2024). The positive impact of digitalization, with internet-based technology, stands out as the most influential medium for driving the growth and sustainability of tourism, especially hospitality (Magoutas et al., 2024). Tourism villages empower local communities, providing employment opportunities, cultural preservation, infrastructure development, and income. Intense stakeholder involvement is needed for independent and sustainable tourism villages. Government policies that support village development, academic activities in research and community service, utilization of digital information technology through mass media, high involvement and motivation of village communities, participation of business actors, and tourism village associations play essential roles in the development of halal, quality and sustainable tourism villages. Research using the penta-helix communication model involving five main actors, namely campuses, corporate CSR, communities, mass media, and local governments, found that communication and collaboration between stakeholders in empowering communities can accelerate the realization of tourism villages as superior cultural heritage destinations (Zhang et al., 2024). This distinguishes this study from previous studies based on several research studies on stakeholder involvement in tourism development, especially in tourist villages. As the actors involved in the penta-helix model are generally the government, academics, industry associations, business actors, and the mass media, the hexa-helix model emphasizes the importance of village communities with motivation, abilities, and resources, including their local culture.

5. Conclusions

As a component of Indonesia’s tourist destinations, tourist villages continue to be developed for sustainability and in accordance with changing times. One of the tourist villages in Bogor Regency is Banteng Tourism Village, which was established in 2019. In line with the development of community needs, Benteng Tourism Village, which initially had an edu agrotourism concept, has become a sustainable halal tourism village based on community or local wisdom. The results of this study found differences in economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects before and after becoming a tourist village. The economic aspect is reflected as increasing income and job opportunities. The social aspect includes increasing togetherness, cooperation, solidarity, and concern for fellow villagers. The cultural aspect includes increasing pride and community involvement in preserving local culture and language. The environmental aspect comprises increasing awareness of ecological cleanliness and preserving local resources. Visitor and community satisfaction increased with the physical development and improvement of village facilities after the development of the tourist village. This finding is a role model in developing tourist villages, especially in Indonesia and other countries rich in natural resources, diverse ethnicities, religions, languages, and cultures.

The practical implications of the findings are that, in developing sustainable halal tourism villages based on local wisdom and active participation of local communities, it is important for tourism managers and local communities to pay attention to the “halalness” of tourism products and social, cultural, and environmental aspects. Halal certification for all supporting products of halal tourism villages is needed to ensure compliance and trust in the halal tourism segment. Islamic organizations actively sponsor and offer consulting services to the tourism industry to make tourist destinations halal-friendly.

Suggestions for further research include expanding the scope of tourism villages in Indonesia and developing halal tourism villages in other countries. Comparisons between villages and countries can help to visualize the differences in impacts between tourism villages, thus providing a deeper understanding of the factors that can influence the success or failure of halal tourism village development. In addition, it is also recommended that the impacts of education and environmental awareness on sustainable tourism be analyzed. Public education about the importance of environmental and cultural preservation and integrated education programs in tourism are needed to improve environmental and cultural literacy.