Nighttime Phone Use and Past Exposure to Cyberbullying and Their Impact on Sleep and Psychological Wellbeing in Australian Children Aged 7 to 19 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Cyberbullying, Nighttime Phone Use, Sleeping 8 h, and Psychological Distress
3.2. Relationship between Cyberbullying, Nighttime Phone Use, Psychological Distress, and Sleep Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Question | Response | |||
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Nighttime phone use (During the last week, how many times have you sent or received messages at night) a | 5+ | 3–4 | 1–2 | 0 |
Sleep (I get at least 8 h of sleep most nights) | Never | Sometimes | Often | Always |
Cyberbullying (In the last school term I have been bullied at school). | Daily | Weekly | Once a Term | Never |
Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by the following problems?) | Not at all | Several days | More than half the days | Nearly every day |
Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Not being able to stop or control worrying | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Feeling down, depressed or hopeless | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Little interest or pleasure in doing things | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Outcome Variable | Girls | Boys | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Cyber-bullied | Cyberbullied | Non-Cyber-bullied | Cyberbullied | |
Primary School Aged (n) | (9824) | (1388) | (9279) | (1846) |
Nighttime phone use | ||||
0 per night | 70.1 | 37.2 | 70.6 | 41.0 |
1–2 per night | 17.8 | 26.1 | 16.5 | 24.8 |
3–4 per night | 5.8 | 15.1 | 5.4 | 14.5 |
5+ per night | 6.3 | 21.6 | 7.5 | 19.8 |
I get at least 8 h of sleep most nights | ||||
Never or Rarely | 4.6 | 12.6 | 6.3 | 13.6 |
Sometimes | 14.5 | 24.0 | 17.3 | 24.4 |
Often | 28.1 | 27.6 | 28.5 | 25.2 |
Always or Almost Always | 52.8 | 35.8 | 47.9 | 36.7 |
Patient Health Questionnaire-4 | ||||
Normal-to-Mild Range | 83.1 | 57.9 | 83.4 | 62.5 |
Moderate-to-Severe Range | 16.9 | 42.1 | 16.6 | 37.5 |
Secondary School-Aged (n) | (16,081) | (2842) | (10,672) | (1802) |
Nighttime phone use | ||||
0 per night | 37.0 | 18.1 | 44.9 | 21.9 |
1–2 per night | 28.3 | 26.1 | 23.9 | 24.6 |
3–4 per night | 13.4 | 18.3 | 10.4 | 18.9 |
5+ per night | 21.4 | 37.5 | 20.7 | 34.5 |
I get at least 8 h of sleep most nights | ||||
Never or Rarely | 14.8 | 26.3 | 11.9 | 21.7 |
Sometimes | 28.9 | 33.8 | 25.7 | 28.7 |
Often | 28.2 | 22.2 | 30.6 | 26.9 |
Always or Almost Always | 28.1 | 17.7 | 31.9 | 22.7 |
Patient Health Questionnaire-4 | ||||
Normal-to-Mild Range | 66.7 | 37.8 | 80.4 | 56.7 |
Moderate-to-Severe Range | 33.3 | 62.2 | 19.6 | 43.3 |
Nighttime Phone Use | Cyberbullied | Psychological Distress | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary School Girls | Cyberbullied | 0.43 | ||
Psychological Distress | 0.24 | 0.40 | ||
Sleep 8 h | −0.24 | −0.25 | −0.34 | |
Primary School Boys | Cyberbullied | 0.39 | ||
Psychological Distress | 0.17 | 0.36 | ||
Sleep 8 h | −0.21 | −0.20 | −0.29 | |
Secondary School Girls | Cyberbullied | 0.28 | ||
Psychological Distress | 0.28 | 0.39 | ||
Sleep 8 h | −0.44 | −0.21 | −0.43 | |
Secondary School Boys | Cyberbullied | 0.29 | ||
Psychological Distress | 0.19 | 0.37 | ||
Sleep 8 h | −0.35 | −0.18 | −0.38 | |
Overall | Cyberbullied | 0.32 | ||
Psychological Distress | 0.28 | 0.37 | ||
Sleep 8 h | −0.40 | −0.21 | −0.41 |
PHQ-4 | Sleep 8 h | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef | SE | p | Coef | SE | p | |||
Primary School Girls a | Nighttime Phone Use (times per week) | 2 | 0.21 | 0.04 | <0.001 | −0.19 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
3–4 | 0.30 | 0.06 | <0.001 | −0.40 | 0.05 | <0.001 | ||
5+ | 0.45 | 0.06 | <0.001 | −0.59 | 0.05 | <0.001 | ||
Cyberbullied | Yes | 0.72 | 0.06 | <0.001 | −0.45 | 0.05 | <0.001 | |
Interaction Effect | Yes, 2 | −0.10 | 0.09 | 0.289 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.176 | |
Yes, 3–4 | −0.07 | 0.12 | 0.558 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.041 | ||
Yes, 5+ | −0.15 | 0.11 | 0.178 | 0.19 | 0.91 | 0.036 | ||
Primary School Boys b | Nighttime Phone Use (times per week) | 2 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.007 | −0.17 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
3–4 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.008 | −0.41 | 0.05 | <0.001 | ||
5+ | 0.33 | 0.05 | <0.001 | −0.48 | 0.04 | <0.001 | ||
Cyberbullied | Yes | 0.67 | 0.05 | <0.001 | −0.32 | 0.04 | <0.001 | |
Interaction Effect | Yes, 2 | −0.13 | 0.09 | 0.135 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.822 | |
Yes, 3–4 | −0.03 | 0.11 | 0.806 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.012 | ||
Yes, 5+ | −0.23 | 0.10 | 0.019 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.084 | ||
Secondary School Girls c | Nighttime Phone Use (times per week) | 2 | 0.21 | 0.03 | <0.001 | −0.47 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
3–4 | 0.39 | 0.03 | <0.001 | −0.83 | 0.03 | <0.001 | ||
5+ | 0.59 | 0.03 | <0.001 | −1.10 | 0.02 | <0.001 | ||
Cyberbullied | Yes | 0.69 | 0.06 | <0.001 | −0.31 | 0.05 | <0.001 | |
Interaction Effect | Yes, 2 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.866 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.401 | |
Yes, 3–4 | −0.13 | 0.08 | 0.112 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.004 | ||
Yes, 5+ | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.549 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.110 | ||
Secondary School Boys d | Nighttime Phone Use (times per week) | 2 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.059 | −0.28 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
3–4 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.033 | −0.57 | 0.04 | <0.001 | ||
5+ | 0.40 | 0.04 | <0.001 | −0.83 | 0.03 | <0.001 | ||
Cyberbullied | Yes | 0.71 | 0.07 | <0.001 | −0.31 | 0.06 | <0.001 | |
Interaction Effect | Yes, 2 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.143 | −0.10 | 0.08 | 0.226 | |
Yes, 3–4 | −0.11 | 0.11 | 0.317 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.001 | ||
Yes, 5+ | −0.27 | 0.09 | 0.002 | 0.28 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
Nighttime Phone Use (Times per Week) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strata | Cyberbullied | 0 | 5+ | Diff | Post-Hoc | |
PHQ-4 mod–severe | PS Boys | No | 15% | 25% | 10% | 0 < 1–2, 3–4, 5+ |
Yes | 36% | 40% | 4% | |||
SS Boys | No | 17% | 29% | 12% | 0 < 1–2, 3–4, 5+ | |
Yes | 40% | 45% | 5% | 0 < 5+ | ||
Sleep 8 h always | PS Girls | No | 57% | 35% | −22% | 0 > 5+ |
Yes | 43% | 29% | −14% | 0 > 5+ | ||
PS Boys | No | 52% | 35% | −17% | 0 > 3–4, 5+ | |
Yes | 42% | 32% | −10% | 0 > 5+ | ||
SS Girls | No | 45% | 12% | −33% | 0 < 1–2, 3–4, 5+ | |
Yes | 34% | 11% | −23% | 0 < 1–2, 3–4, 5+ | ||
SS Boys | No | 43% | 17% | −26% | 0 > 3–4, 5+ | |
Yes | 33% | 22% | −11% | 0 > 5+ |
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Centofanti, S.; Lushington, K.; Wicking, A.; Wicking, P.; Dorrian, J. Nighttime Phone Use and Past Exposure to Cyberbullying and Their Impact on Sleep and Psychological Wellbeing in Australian Children Aged 7 to 19 Years. Adolescents 2024, 4, 355-374. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents4030025
Centofanti S, Lushington K, Wicking A, Wicking P, Dorrian J. Nighttime Phone Use and Past Exposure to Cyberbullying and Their Impact on Sleep and Psychological Wellbeing in Australian Children Aged 7 to 19 Years. Adolescents. 2024; 4(3):355-374. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents4030025
Chicago/Turabian StyleCentofanti, Stephanie, Kurt Lushington, Andrew Wicking, Peter Wicking, and Jillian Dorrian. 2024. "Nighttime Phone Use and Past Exposure to Cyberbullying and Their Impact on Sleep and Psychological Wellbeing in Australian Children Aged 7 to 19 Years" Adolescents 4, no. 3: 355-374. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents4030025