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Review

The Science Behind Stress: From Theory to Clinic, Is Basal Septal Hypertrophy the Missing Link between Hypertension and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?

1
Medical School, Mustafa Kemal University, Antioch 31060, Türkiye
2
Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Mustafa Kemal University, Antioch 31060, Türkiye
3
Cardiac Imaging, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, UCSF HEALTH, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
4
Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Türkiye
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Stresses 2024, 4(2), 330-341; https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020021
Submission received: 28 March 2024 / Revised: 9 May 2024 / Accepted: 13 May 2024 / Published: 15 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Human and Animal Stresses)

Abstract

The modern theory of stress, initially proposed by Hans Selye in 1956, signifies an important development in our understanding of this phenomenon. Selye’s The Stress of Life serves as a foundational book for subsequent scientific questions. In this article, we focus on a comprehensive look at stress and use a literature review to explain its theoretical foundations as well as its clinical equivalent. Our research focuses on the complex mechanisms of stress, with a particular emphasis on the consequences of cardiac remodeling and adaptation processes. Myocardial remodeling might be seen as a response to increased stress in acute or chronic situations. Stressed heart morphology (SHM) is a very interesting description representing basal septal hypertrophy (BSH), which is detectable in both acute emotional stress and chronic stress due to increased afterload in hypertension. Acute stress cardiomyopathy (ASC) and hypertension in the same individuals could be clinically linked. Also, in this report, we mention the geometric and functional similarity of the left ventricle (LV) septal base in both acute and chronic clinical situations. Therefore, cardiac imaging methods are crucial to assessing LV segmental aspects in ASC patients. We propose a new paradigm that ASC may develop in hypertensive patients with SHM. We document the segmental progression of microscopic LV remodeling using a third-generation microscopic ultrasound and note that BSH takes a longer time to occur morphologically than an acutely developed syndrome. However, the majority of ASC events have a predominant base, and the absence of segmental remodeling details, including BSH and cardiac decompensation with apical ballooning, on echocardiographic reports may mask the possible underlying hypertensive disease. In fact, beyond ASC cases, previously undiagnosed hypertension is very common, even in developed countries, and is associated with masked target organ damage.
Keywords: acute stress cardiomyopathy; basal septal hypertrophy; hypertension; early imaging biomarker; stressed heart morphology acute stress cardiomyopathy; basal septal hypertrophy; hypertension; early imaging biomarker; stressed heart morphology

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MDPI and ACS Style

Çağatay, B.; Yalçin, F.; Kıraç, A.; Küçükler, N.; Abraham, M.R. The Science Behind Stress: From Theory to Clinic, Is Basal Septal Hypertrophy the Missing Link between Hypertension and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy? Stresses 2024, 4, 330-341. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020021

AMA Style

Çağatay B, Yalçin F, Kıraç A, Küçükler N, Abraham MR. The Science Behind Stress: From Theory to Clinic, Is Basal Septal Hypertrophy the Missing Link between Hypertension and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy? Stresses. 2024; 4(2):330-341. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020021

Chicago/Turabian Style

Çağatay, Boran, Fatih Yalçin, Adnan Kıraç, Nagehan Küçükler, and Maria Roselle Abraham. 2024. "The Science Behind Stress: From Theory to Clinic, Is Basal Septal Hypertrophy the Missing Link between Hypertension and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?" Stresses 4, no. 2: 330-341. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020021

APA Style

Çağatay, B., Yalçin, F., Kıraç, A., Küçükler, N., & Abraham, M. R. (2024). The Science Behind Stress: From Theory to Clinic, Is Basal Septal Hypertrophy the Missing Link between Hypertension and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy? Stresses, 4(2), 330-341. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020021

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