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Article

Revision and Extension of a Generally Applicable Group Additivity Method for the Calculation of the Refractivity and Polarizability of Organic Molecules at 298.15 K

by
Rudolf Naef
1,* and
William E. Acree, Jr.
2
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
2
Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Liquids 2022, 2(4), 327-377; https://doi.org/10.3390/liquids2040020
Submission received: 30 August 2022 / Revised: 30 September 2022 / Accepted: 7 October 2022 / Published: 13 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Liquids Behavior: Experiments, Theory and Simulations)
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Abstract

:
In a continuation and extension of an earlier publication, the calculation of the refractivity and polarizability of organic molecules at standard conditions is presented, applying a commonly applicable computer algorithm based on an atom group additivity method, where the molecules are broken down into their constituting atoms, these again being further characterized by their immediate neighbor atoms. The calculation of their group contributions, carried out by means of a fast Gauss–Seidel fitting calculus, used the experimental data of 5988 molecules from literature. An immediate subsequent ten-fold cross-validation test confirmed the extraordinary accuracy of the prediction of the molar refractivity, indicated by a correlation coefficient R2 and a cross-validated analog Q2 of 0.9997, a standard deviation σ of 0.38, a cross-validated analog S of 0.41, and a mean absolute deviation of 0.76%. The high reliability of the predictions was exemplified with three classes of molecules: ionic liquids and silicon- and boron-containing compounds. The corresponding molecular polarizabilities were calculated indirectly from the refractivity using the inverse Lorentz–Lorenz relation. In addition, it could be shown that there is a close relationship between the “true” volume and the refractivity of a molecule, revealing an excellent correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9645 and a mean absolute deviation of 7.53%.

1. Introduction

In continuation of an earlier paper [1], which used a generally applicable atom groups additivity method for the prediction of various molecular descriptors including the refractivity and the polarizability of molecules, the present work puts the focus on the latter two descriptors, for which on the one hand, an extended number of further experimental refractivity data has been included in the atom group parameters calculation, and on the other hand, a different method for the prediction of the polarizability has been introduced, this time based on the former descriptor. The main goal of the present work was to not only increase the reliability of the atom group parameters already published in [1], but in particular to extend the number of atom groups for which as yet no parameter values have been available, with the main interest aimed at atom groups found in ionic liquids. In addition to these, parameters for a large number of additional groups with boron and silicon as central atom could be generated, thus enabling the prediction of the refractivities and polarizabilities of many boranes and silanes.
Earlier calculations of the refractivity and polarizability have been based on the bond refraction and bond polarizability, respectively, on the assumption that the molar refraction and polarizability is the sum of all the bonds in the molecule [2]. The average error between experiment and calculation was 0.7% over a number of less than 100 sample molecules. Later on, Ghose and Crippen [3] developed a method based on 110 atom types, characterized by the polarizing effect of the heteroatoms and the effect of overlapping with non-hydrogen atoms, again assuming that the sum of all the atom parameters defines the molecular descriptor value. Applying a quadratic, constrained least squares technique for the evaluation of the atom type parameters for 504 molecules, they reported a correlation coefficient of 0.994 and a standard deviation of 1.269. Except for the parameters calculation approach, Ghose and Crippen’s method compares closely with the present one, since their atom types follow a similar principle and therefore the present results may best be compared with theirs. Another group additivity approach was chosen by Miller [4,5] for the calculation of the molecular polarizability, whereby the atoms are defined by their state of hybridization, neglecting their neighbor atoms.
The importance of the knowledge of the refractivity and polarizability for the modeling of the dispersive and hydrophobic interactions was outlined in detail by Ghose and Crippen [3]. The attractive forces between nonpolar compounds, also known as dispersive forces, are the result of the correlated motions of their electrons. These forces are evidently closely related to the polarizability of the molecules. Their polarizability again is linearly proportional to their refractivity, given by the Lorentz–Lorenz relation R = 4/3πNα, where R is the molar refractivity, N is Avogadro’s constant, and α is the polarizability. Accordingly, and in contrast to our earlier calculations of the polarizability by means of the group additivity method in [1], the present polarizabilities are directly evaluated from the molar refractivities, with the added bonus that the amount of experimental refractivity data is much larger than that of the polarity, thus enabling the prediction of molecular polarities for which in its atom groups parameter set in [1], no atom groups are defined. It has also been shown that the molecular polarizability is directly proportional to the molecular volume [6]. Hence, on combining the polarizability/volume and polarizability/refractivity correlations, there should be a direct correlation of the refractivity with the molecular volume as postulated by Ghose and Crippen [3]. It would therefore be interesting to see if there is indeed a direct correlation of the refractivity with the “true” molecular volume as applied for the prediction of the heat capacity of solids and liquids in an earlier paper [7].

2. Method

The calculations were carried out on a set of 5988 compounds for which the experimental refractivity or polarizability data have been published, collected from a database of at present 35,952 molecules in their geometry-optimized 3D conformation, encompassing pharmaceuticals, plant protectors, dyes, ionic liquids, liquid crystals, metal-organics, intermediates, and many more, including many further experimentally determined and calculated molecular descriptors. The structural presentations were standardized before storage by a special algorithm, ensuring that all six-membered aromatic ring systems are defined by six aromatic bonds in order to avoid structural ambiguities. In addition and for the same reason, the positive charge in amidinium, pyrazolium, and guanidinium fragments of the ionic liquids was manually positioned on the carbon atom between the nitrogen atoms and their C(+)-N bonds were assumed to be aromatic, which incidentally is in better conformance with the true charge distribution in these cations, as exemplified in, e.g., Figure 1 in [8]. The analogous treatment of the carboxylate and nitro groups is not necessary, as within the present concept of atom groups definitions, they are unambiguously defined.

2.1. Definition of the Atom Groups

Details of the definition of the atom groups for use in a computer-readable form were outlined in [1]. In Table 1 of [1], their namings and meanings were explained; they have been retained in all the subsequent papers including the present one. However, in order to cover the successively increasing amount of additional, structurally variable molecules, several further atom groups had to be added to the parameters list. In particular, the inclusion of ordinary salts and ionic liquids as well as a number of boron- and silicon-containing molecules required the corresponding atom groups listed and explained in Table 1 on some examples. These new atom groups were interpreted and processed by the computer algorithm in the same way as the remaining ones. In fact, some of these have already been applied in the calculation of the liquid viscosity of molecules in [8].

2.2. Calculation of the Atom Group Contributions

As outlined in [1], the parameter values of the atom groups are evaluated in four steps: in the first step, those compounds for which the experimental refractivities are known are stored in a temporarily generated help list. In the second step, each molecule in the help list is broken down into its constituting “backbone” atoms (i.e., atoms bound to at least two directly bound neighbor atoms), their atom types and neighbor terms defined according to the rules detailed in [1], and then their occurrences counted. The third step involves the generation of an M × (N + 1) matrix, wherein M is the number of molecules, N + 1 is the complete number of atom groups occurring plus the molecules’ refractivity value, and where each matrix element (i,j) receives the number of occurrences of the jth atom group in the ith molecule. The final step comprises the normalization of this matrix into an Ax = B matrix and its subsequent balancing by means of a fast Gauss–Seidel calculus [9] to receive the atom group contributions x, which are stored and shown in Table 2, together with the corresponding statistics data at the bottom in lines A to H.

2.3. Calculation of the Refractivity

The calculation of the refractivity of a molecule, based on the atom group parameters compiled in Table 2, is a simple summing up of the contribution of each atom group found in a molecule, as exemplified in Table 3 for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (Figure 1), for which the experimentally evaluated refractivity value was 47.81 [10]. The parameters for the monoatomic anions found among some ILs are given under the respective “group” names “Chloride” and “Bromide”. Any further halogenide anion can be taken into account analogously as soon as the experimental data of at least three representative compounds are available.
It goes without saying that this calculation method is limited to compounds for which each atom group is defined by a parameter value in Table 2. In addition, as the reliability of these parameter values increases with the number of independent molecules upon which they are based, only atom groups should be considered for which the number of molecules in the rightmost column of Table 2 is three or more, which are henceforth called “valid”. (It could be shown by means of several cross-validation calculations that the decrease of the cross-validated standard deviation on going from three to four molecules per atom group is insignificant compared with the decrease observed when going from two to three molecules per atom group.) Consequently, the number of molecules for which the refractivity values have been calculated (lines B, C, and D in Table 2) is necessarily smaller than the number upon which the calculation of the complete set of parameters is based (line A in Table 2).

2.4. Cross-Validation Calculations

The calculations of the atom group parameters are immediately followed by a plausibility test applying a 10-fold cross-validation algorithm comprising 10 recalculations omitting in each case a different tenth of the complete set of compounds, ensuring that each compound has been used once as a test sample. The resulting training and test data are added to the molecule’s datafiles. Finally, the corresponding statistics data are evaluated and collected at the bottom of Table 2. Due to the smaller number of training molecules in the cross-validation calculations and the condition that only atom group parameters should be considered in the calculation of the individual refractivities for which the number of molecules in the rightmost column is three or more, the number of molecules with calculated refractivities (lines E, F, G, and H) is again lower in the test set than in the training set (lines B, C, and D). Atom group parameters with molecule numbers below three in the rightmost column, which are accordingly at present not applicable for refractivity calculations, have deliberately been left in Table 2 for future use in this continuing project and not least in the hope that interested scientists may assist in increasing the number of “valid” groups in this parameters list by compounds carrying the underrepresented atom groups. At present, the list of elements for refractivity/polarizability calculations is limited to H, B, C, N, O, P, S, Si, and/or halogen, but is easily extendable to enable the parametrization of atom groups containing additional elements for which experimental densities and refractive indices are available.

2.5. Calculation of the Polarizability

According to the Lorentz–Lorenz relation R = 4/3πNα, N being Avogadro’s number, the refractivity R of a molecule can be translated into its polarizability α by simply multiplying its refractivity value with the reciprocal value of 4/3πN, which is 0.3964, if the refractivity is expressed in mL and the polarizability in A3. Therefore, in this study, for each input experimental refractivity value, the corresponding polarizability value was also evaluated and stored as experimental value in the database, and vice versa. The latter is all the more justified as in many (if not most) cases, the polarizability value was evaluated via the refractivity value. Accordingly, the number of experimental data for these two descriptors is identical, and so is their list of atom group parameters. As a consequence, calculation of a molecule’s refractivity value by means of the group additivity method, based on the refractivity parameters in Table 2, immediately enabled the calculation of its polarizability value by simply multiplying it by 0.3964.

3. Sources of Refractivity and Polarizability Data

In most cases, it was not the refractivity value itself that was published in the following references but the refractive index (nd) and the density (d) of the molecules, which then had to be translated into the refractivity (R) according to the equation R = (nd2 − 1)/(nd2 + 2) × (M/d), where M is the molecular weight. The primary sources of the refractivity data for the earlier [1] as well as the present study were the comprehensive CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [11] and the collective work of Ghose and Crippen [12]. Within the last 7 years since the first publication dealing with the present subject however, a large number of further papers has been collected producing additional refractivity and polarizability data which helped to extend the scope of applicability of the atom group additivity method, particularly for boron- and silicon-containing compounds and ionic liquids. In the following, they have been sorted by their dominant functional features. Within the last ca. 85 years, many papers have been published producing the refractive indices and densities to characterize various hydrocarbons [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34], alcohols [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42], ethers [43,44,45,46,47], acids [48], (ortho)esters and carbonates [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62], acetals [63,64], ketones [65,66], peroxides [67,68,69,70,71], amines, hydrazines, nitriles, and nitro compounds [72,73,74,75,76,77,78], and various boron- [79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96], phosphorus- [97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136], and sulfur-containing compounds [137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160]. Many of the compounds mentioned so far also carried halogens [161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196]. An interesting extension to the parameters database was provided by papers presenting results of silicon-containing compounds [197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240]. Beyond the refractivity data of the various mentioned functional groups, those for a number of hetarenes and heterocycles have been published [241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260]. Another important extension that was not covered in the earlier paper [1] is the class of ionic liquids [10,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366]. In addition, several papers have been added which contributed various subjects that could not be assigned to any specific subject of the aforementioned ones [2,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385]. Finally, a number of papers published experimental data of the polarizability of molecules, in many cases derived from their refractivity values [6,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395].

4. Results

4.1. Refractivity

In the paper of Ghose and Crippen [3] mentioned earlier, it was stated that the molar refractivity is directly related to the molecule’s volume, expressed in the refractivity’s unit “mL”, their atom group parameters accordingly being associated with the volume of the molecule’s constituting atoms. The present approach, on the other hand, does not care about the theoretical background of the refractivity as it is a purely mathematical method to adjust the calculated to the experimental data, and therefore the resulting atom group parameters must not be assigned with any physical meaning. Consequently, as can be seen in Table 2 and Table 3, negative parameter values are not unusual.
While in the earlier paper [1], generally no limit was given concerning the deviation of the experimental data from the calculated ones for the evaluation of the atom group parameters, in the present work, the atom group parameters in Table 2 and the statistics data at its bottom (Lines A to H) are the result after a stepwise elimination of outliers, defined as their experimental value deviating from the calculated one by more than three times the cross-validated standard error Q2. The final list of discarded outliers is available in the Supplementary Materials. As a consequence, 5988 of the originally 6501 compounds with experimental data remained for the evaluation of said parameters, leaving ca. 7.9% as outliers. Due to the elimination of the outliers, the statistical data significantly improved in comparison with those in the earlier paper: not only is the present set of parameters based on a significantly larger number of molecules (5988 vs. 4300, rows A in present Table 2 vs. corresponding Table 13 of [1]) and a larger number of atom groups (562 vs. 364), but also their standard deviation (0.38 vs. 0.66, rows D) and the cross-validated deviation (0.41 vs. 0.7, rows H) drastically improved. Together with the corresponding correlation coefficients R2 and Q2 of 0.9997 (rows B and F in Table 2) in the present work, they compare very favorably with the correlation coefficient of 0.994 and the standard deviation of 1.269 published by Ghose and Crippen [3]. The mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD) of the finally calculated refractivities from the experimental values of 5988 molecules is 0.76%. The increased number of “valid” atom group parameters enabled the calculation of the refractivities and polarizabilities of ca. 80% of the close to 36,000 molecules in the present database, which can be viewed as representative for the entire chemical realm. The excellent correlation between experiment and prediction is visualized in the correlation diagram of Figure 2. The corresponding histogram in Figure 3 confirms the uniform distribution of the deviations between the experimental and calculated refractivities, their experimental values ranging from 8.23 (methanol) to 271.13 (glycerol tristearate). The complete set of compounds with experimental refractivities used for the atom group parameters of Table 2 are available in the Supplementary Materials.
An interesting observation can be made with respect to the outliers in that many of them are solids. Cao et al. [396] showed that solid compounds can exhibit up to three differing refractive indices, depending on their crystal symmetry. A typical example is Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal antirheumatic, which shows the three refractive index values 1.522, 1.572, and 1.644. With its reported density of 1.119 g/cm3 and a refractivity of 60.95, calculated by means of our group additivity model, we calculated a refractive index of 1.575, which is pretty close to the mean of the three experimental values. Analogous results have been found with several other outliers, confirming the assessment that in cases where the experimental refractive index strongly deviates from the predicted one, the reason might be that a specific crystal form of the compound was examined. Since these mean refractive index values usually do not represent real crystalline forms, they were not included in the group parameters optimization procedure.
Since the last paper [1] of 2015, the systematic screening of the chemical literature has provided a number of refractivities data of previously under-represented classes of molecules enabling, as mentioned earlier, a substantial increase of the number of atom group parameters in the present Table 2 compared with the one of Table 13 in [1]. In particular, three classes of compounds have experienced an extended representation and will in the following be discussed in more detail: ionic liquids and silicon- and boron-containing compounds.

4.1.1. Ionic Liquids

In the last ca. 25 years, ionic liquids (ILs) have experienced increasing attention as potential replacements for volatile solvents as they are non-volatile, non-inflammable, and can easily be recycled. Their physical properties are easily tunable by suitable choice of their cation and anion, making them favorable candidates as media for chemical syntheses. The enormous variety of potential cation–anion combinations, however, obliges one to put the focus on those candidates with the most promising properties. In the last few years, a substantial number of ILs have been synthesized and their physical properties have been examined. Based on these results, few attempts have been made so far to utilize these results for the prediction of the physical properties of as yet unknown cation–anion combinations, and if yes, then for a narrow scope within the scientists’ range of experience (see, e.g., Almeida et al. [317]), or as in other cases, as in the papers of Sattari et al. [335] or of Venkatraman et al. [359], for the prediction of a specific property based on a fairly large range of ILs by either applying quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) technique or machine learning. The present atom group additivity approach, on the other hand, has proven its versatility in that it is able to predict a number of properties of nearly any type of compound by means of an identical algorithm, simply using the appropriate atom group parameters tables. Accordingly, based on the updated parameters tables in this ongoing project, we have been able to calculate the heat of combustion [397] for 30 ILs with a correlation coefficient R2 of 1.0 and a mean average percentage deviation from experimental values (MAPD) of 0.21% and a standard deviation σ of 17.75 kJ/mol, the heat of vaporization [398] of 61 ILs (R2 = 0.9615, MAPD = 2.12%, σ = 4.22 kJ/mol), the liquid viscosity [8] for 113 ILs (R2 = 0.9830, MAPD = 3.43%, σ = 0.11 J/mol/K), the surface tension [399] of 161 ILs (R2 = 0.8413, MAPD = 5.17%, σ = 2.40 dyn/cm), and the liquid heat capacity at 298 K [400] of 140 ILs (R2 = 0.9986, MAPD = 1.05%, σ = 7.50 J/mol/K). In analogy to these results, the refractivity values of 228 ILs calculated by means of the atom group parameters of Table 2 were compared with their experimental data and collected alphabetically in Table 4, revealing a MAPD of only 0.44% and a σ of 0.38. For comparison: the statistics for the 203 ILs for which, while serving as test samples in the cross-validation calculations, the test results could be calculated, yielded an only slightly inferior MAPD of 0.51% and a σ of 0.44.

4.1.2. Silanes, Silanols, Siloxanes, Silazanes, and Silicates

Silicon-containing compounds have found use in synthetic processes as intermediates as well as in commercial products, e.g., in detergents, cosmetics, deodorants, soaps, as water-resistant coatings, as defoaming agents, or as coolants. Despite the large variety of applications, the number of physico-chemical data for this class of molecules is fairly limited within the chemical realm. Nevertheless, a thorough scan of the literature of the last ca. 80 years delivered a sufficient number of data to enable the creation of a basis for the prediction of several chemical descriptors of interest based on the present atom group additivity principle. Accordingly, in analogy to the previous section, the updated parameters tables provided the group parameters for the heat of combustion [397], enabling its calculation for 99 silicon compounds with a correlation coefficient R2 of 1.0, a MAPD of 0.19% and a σ of 17.67 kJ/mol, for the heat of vaporization [398] for 106 (R2 = 0.7936, MAPD = 10.91%, σ = 6.17 kJ/mol), for the surface tension [399] of 18 (R2 = 0.9835, MAPD = 2.62%, σ = 0.66 dyn/cm), for the liquid heat capacity at 298 K [400] of 26 (R2 = 0.9981, MAPD = 2.32%, σ = 9.02 J/mol/K), for the solid heat capacity at 298 K [400] of 14 (R2 = 0.9925, MAPD = 2.77%, σ = 18.35 J/mol/K), for the standard entropy of fusion [398] of 45 (R2 = 0.7251, MAPD = 15.09%, σ = 15.56 J/mol/K), and even for the vapor pressure at 298 K [401] of 9 silicon compounds (R2 = 0.9897, MAPD = 7.92%, σ = 0.16). In addition to these descriptors, the present work now provides the refractivity data for 351 silicon derivatives, alphabetically sampled in Table 5. They prove the reliability of the calculated values with a MAPD of only 0.39% and a standard deviation σ of 0.31, compared with their experimental values. Analogously, when used as test samples in the cv calculations, 324 of these silicon compounds yielded a MAPD of 0.47% and a σ of 0.37.

4.1.3. Boranes, Borines, Borazines, Boronates, and Borates

In contrast to the prior two sections, boron-containing compounds are essentially important intermediates in chemical syntheses, and therefore experimental physico-chemical data are scarce. The large number of refractivity data, on the other hand, is primarily owed to the need to characterize the newly synthetized molecules by some easily accessible physical data, such as elemental analysis, melting point, density, and refractive index. With a few exceptions (e.g., Christopher et al. [80]) however, most authors have not shown any interest in using the latter two values for the calculation of the molecules’ refractivity or polarizability. The present collection of refractivity data for 137 boron compounds listed in Table 6, although perhaps of merely academic interest, nevertheless confirms—by the strong linearity over the complete set—the overall correctness of the experimental data and at the same time proves the versatility of the present group additivity approach, revealing a MAPD of just 0.46% and a σ of 0.37. Similarly, the test data of 127 of these boron derivatives, when applied as test samples in the cv calculations, resulted in a MAPD of 0.54% and a σ of 0.45.

4.2. Polarizability

The calculation of the molecular polarizabilities was carried out indirectly via the calculated refractivities applying the inverse Lorentz–Lorenz relation. In order to include the relatively limited number of experimentally determined polarizability data in the atom group parameters and any further calculations, they were translated into the corresponding refractivity values and henceforth treated just like the remaining experimental refractivities. Conversely, all the experimental refractivity values were analogously converted into “experimental” polarizabilities. The complete set of true and indirectly determined experimental polarizability values is compared in Figure 4 with the indirectly calculated polarizability values, mirroring the excellent correlation of Figure 2, which at first sight is not surprising as both value sets are multiplied with the same factor. However, we should not forget that the truly experimentally determined polarizability values were evaluated by various methods that differ from those for the experimental determination of the refractivity. In fact, as the histogram in Figure 5 reveals, it turned out that 23 compounds should be viewed as outliers because their experimental refractivity values deviated by more than three times the standard deviation σ of 0.15 A3 from calculations. They are collected in a separate list, available in the Supplementary Materials, together with the complete set of compounds with experimental and calculated polarizabilities.
In a paper by Tariq et al. [273], the applicability of the Lorentz–Lorenz relation was questioned for ILs because it is based on the assumption of the compounds being “isotropic fluids composed of spherical and non-interacting particles” which is not given with this class of salts, since at least one of its ions is non-spherical, and they are clearly non-isotropic fluids as they consist of polar centers surrounded by non-polar moieties. These considerations are certainly justified with respect to the relationship between refractivity and polarizability of ILs. In the following section, however, we will demonstrate that the non-spherical character of the ILs is no obstacle for a reasonable correlation between molecular volume and refractivity.

4.3. Refractivity/Polarizability and Molecular Volume

A paper of Brinck et al. [6] discussed the relationship between the polarizability of a molecule and its volume, arguing that physically “the polarizability α of a conducting sphere of radius R is equal to R3”, its relation expressed by the equation α = 3V/4π, where V is the volume. This relation is true on condition that the electrostatic potential is uniform within this sphere, which is certainly not the case in a molecule. An approximate equation, known as the Clausius–Mossotti equation, proposes for nonpolar molecules the polarizability as being directly proportional to their volume and a function of their dielectric constant. Several approaches for the calculation of the molecular volumes have been chosen in order to assess their applicability for polarizability predictions. Gough [402], Laidig and Bader [403], and Brinck et al. [6] used various Hartree–Fock self-consistent field methods to compute the volumes of a limited number of small molecules and achieved good linearity with their polarizability, depending on the size of the contour of the electronic density defining the molecule’s surface. In an earlier paper [7], we presented a fast numerical method for the calculation of the “true” molecular volume (in A3) of molecules of any size and type, including ILs, based on the atoms’ Van-der-Waals radii. Since these “true” (elsewhere also called “hardcore”) volumes are automatically generated on entering a new compound to the database, it was obvious to examine their potential linearity with their experimental polarizability or refractivity as far as available. In Figure 6, the correlation between the “true” molecular volume and the experimental refractivity of 6069 molecules is shown, revealing an excellent correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9645 and a MAPD of 7.53%. Figure 7 presents the same correlation diagram, but restricted to the class of ILs, indicating that the path of prediction of their refractivity R via their molecular volume V as calculated in [7] and applying the simple linear equation R = intercept + (V × slope) provides a reliable refractivity value with a MAPD of little more than 5% within the ILs class over a large range of molecular volumes, if the atom group additivity method does not allow a calculation due to the limitations mentioned earlier. The complete list of molecules with their “true” molecular volume and experimental and volume-derived refractivity is available in the Supplementary Materials.

5. Conclusions

In several earlier papers [1,7,8,397,398,399,400,401], the present atom groups additivity algorithm, outlined in [1], proved its formidable versatility for the reliable prediction of up to 17 physical, thermodynamic, solubility-, optics-, charge-, and environment-related descriptors. In the present work, which is part of an ongoing project, the results of the present refractivity/polarizability calculations again demonstrate its as-yet unsurpassed accuracy and easy expandability. The nearly 6000 molecules providing their experimental refractivity or polarizability values, either directly or via their refractive index and density, enabled the calculation of a large set of atom group parameters allowing the refractivity/polarizability of nearly 80% of the compounds listed in a database of presently approaching 36,000 of nearly any molecular structure, size, and application. The big advantage of the present method is the basic possibility to calculate the refractivity simply by means of paper and pencil applying the parameters set listed in Table 2. In addition, we have shown that optional refractivity/polarizability calculations are possible via the molecular volume route—although with lower accuracy—in cases where the group additivity method is disabled.
The mentioned project’s software is called ChemBrain IXL, available from Neuronix Software (www.neuronix.ch, 1.1.2015, Rudolf Naef, Lupsingen, Switzerland).

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/liquids2040020/s1, The list of compounds used in the present work, their experimental data, and 3D structures are available online as standard SDF files, accessible for external chemistry software, under the name of “S01. Compounds List for Refractivity-Parameters Calculations.sdf”. The list of the compounds used in the correlation diagrams and histograms containing their names and their experimental and calculated values are available under the corresponding names of “S02. Experimental vs. Calculated Refractivities.doc”, “S03. Experimental vs. Calculated Polarizabilities.doc” and “S04. Molecular Volume vs. Refractivity Data Table.doc”. Separate analogous lists are available for ionic liquids under the name of “S05. Experimental vs. Calculated Refractivities of Ionic Liquids.doc”, for silicon compounds under the name of “S06. Experimental vs. Calculated Refractivities of Silicon Compounds.doc”, and for boron compounds under the name of “S07. Experimental vs. Calculated Refractivities of Boron Compounds.doc”. In addition, two lists containing the outliers in the calculations of the refractivity and polarizability of molecules are available under the names of “S08. Refractivity Outliers.doc” and “S09. Polarizability outliers.doc”. Finally, the figures are available as .tif files and the tables as .doc files under the names given in the text.

Author Contributions

R.N. developed project ChemBrain and its software upon which this paper is based, and also fed the database, calculated, and analyzed the results, and wrote the paper. W.E.A.J. suggested the extension of ChemBrain’s tool and contributed experimental data and the great majority of the literature references. Beyond this, R.N. is indebted to W.E.A.J. for the many valuable discussions. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in Supplementary Material.

Acknowledgments

R.N. is indebted to the library of the University of Basel for allowing him full and free access to the electronic literature database.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
Figure 1. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
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Figure 2. Correlation diagram of the refractivity data. Cross-validation data are superpositioned as red circles. (10-fold cross-valid.: N = 5763, Q2 = 0.9997, regression line: intercept = 0.0292; slope = 0.9995, MAPD = 0.76%).
Figure 2. Correlation diagram of the refractivity data. Cross-validation data are superpositioned as red circles. (10-fold cross-valid.: N = 5763, Q2 = 0.9997, regression line: intercept = 0.0292; slope = 0.9995, MAPD = 0.76%).
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Figure 3. Histogram of the refractivity data. Cross-validation data are superpositioned as red bars. (σ = 0.38; S = 0.41; experimental values range from 8.23 to 271.13).
Figure 3. Histogram of the refractivity data. Cross-validation data are superpositioned as red bars. (σ = 0.38; S = 0.41; experimental values range from 8.23 to 271.13).
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Figure 4. Correlation diagram of the polarizability data (in A3). (N = 5763, R2 = 0.9997, regression line: intercept = 0.0115; slope = 0.9995, MAPD = 0.72%).
Figure 4. Correlation diagram of the polarizability data (in A3). (N = 5763, R2 = 0.9997, regression line: intercept = 0.0115; slope = 0.9995, MAPD = 0.72%).
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Figure 5. Histogram of the polarizability data (σ = 0.15 A3; exp. values range from 3.23 to 107.53 A3).
Figure 5. Histogram of the polarizability data (σ = 0.15 A3; exp. values range from 3.23 to 107.53 A3).
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Liquids 02 00020 g006 550
Figure 6. Correlation diagram of “true” molecular volume (in A3) [7] vs. experimental refractivity. (N = 6069, R2 = 0.9645, regression line: intercept = 1.4354; slope = 0.2743, MAPD = 7.53%).
Figure 6. Correlation diagram of “true” molecular volume (in A3) [7] vs. experimental refractivity. (N = 6069, R2 = 0.9645, regression line: intercept = 1.4354; slope = 0.2743, MAPD = 7.53%).
Liquids 02 00020 g006
Liquids 02 00020 g007 550
Figure 7. Correlation diagram of “true” molecular volume (in A3) [7] vs. experimental refractivity of ILs. (N = 247, R2 = 0.9700, regression line: intercept = −2.4557; slope = 0.2686, MAPD = 5.35%).
Figure 7. Correlation diagram of “true” molecular volume (in A3) [7] vs. experimental refractivity of ILs. (N = 247, R2 = 0.9700, regression line: intercept = −2.4557; slope = 0.2686, MAPD = 5.35%).
Liquids 02 00020 g007
Table
Table 1. Examples of charged or boron- or silicon-containing atom groups and their meaning.
Table 1. Examples of charged or boron- or silicon-containing atom groups and their meaning.
NoAtom TypeNeighborsMeaningExample
1BHN2HBN2Bis(butylamino)borane
7BCO2CBO2Phenyl dimethoxyborine
21BO3BO3Triethoxyborine
25B(−)C4BC4−Tetracyanoborate
152C(−) sp3C3C–C−(C)–CTricyanomethanide
245C aromaticH:C:N(+)C:CH:N+C2 in pyridinium
272C(+) aromaticH:N2N:C+(H):NC2 in imidazolium
280C spC#N(−)N#C–C−Tricyanomethanide
290C spN#N(−)N#C–N−Dicyanoamide
295C sp=N=S(−)N=C=S−Thiocyanate
316N sp3HSi2HNSi2Bis(trimethoxysilyl)amine
352N(+) sp3C4NC4+Tetraalkylammonium
359N(+) sp2O2=O(−)NO3−Nitrate
363N aromaticC2:C(+)C–N(C):C+N1 in 1-alkylimidazolium
365N(+) aromaticC:C2C:N+(C):CN in 1-alkylpyridinium
370N(−)C2C–N−–CDicyanoamide
398OCSiCOSiBis(trimethoxysilyl)amine
502S4CO=O2(−)C–SO3−Methylsulfonate
512S4O2=O2(−)SO4−Hydrosulfate
533SiC3OC3SiOMethoxytrimethylsilane
539SiC2N2C2SiN2Diethyldiisothiocyanatosilane
554SiNO3NSiO3Bis(trimethoxysilyl)amine
Table
Table 2. Atom groups and their contribution in refractivity calculations.
Table 2. Atom groups and their contribution in refractivity calculations.
EntryAtom TypeNeighborsContributionOccurrencesMolecules
1BHN239.131511
2BHNS46.4222
3BHO228.111
4BHS252.4955
5BC366.6444
6BC2N62.2588
7BC2O64.242215
8BC2S69.731010
9BCN258.5322
10BCNO59.2811
11BCNS65.6311
12BCO261.693126
13BCOCl48.744
14BCS272.5788
15BCSCl53.8622
16BCSBr56.9344
17BCCl236.2286
18BN354.9342
19BN2O56.2442
20BNO258.311
21BO359.32121
22BO2Cl46.0488
23BOCl233.4466
24BS375.6933
25B(−)C474.5955
26B(−)O2F263.8644
27B(−)F4−2.411818
28C sp3H3C5.794214296
29C sp3H3C(+)58.9733
30C sp3H3N12.24387246
31C sp3H3N(+)19.987655
32C sp3H3O11.65505359
33C sp3H3S11.497955
34C sp3H3S(+)16.9422
35C sp3H3P14.041716
36C sp3H3P(+)11.2322
37C sp3H3Si10.79626180
38C sp3H2BC−16.419753
39C sp3H2C24.6315,7523454
40C sp3H2CN11.131078561
41C sp3H2CN(+)18.6223129
42C sp3H2CO10.6125621560
43C sp3H2CS10.63395253
44C sp3H2CS(+)15.8135
45C sp3H2CP12.84239171
46C sp3H2CP(+)12.034612
47C sp3H2CF5.623328
48C sp3H2CCl10.5229190
49C sp3H2CBr13.44144127
50C sp3H2CJ18.583935
51C sp3H2CSi9.66345154
52C sp3H2N217.922
53C sp3H2NO18.911
54C sp3H2NS17.1111
55C sp3H2O216.371918
56C sp3H2OCl16.4587
57C sp3H2OBr20.677
58C sp3H2S216.43105
59C sp3H2SCl16.5244
60C sp3H2SJ21.6522
61C sp3H2SiCl15.4765
62C sp3H2SiBr18.5443
63C sp3H2Si214.4253
64C sp3HBC2−17.46107
65C sp3HC33.5215161044
66C sp3HC2N9.99135114
67C sp3HC2N(+)17.271313
68C sp3HC2O9.55561462
69C sp3HC2P11.842321
70C sp3HC2S9.557553
71C sp3HC2F8.4222
72C sp3HC2Cl9.398474
73C sp3HC2Br12.428070
74C sp3HC2J17.8477
75C sp3HC2Si8.642915
76C sp3HCN2(+)31.6811
77C sp3HCNCl(+)23.0922
78C sp3HCO215.365345
79C sp3HCOF11.622
80C sp3HCOCl15.53149
81C sp3HCOBr20.211
82C sp3HCS215.51111
83C sp3HCSCl14.6911
84C sp3HCF25.592919
85C sp3HCFCl10.6176
86C sp3HCFBr13.4511
87C sp3HCCl215.363332
88C sp3HCClBr18.1855
89C sp3HCClJ22.9722
90C sp3HCBr220.981312
91C sp3HCBrJ25.9511
92C sp3HCJ231.3922
93C sp3HNO221.6722
94C sp3HO321.5199
95C sp3HOF211.1711
96C sp3HOCl221.9911
97C sp3HS322.9922
98C sp3HSiCl220.4154
99C sp3C42.47299251
100C sp3C3N8.922521
101C sp3C3N(+)16.122
102C sp3C3O8.42125113
103C sp3C3S8.862114
104C sp3C3P11.3811
105C sp3C3F3.4154
106C sp3C3Cl8.4777
107C sp3C3Br11.4677
108C sp3C3J16.8233
109C sp3C3Si8.0511
110C sp3C2NCl(+)22.7811
111C sp3C2O214.181515
112C sp3C2OCl14.7644
113C sp3C2OS1411
114C sp3C2OP17.4333
115C sp3C2S214.731414
116C sp3C2Si210.9811
117C sp3C2F25.0114540
118C sp3C2FCl9.633
119C sp3C2Cl214.262926
120C sp3C2ClBr17.6633
121C sp3C2Br220.2466
122C sp3C2J230.5711
123C sp3CNF211.2683
124C sp3CNF2(+)19.2621
125C sp3CO319.6377
126C sp3CO2Si17.4911
127C sp3COF211.4898
128C sp3COFCl16.4411
129C sp3CS325.5322
130C sp3CSF210.9843
131C sp3CSCl222.9511
132C sp3CSiBr232.1811
133C sp3CF35.989875
134C sp3CF2Cl10.671614
135C sp3CF2Br13.4165
136C sp3CF2J18.5143
137C sp3CPF2(−)8.962
138C sp3CFCl215.3986
139C sp3CCl320.423431
140C sp3CCl2Br23.2333
141C sp3CBr329.6343
142C sp3N2F2(+)32.2311
143C sp3O425.6933
144C sp3OSCl228.6233
145C sp3OF311.2377
146C sp3OF2Cl16.3611
147C sp3OCl326.1855
148C sp3SF311.7813472
149C sp3SCl328.711
150C sp3SiCl325.6611
151C(−) sp3HC28.2622
152C(−) sp3C324.5455
153C sp2H2=C5.49497428
154C sp2HC=C4.531415860
155C sp2HC=N8.092221
156C sp2HC=N(+)16.0411
157C sp2H=CN9.75238132
158C sp2H=CN(+)17.9533
159C sp2H=CN(−)−7.2244
160C sp2HC=O6.229997
161C sp2H=CO3.36131120
162C sp2H=CP14.752525
163C sp2H=CS10.037972
164C sp2H=CF5.1311
165C sp2H=CCl10.292623
166C sp2H=CBr13.141513
167C sp2H=CJ18.0222
168C sp2H=CSi9.492115
169C sp2HN=N13.177
170C sp2HN=N(−)5.2322
171C sp2HN=O11.361111
172C sp2H=NO6.7633
173C sp2H=NS13.1722
174C sp2H=NS(+)−1.51111
175C sp2HN=S20.0911
176C sp2HO=O5.112523
177C sp2HO=O(−)−0.6244
178C sp2H=OS12.4222
179C sp2C2=C3.53377295
180C sp2C2=N6.824134
181C sp2C2=N(+)25.7555
182C sp2C2=O4.9341330
183C sp2C2=O(−)042
184C sp2C2=S11.7111
185C sp2C=CN8.664433
186C sp2C=CN(+)16.8733
187C sp2C=CO2.49488
188C sp2C=CS9.324039
189C sp2C=CF4.4364
190C sp2C=CCl9.455139
191C sp2C=CBr11.941515
192C sp2C=CJ18.2411
193C sp2CN=N12.4133
194C sp2CN=N(+)−2.6144
195C sp2CN=O10.157671
196C sp2C=NO5.461111
197C sp2CN=O(+)22.433
198C sp2=CNO(+)18.5111
199C sp2C=NS12.1933
200C sp2CO=O3.911115877
201C sp2CO=O(−)−2.035050
202C sp2C=OP13.8211
203C sp2C=OS10.8288
204C sp2C=OF4.4622
205C sp2C=OCl11.166455
206C sp2C=OBr14.1144
207C sp2C=OJ20.4511
208C sp2CS=S19.3911
209C sp2=CO21.2122
210C sp2=COS833
211C sp2=COCl7.7511
212C sp2=COBr10.4511
213C sp2=COJ15.6111
214C sp2=CSCl14.7464
215C sp2=CSBr17.6843
216C sp2=CSJ22.2511
217C sp2=CSiBr17.1311
218C sp2=CF25.0977
219C sp2=CFCl10.232
220C sp2=CCl215.31513
221C sp2=CClJ22.8711
222C sp2=CBr220.7677
223C sp2=CBrJ25.8211
224C sp2=CJ230.7511
225C sp2N2=N16.8822
226C sp2N2=O14.771010
227C sp2N2=S21.522
228C sp2NO=O9.31916
229C sp2NO=S18.411
230C sp2N=OS17.3222
231C sp2N=OCl16.2911
232C sp2=NOCl10.411
233C sp2=NS220.8733
234C sp2=NSCl17.8611
235C sp2=NSBr21.6511
236C sp2O2=O2.92120
237C sp2O=OS−14.1911
238C sp2O=OCl101312
239C sp2=OS217.7111
240C sp2OS=S18.2188
241C sp2S2=S26.7822
242C sp2=OSCl17.3311
243C aromaticH:C24.4265191357
244C aromaticH:C:N6.4513992
245C aromaticH:C:N(+)3.246233
246C aromaticH:N27.8433
247C aromaticB:C2−16.994637
248C aromatic:C34.56251119
249C aromaticC:C23.531300909
250C aromaticC:C:N5.735243
251C aromaticC:C:N(+)2.0965
252C aromatic:C2N9.79158143
253C aromatic:C2N(+)18.254035
254C aromatic:C2:N6.21111
255C aromatic:C2O2.8359287
256C aromatic:C2P11.213534
257C aromatic:C2S9.774340
258C aromatic:C2F4.3211964
259C aromatic:C2Cl9.2412399
260C aromatic:C2Br12.016054
261C aromatic:C2J16.991918
262C aromatic:C2Si8.577952
263C aromatic:CN:N11.1532
264C aromaticC:N28.0142
265C aromatic:C:NO5.3944
266C aromatic:C:NF6.0754
267C aromatic:C:NCl11.533
268C aromatic:C:NBr13.9922
269C aromatic:C:NJ20.3711
270C aromaticN:N215.3952
271C aromatic:N2Cl12.2811
272C(+) aromaticH:N2−10.119595
273C(+) aromaticC:N2−64.7433
274C(+) aromatic:N3−8.2855
275C spB#N(−)−14.24205
276C spH#C4.418477
277C sp=C24.999
278C spC#C3.88200138
279C spC#N5.49149132
280C spC#N(−)−3.13155
281C sp=C=O5.8443
282C sp#CO3.266
283C sp#CS9.6511
284C sp#CSi8.0863
285C sp#CCl10.3733
286C sp#CBr12.3144
287C sp#CJ17.1666
288C sp=N211.0311
289C spN#N10.6233
290C spN#N(−)1.342613
291C sp=N=O8.241814
292C sp#NO5.6611
293C sp#NP−2.2911
294C sp=N=S15.83420
295C sp=N=S(−)7.8544
296C sp#NS11.51212
297N sp3H2B−12.9411
298N sp3H2C−2148133
299N sp3H2C(pi)−1.37769
300N sp3H2N−5.011313
301N sp3H2Si1.9744
302N sp3HC2−9.63110108
303N sp3HBC−20.051811
304N sp3HBC(pi)−18.6765
305N sp3HC2(pi)−8.635453
306N sp3HC2(2pi)−7.373734
307N sp3HCN−2.9495
308N sp3HCN(pi)−1.3122
309N sp3HCN(+)(pi)4.4822
310N sp3HCN(2pi)−3.6133
311N sp3HCO−2.6722
312N sp3HCP0.7233
313N sp3HCSi−5.566
314N sp3HCSi(pi)−4.2811
315N sp3HNSi−8.363419
316N sp3HSi2−1.341915
317N sp3B2C−38.6124
318N sp3BC2−27.511611
319N sp3BC2(pi)−26.4321
320N sp3C3−16.75123110
321N sp3C3(pi)−15.836761
322N sp3C3(2pi)−14.972222
323N sp3C3(3pi)−15.1333
324N sp3C2N−0.734530
325N sp3C2N(pi)−0.191414
326N sp3C2N(2pi)−10.6444
327N sp3C2N(3pi)−9.2322
328N sp3C2N(+)(pi)−2.9922
329N sp3C2N(+)(2pi)−1.5722
330N sp3C2N(+)(3pi)−40.5755
331N sp3C2O−10.1144
332N sp3C2P−6.558654
333N sp3C2Si−12.892712
334N sp3CCl2(pi)11.0511
335N sp2H=C1.0388
336N sp2C=C−6.596358
337N sp2C=N−2.23116
338N sp2C=N(+)0.4155
339N sp2=CN−0.21913
340N sp2=CN(−)13.2222
341N sp2=CO−2.213433
342N sp2=CP2.6511
343N sp2=CS4.7232
344N sp2=CSi−2.012612
345N sp2N=N3.0411
346N sp2N=O−4.931212
347N sp2O=O3.411815
348N sp2P=P4.0293
349N(+) sp3H3C−0.391313
350N(+) sp3H2C2−15.2744
351N(+) sp3HC3−30.1588
352N(+) sp3C4−47.944646
353N(+) sp2HC=C12.5244
354N(+) sp2C2=C−5.911111
355N(+) sp2C=CN055
356N(+) sp2C=NO(−)−4.4822
357N(+) sp2CO=O(−)−7.167565
358N(+) sp2NO=O(−)066
359N(+) sp2O2=O(−)0.22720
360N aromaticH2:C(+)055
361N aromaticHC:C(+)10.0511
362N aromatic:C2−1.94120105
363N aromaticC2:C(+)1.26205103
364N aromatic:C:N0.263
365N(+) aromaticC:C2−1.863333
366N(+) aromatic:C2O(−)8.8511
367N(+) spC#C(−)−7.9933
368N(+) sp=C=N(−)−3.9111
369N(+) sp=N2(−)2.9933
370N(−)C24.691515
371N(−)CN−12.5222
372N(−)S21.696969
373OHB−17.0933
374OB2−35.4966
375OHC−3.5602527
376OHC(pi)3.39266250
377OHN2.3544
378OHN(pi)4.331414
379OHO2.751515
380OHS7.1754
381OHP5.142623
382OHSi0.877
383OBC−23.1616575
384OBC(pi)−11.6521
385OBC(−)(pi)−31.484
386OC2−10.27617420
387OC2(pi)−3.511209958
388OC2(2pi)3.23137135
389OCN−4.722
390OCN(pi)−2.223128
391OCN(+)(pi)2.512417
392OCN(2pi)3.0355
393OCO−3.923123
394OCO(pi)3.6522
395OCP−1.46471249
396OCP(pi)4.875030
397OCS−0.984837
398OCSi−6.31244103
399OCSi(pi)0.282919
400OCCl2.1411
401ON2(2pi)3.1411
402OP27.22319
403OSi2−2.3911635
404P3H2C2.851717
405P3HC2−6.2433
406P3C3−15.171818
407P3C2O−10.921010
408P3C2S−3.0833
409P3C2Cl−6.821616
410P3CO2−6.821515
411P3COCl−2.266
412P3CS217.6711
413P3CCl212.0588
414P3N3−4.2611
415P3N2O−2.2933
416P3NO2−1.4633
417P3O3−1.412626
418P3O2Cl6.1111
419P3OCl216.3811
420P3S321.4544
421P4HC2=O−7.5222
422P4HO2=O2.181717
423P4HO2=S8.7933
424P4C3=O−17.1833
425P4C3=S−8.8533
426P4C2O=O−12.111010
427P4C2O=O(−)−15.9711
428P4C2=OS−4.1711
429P4C2O=S−4.4111
430P4C2S=S−0.3811
431P4C2=SCl5.1811
432P4CN2=O−10.681010
433P4CNO=O8.0111
434P4CN=OF−5.444
435P4CN=OCl0.5655
436P4CO2=O−7.794242
437P4CO2=O(−)−10.3611
438P4CO2=S0.2688
439P4C=OS28.6122
440P4COS=S7.493030
441P4C=OF20.5255
442P4C=OCl211.199
443P4CS2=S16.6663
444P4C=SCl219.4155
445P4N3=O−6.311
446P4N2O=O−555
447P4N=NO2−3.2562
448P4N2O=S3.222
449P4N2=OF−0.3711
450P4N=NS212.3331
451P4NO2=O−4.0333
452P4NO2=S4.1166
453P4NO=OF0.1276
454P4NO=SF7.5654
455P4N=OF24.0511
456P4N=OFCl9.622
457P4N=OFBr12.5511
458P4N=OCl214.911
459P4N=SFCl17.2411
460P4N=SFBr20.8311
461P4N=SCl222.7811
462P4O3=O−2.53326
463P4O3=O(−)−6.3333
464P4O3=S5.031614
465P4O2=OS15.0844
466P4O2=OF1.561612
467P4O2=OCl6.3822
468P4O2S=S12.8722
469P4O2=SF9.6521
470P4O2=SCl14.2833
471P4O=OF25.4511
472P4O=OFCl10.5176
473P4O=OFBr13.1711
474P4O=OCl215.8611
475P4O=SF212.5811
476P4O=SFCl18.1611
477P4O=SFBr21.411
478P4O=SCl223.0311
479P(−)C3F3−11.922
480P(−)F61.3266
481P(+)C4−14.31212
482S2HC2.747858
483S2HC(pi)2.6487
484S2HP5.842727
485S2BC−21.75132
486S2BC(pi)−21.8833
487S2C2−4.0815798
488S2C2(pi)−3.937773
489S2C2(2pi)−4.317070
490S2CP−1.633418
491S2CS2.063821
492S2CS(pi)−12.0621
493S2CCl6.1655
494S2N2(2pi)−5.1411
495S2PCl044
496S2P2063
497S2S28.8765
498S4C2=O−3.244
499S4C2=O2−3.241212
500S4CN=O2(−)−0.2212663
501S4CO=O2−1.481111
502S4CO=O2(−)−3.782424
503S4C=OCl9.4266
504S4C=OS3.6944
505S4C=O2F4.6988
506S4C=O2Cl8.9188
507S4N=O2F(−)5.76126
508S4N=O2Cl10.2811
509S4O=OCl11.8611
510S4O2=O1.3177
511S4O2=O21.1744
512S4O2=O2(−)−2.261616
513S4O=O2Cl11.4522
514S4O=O2F5.9311
515S(+)C3−19.1855
516SiH3C6.4287
517SiH3Si12.32198
518SiH2C20.061210
519SiH2CN6.6511
520SiH2CCl10.8211
521SiH2Si212.04187
522SiHC3−6.71414
523SiHC2N0.5754
524SiHC2O−0.27117
525SiHC2Cl3.9844
526SiHCN27.3966
527SiHCO25.89189
528SiHCOCl10.1311
529SiHN314.5111
530SiHSi312.0533
531SiC4−12.834940
532SiC3N−6.054232
533SiC3O−6.78461
534SiC3F−7.5755
535SiC3Cl−2.551212
536SiC3Br0.5233
537SiC3J6.4622
538SiC3Si−6.6963
539SiC2N21.021210
540SiC2O2−0.5410039
541SiC2Si2−0.3932
542SiC2SiCl3.5621
543SiC2F2−2.8966
544SiC2Cl28.031313
545SiC2Br214.3411
546SiC2J22611
547SiCN37.7466
548SiCN2Cl11.2222
549SiCO35.813030
550SiCOCl214.5944
551SiCF32.5633
552SiCCl318.651716
553SiCBr327.7611
554SiNO312.8464
555SiN2O24.4211
556SiN3O0.4311
557SiN414.6444
558SiO412.51515
559SiO3Cl16.7811
560SiOCl325.1422
561Chloride −177
562Bromide 3.1133
ABased onValid groups382 5988
BGoodness of fitR20.9997 5763
CDeviationAverage0.29 5763
DDeviationStandard0.38 5763
EK-fold cvK10 5572
FGoodness of fitQ20.9997 5572
GDeviationAverage (cv)0.31 5572
HDeviationStandard (cv)0.41 5572
Table
Table 3. Example calculation of the refractivity of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
Table 3. Example calculation of the refractivity of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
Atom Type NeighborsB(−) F4C sp3 H3CC sp3 H3NC sp3 H2C2C sp3 H2CNC sp2 H=CNC(+) Aromatic HN2N Aromatic C2:C(+)Sum
Contribution−2.415.712.244.6311.139.75−10.111.26
n Groups11121212
n × Contribution−2.415.712.249.2611.1319.5−10.112.5247.83
Table
Table 4. Calculated and experimental refractivity of ionic liquids.
Table 4. Calculated and experimental refractivity of ionic liquids.
Molecule NameRefractivity Exp.Refractivity Calc.DeviationDev. in %
1-(2-Cyanoethyl)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-imidazolium chloride51.0650.400.661.29
1-(2-Cyanoethyl)-3-(2-propen-1-yl)-imidazolium chloride53.4653.310.150.28
1-(2-Cyanoethyl)-3-octylimidazolium 3-sulfobenzoate111.59112.27−0.68−0.61
1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium perfluoropentanoate62.3061.370.931.49
1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide74.6474.84−0.20−0.27
1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide56.9657.40−0.44−0.77
1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate46.8847.62−0.74−1.58
1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide75.7476.04−0.30−0.40
1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-pyridinium dicyanamide57.7558.60−0.85−1.47
1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium butanoate56.2356.130.100.18
1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium heptanoate70.6370.020.610.86
1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium hexanoate64.7465.39−0.65−1.00
1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium octanoate74.3674.65−0.29−0.39
1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium pentanoate60.8560.760.090.15
1,2-Diethylpyridinium ethylsulfate64.4864.430.050.08
1,3-Diethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide70.2970.38−0.09−0.13
1,3-Dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide60.5661.20−0.64−1.06
1,3-Dimethylimidazolium methosulfate44.7844.80−0.02−0.04
1,3-Dipropylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide79.7179.640.070.09
1-Benzyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide85.8685.720.140.16
1-Butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide81.4881.50−0.02−0.02
1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium 2-acryloamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate91.4790.770.700.77
1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium acetate55.0055.73−0.73−1.33
1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide76.8976.870.020.03
1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide60.1259.430.691.15
1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methylsulfate60.9360.470.460.75
1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate60.4460.060.380.63
1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide79.3379.39−0.06−0.08
1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate52.3852.170.210.40
1-Butyl-2-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate53.4553.58−0.13−0.24
1-Butyl-3-(2-cyanoethyl)-imidazolium chloride57.9358.25−0.32−0.55
1-Butyl-3-(2-cyanoethyl)imidazolium thiocyanate67.0667.10−0.04−0.06
1-Butyl-3-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide79.4479.64−0.20−0.25
1-Butyl-3-ethylimidazolium triflate63.0162.830.180.29
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-acryloamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate88.5288.95−0.43−0.49
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate54.1853.910.270.50
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(perfluorobutanesulfonyl) amide105.39105.45−0.06−0.06
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide74.9975.05−0.06−0.08
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanoamide57.8057.610.190.33
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium glycine58.3957.341.051.80
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate51.4651.56−0.10−0.19
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methosulfate58.5858.65−0.07−0.12
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium octylsulfate91.4991.090.400.44
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium perfluorobutylsulfonate73.3473.44−0.10−0.14
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate67.8367.87−0.04−0.06
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate47.8147.83−0.02−0.04
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate57.7958.09−0.30−0.52
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium threoninate68.4867.950.530.77
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide65.3365.39−0.06−0.09
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate57.9158.24−0.33−0.57
1-Butyl-4-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate54.0053.840.160.30
1-Butylpyridinium 2-acryloamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate91.0190.150.860.94
1-Butylpyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl) amide64.6064.65−0.05−0.08
1-Butylpyridinium dicyanamide58.8758.810.060.10
1-Butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate48.9949.03−0.04−0.08
1-Butyltetrahydrothiophenium dicyanamide59.5959.81−0.22−0.37
1-Decyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide102.90102.830.070.07
1-Decyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate95.6695.650.010.01
1-Decyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide93.2393.170.060.06
1-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide112.08112.09−0.01−0.01
1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide69.9470.13−0.19−0.27
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonate53.9153.770.140.26
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate44.9544.650.300.67
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium aminoacetate47.6848.08−0.40−0.84
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide65.7765.79−0.02−0.03
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide48.3548.350.000.00
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate64.5664.350.210.33
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate55.1755.030.140.25
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethosulfate54.1654.050.110.20
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium imidodisulfurylfluoride54.0554.19−0.14−0.26
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium l-alanine52.1052.64−0.54−1.04
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium l-proline58.8459.70−0.86−1.46
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium l-serine54.0554.050.000.00
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate48.4548.69−0.24−0.50
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate48.6249.39−0.77−1.58
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium taurinate56.4156.96−0.55−0.98
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate58.7758.610.160.27
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate38.7038.570.130.34
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate48.3148.83−0.52−1.08
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium threoninate58.8658.690.170.29
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethide55.8756.13−0.26−0.47
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate48.9148.98−0.07−0.14
1-Ethyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl) amide60.1660.20−0.04−0.07
1-Ethyl-3-methylpyridinium ethylsulfate60.1860.060.120.20
1-Ethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide74.9575.01−0.06−0.08
1-Ethylmorpholinium tetrafluoroborate40.8139.890.922.25
1-Ethylpyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl) amide55.1855.39−0.21−0.38
1-Ethylpyridinium ethylsulfate55.2955.250.040.07
1-Ethylpyridinium triflate50.0550.18−0.13−0.26
1-Ethyltetrahydrothiophenium dicyanamide50.8750.550.320.63
1-Heptyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide88.1488.94−0.80−0.91
1-Heptyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate65.4465.45−0.01−0.02
1-Hexyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide87.2686.131.131.29
1-Hexyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide95.5695.130.430.45
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate63.5463.170.370.58
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide84.2384.31−0.08−0.09
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride58.8058.500.300.51
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanoamide67.1966.870.320.48
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate60.6960.82−0.13−0.21
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate76.8877.13−0.25−0.33
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate56.9157.09−0.18−0.32
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate68.1767.350.821.20
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide74.6774.650.020.03
1-Hexylpyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl) amide73.9473.910.030.04
1-Isobutyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide77.0276.830.190.25
1-Isobutyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide74.9275.01−0.09−0.12
1-Isobutyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide81.2381.020.210.26
1-Methyl-1-(2′,3′-epoxypropyl)-2-oxopyrrolidinium chloride49.3849.79−0.41−0.83
1-Methyl-1-decylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide104.90104.650.250.24
1-Methyl-1-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide76.9076.870.030.04
1-Methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl) amide61.0460.640.400.66
1-Methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide72.5072.240.260.36
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidonium tetrafluoroborate37.0437.68−0.64−1.73
1-Methyl-3-hexylimidazolium threoninate77.7377.210.520.67
1-Methyl-3-pentylimidazolium threoninate73.0772.580.490.67
1-Methyl-3-propylimidazolium threoninate63.7563.320.430.67
1-Methylmorpholinium tetrafluoroborate35.9035.570.330.92
1-Methylpiperidinium tetrafluoroborate37.8438.51−0.67−1.77
1-Methylpyridinium methylsulfate46.0546.27−0.22−0.48
1-Methylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate34.5533.880.671.94
1-Nonyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide98.0698.20−0.14−0.14
1-Nonyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate74.7474.710.030.04
1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide93.6193.570.040.04
1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride67.8067.760.040.06
1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate70.3070.080.220.31
1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate86.4186.390.020.02
1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate66.2466.35−0.11−0.17
1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide84.0983.910.180.21
1-Octyl-3-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate72.7472.360.380.52
1-Octylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide95.1994.770.420.44
1-Pentyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate59.0158.540.470.80
1-Pentyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide79.5779.68−0.11−0.14
1-Pentyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate56.1156.19−0.08−0.14
1-Pentyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate52.2552.46−0.21−0.40
1-Pentylpyridinium dicyanamide63.4463.440.000.00
1-Phenyl-2,3,5-trimethylpyrazolium methylsulfonate68.7769.35−0.58−0.84
1-Phenyl-2-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazolium methylsulfonate82.6782.93−0.26−0.31
1-Phenyl-2-heptyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazolium methylsulfonate97.6196.820.790.81
1-Phenyl-2-hexyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazolium methylsulfonate92.6492.190.450.49
1-Phenyl-2-pentyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazolium methylsulfonate87.1787.56−0.39−0.45
1-Propyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate49.3749.280.090.18
1-Propyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide70.4870.420.060.09
1-Propyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate43.0943.20−0.11−0.26
1-Propylpyridinium dicyanamide54.2454.180.060.11
1-Propylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate44.3544.40−0.05−0.11
1-Propyronitrile-3-butylimidazolium bromide62.6062.360.240.38
1-Propyronitrile-3-hexylimidazolium bromide71.7471.620.120.17
1-Propyronitrile-3-octylimidazolium bromide80.5180.88−0.37−0.46
2-Hydroxyethylammonium acetate29.3128.990.321.09
2-hydroxyethylammonium butanoate38.5338.250.280.73
2-Hydroxyethylammonium formate24.8524.700.150.60
2-Hydroxyethylammonium hexanoate47.8047.510.290.61
2-Hydroxyethylammonium lactate34.6935.04−0.35−1.01
2-Hydroxyethylammonium pentanoate43.1242.880.240.56
2-Hydroxyethylammonium propionate33.2933.62−0.33−0.99
3-Methyl-1-propylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide76.4076.43−0.03−0.04
Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium hexanoate58.4958.340.150.26
Butylammonium nitrate33.3433.37−0.03−0.09
Dimethyl butyl isopropylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide78.8179.06−0.25−0.32
Dimethyl hexyl isopropylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide89.1488.320.820.92
Dimethylpropylisopropylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide73.5674.43−0.87−1.18
Ethylammonium nitrate24.1424.110.030.12
l-Alanine 1-methylethyl ester dodecyl sulfate102.88103.30−0.42−0.41
l-Alanine 2-methylpropyl ester dodecyl sulfate107.40107.88−0.48−0.45
l-Proline 1-methylethyl ester dodecyl sulfate110.32110.58−0.26−0.24
l-Valine 1-methylethyl ester dodecyl sulfate112.65112.520.130.12
Morpholinium formate32.2032.26−0.06−0.19
N-(2′,3′-Epoxypropyl)-N-methylpyrrolidonium acetate55.5054.461.041.87
N-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide80.4981.06−0.57−0.71
N-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate64.2664.250.010.02
N-Butyl-4-methylthiazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide78.6879.25−0.57−0.72
N-Butyl-4-methylthiazolium difluoro(oxalato)borate63.2463.32−0.08−0.13
N-Butyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylalaninate74.3274.63−0.31−0.42
N-Butyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylleucinate88.4388.48−0.05−0.06
N-Butyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylvalinate83.9883.850.130.15
N-Butylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide76.2276.25−0.03−0.04
N-Butylpyridinium triflate59.2559.44−0.19−0.32
N-Butylpyridinium trifluoroacetate54.8755.39−0.52−0.95
N-Butylthiazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide73.8974.63−0.74−1.00
N-Butylthiazolium difluoro(oxalato)borate58.4358.70−0.27−0.46
N-Decylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide104.52104.030.490.47
N-Dodecylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide113.68113.290.390.34
N-Ethyl-2-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide71.5471.540.000.00
N-Ethylmorpholinium formate41.0741.68−0.61−1.49
N-Ethyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylalaninate65.2365.37−0.14−0.21
N-Ethyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylisoleucinate78.6279.22−0.60−0.76
N-Ethyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylleucinate78.6579.22−0.57−0.72
N-Ethyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylvalinate74.0174.59−0.58−0.78
N-Hexyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylalaninate83.4283.89−0.47−0.56
N-Hexyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylleucinate97.2497.74−0.50−0.51
N-Hexyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylvalinate92.2693.11−0.85−0.92
N-Isobutyl-3-sulfopropan-1-aminium hydrogen sulfate62.8562.710.140.22
N-Methyl-N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide74.8875.07−0.19−0.25
N-Octyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylalaninate92.8293.15−0.33−0.36
N-Octyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylvalinate102.12102.37−0.25−0.24
N-Propyl-2-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide76.2876.170.110.14
N-Propyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylalaninate69.5770.00−0.43−0.62
N-Propyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylleucinate83.8883.850.030.04
N-Propyl-N-methylmorpholinium N-acetylvalinate79.0279.22−0.20−0.25
Propylammonium nitrate28.7828.740.040.14
S-Butyl-dimethylthioformamidium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide79.2679.020.240.30
S-Butyl-dimethylthioformamidium difluorooxalylborate63.4263.090.330.52
S-Ethyl-dimethylthioformamidium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide69.8469.760.080.11
S-Ethyl-dimethylthioformamidium difluorooxalylborate53.8653.830.030.06
S-Ethyl-dimethylthioformamidium trifluoromethylsulfonate53.6252.950.671.25
S-Methyl-dimethylthioformamidium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide64.9564.920.030.05
S-Methyl-dimethylthioformamidium trifluoromethylsulfonate48.3248.110.210.43
Tetrabutylphosphonium acetate97.2297.33−0.11−0.11
Tetrabutylphosphonium formate93.5793.040.530.57
Tetrabutylphosphonium propanoate102.16101.960.200.20
Tetradecyl trihexylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide192.57192.550.020.01
Tetradecyl trihexylphosphonium chloride166.32166.74−0.42−0.25
Tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide97.5997.530.060.06
Triethylammonium acetate46.7646.420.340.73
Triethyldecylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide111.38111.110.270.24
Triethyldodecylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide120.72120.370.350.29
Triethylheptylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide97.0597.22−0.17−0.18
Triethylhexylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide92.7292.590.130.14
Triethyloctylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide101.96101.850.110.11
Triethylsulfonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide70.0470.13−0.09−0.13
Triethyltetradecylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide129.84129.630.210.16
Trihexyl tetradecyl phosphonium dicyanamide174.84175.11−0.27−0.15
Trihexyl tetradecyl phosphonium trifluoromethylsulfonate175.69175.74−0.05−0.03
Trimethyl butylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide70.2970.37−0.08−0.11
Trimethyl hexylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide79.6479.630.010.01
Trimethyl octylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide88.9788.890.080.09
Trimethyl pentylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide75.0175.000.010.01
Trimethyl propylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide65.6565.74−0.09−0.14
Table
Table 5. Calculated and experimental refractivity of silicon-containing compounds.
Table 5. Calculated and experimental refractivity of silicon-containing compounds.
Molecule NameRefractivity Exp.Refractivity Calc.DeviationDev. in %
(2-Phenylethyl)trichlorosilane58.6258.570.050.09
(3-Chloropropyl)trichlorosilane43.2643.44−0.18−0.42
(3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane46.5346.62−0.09−0.19
(3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane44.4744.330.140.31
(4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane58.5558.440.110.19
(4-Chlorophenyl)trichlorosilane55.0454.140.901.64
(4-Methoxyphenyl)trimethylsilane56.9456.730.210.37
(4-Methylphenyl)trimethylsilane54.8255.02−0.20−0.36
(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane37.5737.570.000.00
(Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane38.0938.080.010.03
(Chloromethyl)trichlorosilane34.1034.12−0.02−0.06
(Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane35.1335.010.120.34
(Dichloromethyl)trichlorosilane39.3639.060.300.76
(Diethylamino)trimethylsilane47.3347.090.240.51
1,1,1,3,5,5,5-Heptamethyltrisiloxane63.1763.24−0.07−0.11
1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7-Octamethyltetrasiloxane77.4677.53−0.07−0.09
1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxane88.8788.710.160.18
1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane40.1940.23−0.04−0.10
1,2-Bis(tributylsilyl)acetylene138.06138.22−0.16−0.12
1,2-Bis(triethylsilyl)ethane85.5985.82−0.23−0.27
1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene55.1855.24−0.06−0.11
1,2-Dis(trimethylsilyl)-ethylene58.5058.060.440.75
1,3,5-Trisilacyclohexane43.6943.440.250.57
1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane64.4164.45−0.04−0.06
1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane58.3058.31−0.01−0.02
1,3-Bis(dichloromethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane68.0768.19−0.12−0.18
1,3-Bis(trimethylsiloxy)benzene75.3975.180.210.28
1,3-Divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane57.2357.33−0.10−0.17
1-Heptyltrifluorosilane41.3241.070.250.61
2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane63.9063.780.120.19
2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexamethylcyclohexasiloxane85.8685.740.120.14
2,4,6,8-Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane57.1357.16−0.03−0.05
2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane115.86115.590.270.23
2-Butylsilane31.0231.09−0.07−0.23
2-Pentyloxytrimethylsilane49.7549.570.180.36
2-Silylpentasilane73.1773.090.080.11
2-Silyltetrasilane61.1261.050.070.11
2-Silyltrisilane48.8849.01−0.13−0.27
3-(Triethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine59.2459.230.010.02
3-(Trimethylsilyl)-1-propanol41.5540.940.611.47
3-Mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane49.4649.49−0.03−0.06
4-Bromophenyltrimethylsilane57.1957.80−0.61−1.07
4-Chlorophenoxytriethylsilane69.6669.380.280.40
4-Fluorophenyltrimethylsilane50.3450.110.230.46
4-Trifluoromethylphenyltrimethylsilane54.6355.30−0.67−1.23
4-Trimethylsiloxyphenyltrimethylsilane74.6374.540.090.12
Allylchlorodimethylsilane37.9838.71−0.73−1.92
Allylmethyldichlorosilane38.1438.50−0.36−0.94
Allyltrichlorosilane38.9738.330.641.64
Allyltriethoxysilane55.7355.490.240.43
Allyltrimethylsilane39.1439.22−0.08−0.20
Amylsilane35.6435.67−0.03−0.08
Benzyltrimethylsilane55.1154.830.280.51
Bis(butylthio) 2-(diethylmethylsilyl)ethyl borane101.77102.28−0.51−0.50
Bis(diethyl)disiloxane58.5458.510.030.05
Bis(diethylmethylsilyl)amine69.2469.58−0.34−0.49
Bis(diethylsilyl)amine61.4061.240.160.26
Bis(dimethylamino)bis(diethylamino)silane79.5079.360.140.18
Bis(dimethylphenylsilyl)amine91.0891.060.020.02
Bis(ethyldimethylsilyl)amine61.0160.440.570.93
Bis(ethylisobutyl)disiloxane76.9576.950.000.00
Bis(ethylphenyl)disiloxane88.8489.13−0.29−0.33
Bis(trichlorosilyl)methane51.0851.72−0.64−1.25
Bis(triethylsilyl)amine78.3378.72−0.39−0.50
Bis(trihexylsilyl)acetylene193.90193.780.120.06
Bis(trimethoxysilyl)amine56.3056.38−0.08−0.14
Bis(trimethoxysilylamino)dimethylsilane77.6177.64−0.03−0.04
Bis(trimethylsilylamino)dimethylsilane71.8172.56−0.75−1.04
Bromotriethylsilane46.4446.60−0.16−0.34
Bromotrimethylsilane32.9232.890.030.09
Butoxytrimethylsilane44.8844.93−0.05−0.11
Butylsilane30.9031.04−0.14−0.45
Butyltrichlorosilane43.1843.27−0.09−0.21
Butyltriisothiocyanatosilane73.9273.730.190.26
Chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane34.4334.50−0.07−0.20
Chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsilane39.3939.44−0.05−0.13
Chlorodiethylsilane34.9234.700.220.63
Chlorodimethylphenylsilane49.3349.70−0.37−0.75
Chlorodimethylsilane25.9025.560.341.31
Chloroethyldimethylsilane35.1534.390.762.16
Chloromethylphenylsilane45.4645.440.020.04
Chlorotriethylsilane43.5443.530.010.02
Chlorotrimethylsilane29.8829.820.060.20
Chlorovinyldimethylsilane34.4934.010.481.39
cis-1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-3,3-dichlorocyclopropane71.3770.620.751.05
cis-1,2-Dis(trimethylsilyl)-ethylene57.8858.06−0.18−0.31
Cyclohexyloxytrimethylsilane52.1252.060.060.12
Cyclohexyltrifluorosilane34.2634.35−0.09−0.26
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane93.3393.250.080.09
Decamethyltetrasiloxane86.1886.25−0.07−0.08
Decyldiphenylnonylsilane148.69148.680.010.01
Decyldiphenylsilane106.74107.04−0.30−0.28
Decyloxytrimethylsilane72.7172.710.000.00
Di(cyclohexyloxy)dimethylsilane74.0173.820.190.26
Diallyldimethylsilane48.3448.110.230.48
Diamylsilane58.6058.560.040.07
Dibutyldiisothiocyanatosilane77.7777.84−0.07−0.09
Dibutyldinonylsilane131.54131.95−0.41−0.31
Dibutylmethylsilyl bromide60.6460.550.090.15
Dibutylnonylsilane90.1690.31−0.15−0.17
Dibutylsilane49.3949.300.090.18
Dichloro(chloromethyl)methylsilane34.1734.29−0.12−0.35
Dichloro(dichloromethyl)methylsilane39.1339.23−0.10−0.26
Dichlorodiethylsilane38.7138.75−0.04−0.10
Dichlorodimethylsilane29.6529.610.040.13
Dichlorodiphenylsilane69.9969.370.620.89
Dichloromethylphenylsilane48.8149.49−0.68−1.39
Dicosamethyldecasiloxane197.51198.15−0.64−0.32
Didecyldiphenylsilane153.40153.310.090.06
Diethoxydimethylsilane40.9941.04−0.05−0.12
Diethoxydiphenylsilane81.0780.800.270.33
Diethoxymethylphenylsilane60.8560.92−0.07−0.12
Diethoxymethylsilane36.8436.680.160.43
Diethyl 2,2-diethylhydrazinosilane55.4355.86−0.43−0.78
Diethyl 2,2-dimethylhydrazinosilane46.3946.68−0.29−0.63
Diethyl bis(2,2-diethylhydrazino)silane81.1880.880.300.37
Diethyl bis(2,2-dimethylhydrazino)silane62.4762.52−0.05−0.08
Diethyl diethylaminosilane52.3452.060.280.53
Diethyldifluorosilane27.7427.83−0.09−0.32
Diethyldiisothiocyanatosilane59.5559.320.230.39
Diethylmethylchlorosilane38.6238.96−0.34−0.88
Diethylmethylsilanol35.4335.61−0.18−0.51
Diethylnonylsilane71.6071.79−0.19−0.27
Diethyloctylsilane67.2367.160.070.10
Diethylphenyl 1-isopropoxyethoxysilane80.2680.120.140.17
Diethylsilane30.7130.78−0.07−0.23
Diethylsilanol31.6231.250.371.17
Difluorodiphenylsilane58.6958.450.240.41
Dimethoxydiphenylsilane71.7071.480.220.31
Dimethyl bis(2,2-diethylhydrazino)silane71.5571.74−0.19−0.27
Dimethyl bis(2,2-dimethylhydrazino)silane53.5453.380.160.30
Dimethyl bis(2-chloropropoxy)silane59.8359.820.010.02
Dimethyldi(2-ethylbutoxy)silane78.2778.000.270.34
Dimethyldi(2-octyloxy)silane96.4496.62−0.18−0.19
Dimethyldi-2-butoxysilane59.6859.580.100.17
Dimethyldi-2-pentoxysilane68.6168.84−0.23−0.34
Dimethyldiacetoxysilane40.8140.82−0.01−0.02
Dimethyldibutoxysilane59.6359.560.070.12
Dimethyldidodecyloxysilane133.43133.64−0.21−0.16
Dimethyldiheptoxysilane87.2587.34−0.09−0.10
Dimethyldihexoxysilane77.4678.08−0.62−0.80
Dimethyldiisopropoxysilane49.5350.32−0.79−1.59
Dimethyldiisothiocyanatosilane49.9250.18−0.26−0.52
Dimethyldimethoxysilane31.5131.72−0.21−0.67
Dimethyldinonyloxysilane105.67105.86−0.19−0.18
Dimethyldioctoxysilane96.5096.60−0.10−0.10
Dimethyldipentoxysilane68.3868.82−0.44−0.64
Dimethyldiphenoxysilane71.5671.400.160.22
Dimethyldiphenylsilane70.0470.09−0.05−0.07
Dimethyldipropoxysilane50.9450.300.641.26
Dimethylethylsilanol30.7931.04−0.25−0.81
Dimethylphenylsilane45.0445.55−0.51−1.13
Dimethylvinylethoxysilane39.8239.86−0.04−0.10
Dinonyldiphenylsilane144.50144.050.450.31
Diphenylmethylsilane65.2865.43−0.15−0.23
Diphenylmethylsilylamine68.0368.05−0.02−0.03
Diphenylnonylsilane102.30102.41−0.11−0.11
Diphenylsilane61.5361.400.130.21
Dipropyldifluorosilane37.2437.090.150.40
Dipropylsilane40.0840.040.040.10
Disilanomethane27.1627.26−0.10−0.37
Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane111.89111.90−0.01−0.01
Dodecamethylpentasiloxane104.79104.90−0.11−0.10
Eicosamethylnonasiloxane179.30179.50−0.20−0.11
Ethoxytriethylsilane49.1049.38−0.28−0.57
Ethoxytrihexylsilane105.58104.940.640.61
Ethoxytrimethylsilane35.6735.670.000.00
Ethyl bis(2,2-diethylhydrazino)silane71.7671.89−0.13−0.18
Ethyl bis(2,2-dimethylhydrazino)silane53.6753.530.140.26
Ethyl bis(2-chloropropoxy)silane59.7360.03−0.30−0.50
Ethyl bis(diethylamino)silane64.2664.29−0.03−0.05
Ethyl isobutyl 2-chloropropoxysilane59.2459.060.180.30
Ethyl tris(2,2-diethylhydrazino)silane96.9396.810.120.12
Ethylaminotriethylsilane51.4651.360.100.19
Ethylcyclohexyldifluorosilane44.3144.260.050.11
Ethyldibutoxysilane59.6359.77−0.14−0.23
Ethyldimethyl 1-(3-pentoxy)ethoxysilane64.8964.93−0.04−0.06
Ethylisobutylsilanol40.4040.47−0.07−0.17
Ethylphenylchlorosilane49.4450.01−0.57−1.15
Ethyltributoxysilane78.6778.95−0.28−0.36
Ethyltrichlorosilane33.8334.01−0.18−0.53
Ethyltriethoxysilane51.5051.170.330.64
Ethyltriisothiocyanatosilane64.1764.47−0.30−0.47
Ethyltrimethoxysilane37.0137.19−0.18−0.49
Fluoroethyldiisopropylsilane47.7147.87−0.16−0.34
Fluorotributylsilane66.7166.290.420.63
Fluorotriethylsilane38.1038.51−0.41−1.08
Fluorotripentylsilane80.3080.180.120.15
Fluorotripropylsilane52.3352.40−0.07−0.13
Heptasilane84.7784.84−0.07−0.08
Heptyloxytrimethylsilane58.8058.82−0.02−0.03
Hexadecamethylheptasiloxane142.31142.200.110.08
Hexaethyldisiloxane75.9276.37−0.45−0.59
Hexamethyldisilane51.4251.360.060.12
Hexamethyldisiloxane48.9448.95−0.01−0.02
Hexapropyldisiloxane104.05104.15−0.10−0.10
Hexasilane72.7872.80−0.02−0.03
Hexyloxytrimethylsilane54.1654.19−0.03−0.06
Hexylsilane40.3440.300.040.10
HMDS51.5551.300.250.48
iso-Butylsilane31.0531.000.050.16
Isopentyloxytrimethylsilane49.5449.520.020.04
Isopropylmethylsilane30.6630.89−0.23−0.75
Isopropyltriisothiocyanatosilane69.5269.150.370.53
Isopropyltrimethylsilane38.4739.58−1.11−2.89
Methoxytriethylsilane44.4944.72−0.23−0.52
Methoxytrimethylsilane30.8031.01−0.21−0.68
Methoxytripropylsilane58.6458.610.030.05
Methyl bis(2,2-diethylhydrazino)silane67.1867.32−0.14−0.21
Methyl bis(2,2-dimethylhydrazino)silane48.8048.96−0.16−0.33
Methyl bis(2-chloropropoxy)silane55.3755.46−0.09−0.16
Methyl bis(diethylamino)silane59.9959.720.270.45
Methyl tris(2,2-diethylhydrazino)silane92.2692.240.020.02
Methylcyclohexyldifluorosilane39.6839.69−0.01−0.03
Methyldibutoxysilane54.8755.20−0.33−0.60
Methyldichloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethylsilane70.3170.120.190.27
Methyldichloro-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethylsilane65.4965.300.190.29
Methyldichloro-2,4-dichlorophenoxysilane60.9460.200.741.21
Methyldichloro-2-butoxyethylsilane55.1154.390.721.31
Methyldichloro-2-isobutoxyethylsilane54.5254.350.170.31
Methyldichloro-2-phenoxyethylsilane60.3960.48−0.09−0.15
Methyldichloro-4-chlorophenoxysilane55.0855.38−0.30−0.54
Methyldichlorobutoxysilane44.6644.640.020.04
Methyldichlorophenoxysilane50.1450.56−0.42−0.84
Methyldiethyl-2-phenoxyethylsilane70.0770.34−0.27−0.39
Methyldiethylphenoxysilane60.2959.990.300.50
Methylnonylphenylsilane82.9082.530.370.45
Methyloctylphenylsilane78.1877.900.280.36
Methylphenyldifluorosilane38.2638.57−0.31−0.81
Methylphenylsilane40.8241.52−0.70−1.71
Methylpropylsilane30.7330.84−0.11−0.36
Methylsilanetriol triacetate46.2746.270.000.00
Methyltri(2-octyloxy)silane129.85129.97−0.12−0.09
Methyltributoxysilane74.3974.380.010.01
Methyltrichlorosilane29.1329.44−0.31−1.06
Methyltriheptyloxysilane116.01116.05−0.04−0.03
Methyltrihexyloxysilane102.11102.16−0.05−0.05
Methyltriisopentyloxysilane88.2688.150.110.12
Methyltripentyloxysilane88.2088.27−0.07−0.08
Methyltriphenoxysilane91.8592.14−0.29−0.32
Methylvinyldichlorosilane33.3333.80−0.47−1.41
N-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)aminotriethylsilane64.7965.18−0.39−0.60
N-(3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-1,2-ethanediamine58.2157.880.330.57
N,N-Dibutylaminotriethylsilane78.6579.32−0.67−0.85
N,N-Diethylaminotriethylsilane60.9960.800.190.31
N,N-Diisobutylaminotriethylsilane78.6779.24−0.57−0.72
N-Fenchylaminotriethylsilane83.7483.97−0.23−0.27
N-Isopropylaminotriethylsilane56.0555.920.130.23
Nonyloxytrimethylsilane68.0768.08−0.01−0.01
N-Propylaminotriethylsilane56.1155.990.120.21
N-t-Butylaminotriethylsilane60.6360.550.080.13
Octadecamethyloctasiloxane160.19160.85−0.66−0.41
Octadecyltrichlorosilane108.02108.09−0.07−0.06
Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane74.6874.600.080.11
Octamethyltrisiloxane67.4467.60−0.16−0.24
Octyloxytrimethylsilane63.4363.45−0.02−0.03
Pentasilane60.8060.760.040.07
Pentyloxytrimethylsilane49.5249.56−0.04−0.08
Pentyltrichlorosilane48.7947.900.891.82
Phenoxytriethylsilane64.4764.56−0.09−0.14
Phenoxytrimethylsilane51.1750.850.320.63
Phenoxytripropylsilane78.4178.45−0.04−0.05
Phenylsilane37.4437.090.350.93
Phenyltri(2-octyloxy)silane149.82149.85−0.03−0.02
Phenyltri(cyclohexyloxy)silane115.70115.650.050.04
Phenyltrichlorosilane48.9249.32−0.40−0.82
Phenyltrifluorosilane33.0933.23−0.14−0.42
Phenyltriisopentyloxysilane108.25108.030.220.20
Phenyltrimethylsilane49.8850.21−0.33−0.66
Propyltrichlorosilane38.4638.64−0.18−0.47
Propyltriisothiocyanatosilane68.6969.10−0.41−0.60
t-Butoxytriethylsilane58.5458.59−0.05−0.09
t-Butoxytrimethylsilane44.9844.880.100.22
t-Butoxytripropylsilane72.6872.480.200.28
Tetra(1H,1H,3H-perfluoropropyl)silicate72.1972.100.090.12
Tetra(1H,1H,5H-perfluoropentyl)silicate111.97112.18−0.21−0.19
Tetra(2-ethylbutyl) silicate125.53126.42−0.89−0.71
Tetra(diethylamino)silane97.3397.72−0.39−0.40
Tetra(dimethylamino)silane61.2961.000.290.47
Tetra-2-butoxysilane90.4889.580.900.99
Tetra-2-methyl-1-propoxysilane88.8889.38−0.50−0.56
Tetra-2-pentoxysilane108.98108.100.880.81
Tetra-3-methyl-1-butoxysilane107.23107.90−0.67−0.62
Tetrabutoxysilane88.8889.54−0.66−0.74
Tetracosamethylhendecasiloxane217.25216.800.450.21
Tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane130.84130.550.290.22
Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane123.45123.55−0.10−0.08
Tetraethoxysilane53.3352.500.831.56
Tetraethylsilane48.3748.61−0.24−0.50
Tetrahexoxysilane127.50126.580.920.72
Tetraisobutylsilane86.0085.490.510.59
Tetraisopropoxysilane70.8271.06−0.24−0.34
Tetraisopropylsilane66.9267.33−0.41−0.61
Tetramethylsilane29.9530.33−0.38−1.27
Tetramethyltetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane154.31154.120.190.12
Tetramethyoxysilane33.5133.86−0.35−1.04
Tetraoctoxysilane163.90163.620.280.17
Tetrapentoxysilane107.38108.06−0.68−0.63
Tetrapropoxysilane70.6571.02−0.37−0.52
Tetrasilane48.8948.720.170.35
Tetravinylsilane46.8847.09−0.21−0.45
trans-1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-3,3-dichlorocyclopropane71.0270.620.400.56
Tributylisothiocyanatosilane82.0581.600.450.55
Tributylsilane67.5167.160.350.52
Tributylsilanol67.7967.96−0.17−0.25
Tributylsilylamine69.6169.78−0.17−0.24
Trichloro-2-phenoxyethylsilane60.4460.310.130.22
Trichlorovinylsilane33.5433.63−0.09−0.27
Triethoxymethylsilane46.5046.60−0.10−0.22
Triethoxypentylsilane64.9665.06−0.10−0.15
Triethoxyphenylsilane66.1566.48−0.33−0.50
Triethyl 1-propoxyethoxysilane65.1564.800.350.54
Triethyl 2,2-diethylhydrazinosilane64.5064.60−0.10−0.16
Triethyl 2,2-dimethylhydrazinosilane55.4855.420.060.11
Triethylisothiocyanatosilane53.8553.820.030.06
Triethylsilane39.6039.380.220.56
Triethylsilanol40.5940.180.411.01
Triethylsilylamine42.0742.000.070.17
Triethylsilyloxytripropylsilane90.1990.26−0.07−0.08
Triethyltriphenylcyclotrisiloxane129.17129.30−0.13−0.10
Triisopropoxyvinylsilane65.0364.710.320.49
Triisopropylethoxysilane63.5663.420.140.22
Triisopropylphenylsilane77.5077.96−0.46−0.59
Triisopropylsilane53.5753.420.150.28
Triisopropylsilyl chloride57.7257.570.150.26
Trimethoxymethylsilane32.2432.62−0.38−1.18
Trimethoxyphenylsilane52.3252.50−0.18−0.34
Trimethoxysilylamine30.9530.830.120.39
Trimethyl 1-ethoxyethoxysilane46.5246.460.060.13
Trimethyl 1-isopropoxyethoxysilane51.1551.100.050.10
Trimethyl 2,2-diethylhydrazinosilane50.9950.890.100.20
Trimethyl 2,2-dimethylhydrazinosilane41.7741.710.060.14
Trimethylisothiocyanatosilane40.1340.110.020.05
Trimethylsilanol26.2226.47−0.25−0.95
Trimethylsilylaminodimethylphenylsilane71.0971.18−0.09−0.13
Trimethylsilylaminodiphenylmethylsilane91.0591.06−0.01−0.01
Trimethylsilylaminotriethylsilane65.0065.01−0.01−0.02
Trimethylsilylaminotrimethoxysilane53.7053.84−0.14−0.26
Trimethylsilylaminotriphenylsilane111.69110.940.750.67
Trimethylsilyloxytriethylsilane62.4562.66−0.21−0.34
Trimethylsilyloxytripropylsilane76.5576.550.000.00
Trimethylvinylsilane34.5534.520.030.09
Tripentylsilane81.5481.050.490.60
Tripropylsilane52.7553.27−0.52−0.99
Tris(dimethylamino)dibutylaminosilane88.5888.70−0.12−0.14
Trisilane36.6136.68−0.07−0.19
Vinyl tris(2-chloropropoxy)silane79.3178.960.350.44
Vinyldiethoxymethylsilane45.0945.23−0.14−0.31
Vinyltriacetoxysilane50.5550.460.090.18
Vinyltriethoxysilane50.7550.79−0.04−0.08
Vinyltrimethoxysilane36.4136.81−0.40−1.10
Table
Table 6. Calculated and experimental refractivity of boron-containing compounds.
Table 6. Calculated and experimental refractivity of boron-containing compounds.
Molecule NameRefractivity Exp.Refractivity Calc.DeviationDev. in %
1,2-Bis(dipentylborinoxy)ethane116.12116.100.020.02
1,3,5-Tributylborazine79.5979.86−0.27−0.34
1,3,5-Triethylborazine52.4852.080.400.76
1,3-Bis(dibutoxyboryl)propane104.73104.83−0.10−0.10
1,3-Bis(dichloroboryl)propane44.1244.25−0.13−0.29
1,3-Bis(dimethoxyboryl)propane48.9649.15−0.19−0.39
1,4-Bis(dichloroboryl)butane48.7948.88−0.09−0.18
1,4-Bis(diethoxyboryl)butane73.1272.420.700.96
1,5-Bis(diethoxyboryl)pentane77.1377.050.080.10
1,6-Bis(diethoxyboryl)hexane81.8181.680.130.16
2-Butoxy-2-bora-1,3-dioxacyclopentane37.1336.610.521.40
2-Tolyl 3-tolyl propoxyborine82.1181.860.250.30
2-Tolyl 4-tolyl propoxyborine82.2681.860.400.49
2-Tolyl dibutoxyborine76.1876.43−0.25−0.33
2-Tolyl diethoxyborine57.6957.91−0.22−0.38
2-Tolyl dimethoxyborine48.1448.59−0.45−0.93
2-Tolyl dipropoxyborine66.9767.17−0.20−0.30
3-Tolyl dibutoxyborine76.4876.430.050.07
3-Tolyl diethoxyborine58.0857.910.170.29
3-Tolyl dimethoxyborine48.3848.59−0.21−0.43
3-Tolyl dipropoxyborine67.2667.170.090.13
4-Tolyl dibutoxyborine76.6776.430.240.31
4-Tolyl diethoxyborine58.0457.910.130.22
4-Tolyl dimethoxyborine48.4948.59−0.10−0.21
4-Tolyl dipropoxyborine67.4267.170.250.37
Bis(2-tolyl)-N-ethylaminoborane79.1278.870.250.32
Bis(2-tolyl)-N-isobutylaminoborane88.0888.09−0.01−0.01
Bis(2-tolyl)-N-methylaminoborane74.0074.28−0.28−0.38
Bis(allylamino)borane40.8941.33−0.44−1.08
Bis(butylamino)borane51.2451.210.030.06
Bis(butylthio) 2-(diethylmethylsilyl)ethyl borane101.77102.28−0.51−0.50
Bis(butylthio) hexyl borane88.5888.160.420.47
Bis(butylthio) octyl borane98.3097.420.880.90
Bis(butylthio)borane60.1760.27−0.10−0.17
Bis(diallylamino)borane67.8468.71−0.87−1.28
Bis(diethylamino)borane51.5451.430.110.21
Bis(di-isoamylamino)borane107.11106.830.280.26
Bis(diisobutylamino)borane88.2688.31−0.05−0.06
Bis(ethylthio) butylborane60.1960.38−0.19−0.32
Bis(ethylthio) isobutylborane60.3060.34−0.04−0.07
Bis(ethylthio) isopropylborane55.3455.77−0.43−0.78
Bis(ethylthio) octyl borane78.7778.90−0.13−0.17
Bis(ethylthio) propylborane55.6655.75−0.09−0.16
Bis(ethylthio)borane41.1641.75−0.59−1.43
Bis(isobutyl) cyclohexylboronate72.4472.120.320.44
Bis(isopropylthio)borane51.0850.990.090.18
Bis(propylthio)borane50.7751.01−0.24−0.47
Bis(t-butylthio)borane61.7761.010.761.23
Bromo butylthio isopentylborane64.0063.960.040.06
Bromo ethylthio isopentylborane54.5154.70−0.19−0.35
Bromo ethylthio isopropylborane45.0445.50−0.46−1.02
Bromo ethylthio phenylborane57.2756.670.601.05
Butoxy chloro phenylborine56.5656.220.340.60
Butyl butoxy chloroborine49.4349.66−0.23−0.47
Butyl dibutoxyborine64.8765.06−0.19−0.29
Butylphenylboronic acid50.0650.81−0.75−1.50
Butylthiodiethylborane52.2052.200.000.00
Chloro 2-octoxy phenylborine74.4274.75−0.33−0.44
Chloro di(1,2,2-trimethylpropoxy)borine69.3169.36−0.05−0.07
Chloro di(2-octoxy)borine87.3487.92−0.58−0.66
Chloro di(sec-butoxy)borine50.6950.88−0.19−0.37
Chloro dibutoxyborine51.0350.860.170.33
Chloro diisobutoxyborine50.3550.78−0.43−0.85
Chloro dineopentoxyborine60.3460.080.260.43
Chloro dioctoxyborine88.2987.900.390.44
Chloro dipropoxyborine41.8341.600.230.55
Cyclohexyldichloroborane41.9841.910.070.17
Dibutoxy 2-hydroxyethoxy borine59.4858.680.801.34
Dibutylboronic anhydride86.4487.19−0.75−0.87
Dibutylbutylaminoborane65.6865.390.290.44
Dibutylethylthioborane61.4961.460.030.05
Dibutylphenylaminoborane72.5372.57−0.04−0.06
Dibutylphenylthioborane76.4676.82−0.36−0.47
Dichloro 4-chlorobutoxyborine40.7340.650.080.20
Dichloro butoxyborine36.0335.850.180.50
Dichloro isobutoxyborine36.5535.810.742.02
Dichloro neopentoxyborine40.5140.460.050.12
Dichloro octoxyborine53.8554.37−0.52−0.97
Dichloro propoxyborine30.6231.22−0.60−1.96
Diisoamylbutylthioborane79.9979.900.090.11
Diisobutylboronic anhydride87.7387.030.700.80
Diisobutylbutylthioborane71.0670.640.420.59
Diisopentylboronic anhydride105.56105.550.010.01
Diisopropylboronic anhydride68.7868.750.030.04
Dioctyl butoxyborine100.02100.79−0.77−0.77
Dipropylbutylthioborane61.5161.460.050.08
Dipropylethylthioborane52.4852.200.280.53
Dipropylisobutylaminoborane55.9956.09−0.10−0.18
Dipropylphenylaminoborane63.3163.310.000.00
Dipropylphenylthioborane67.6767.560.110.16
Ethyl phenyl butoxyborine61.0961.050.040.07
Ethylphenylboronic acid42.1341.550.581.38
Ethylphenylboronic anhydride82.5781.790.780.94
Ethylthio dioctyl borane98.0398.50−0.47−0.48
Ethylthiodiethylborane42.8242.94−0.12−0.28
Hexyldichloroborane44.0744.030.040.09
Isobutyl cyclohexylchloroboronate56.9656.760.200.35
o-Tolylamino(diethylamino)borane63.4863.310.170.27
Pentyldichloroborane39.4939.400.090.23
Phenyl 2-tolyl propoxyborine77.1277.050.070.09
Phenyl di(sec-butoxy)borine71.4571.64−0.19−0.27
Phenyl di(sec-octoxy)borine108.55108.68−0.13−0.12
Phenyl dibutoxyborine71.3271.62−0.30−0.42
Phenyl diethoxyborine52.8753.10−0.23−0.44
Phenyl diisobutoxyborine71.4471.54−0.10−0.14
Phenyl dimethoxyborine43.4543.78−0.33−0.76
Phenyl dipropoxyborine62.4062.360.040.06
Phenylamino(diethylamino)borane58.8558.500.350.59
Phenylboron dichloride41.6441.330.310.74
Phenylpropylboronic acid46.4046.180.220.47
Phenylpropylboronic anhydride90.3091.05−0.75−0.83
Tri(1,2,2-trimethylpropoxy)borine93.6194.28−0.67−0.72
Tri(1,3-dichloro-2-propoxy)borine81.1281.47−0.35−0.43
Tri(1-chloroethoxy)borine52.9953.51−0.52−0.98
Tri(1-ethoxycarbonylethoxy)borine85.9385.700.230.27
Tri(1-methoxyethoxy)borine57.4257.140.280.49
Tri(2-ethoxycarbonylethoxy)borine84.9785.67−0.70−0.82
Tri(2-pentoxy)borine80.1180.45−0.34−0.42
Tri(butylthio)borane87.4787.360.110.13
Tri(ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)borine71.1471.78−0.64−0.90
Tri(propylthio)borane73.4773.470.000.00
Tri(t-butoxy)borine66.7766.380.390.58
Tributyl borate66.6566.530.120.18
Tridecyl borate149.41149.87−0.46−0.31
Triethyl borate38.6938.75−0.06−0.16
Triethylborane33.7234.51−0.79−2.34
Triheptyl borate109.18108.200.980.90
Triisobutylborane62.3162.170.140.22
Triisopentoxyborine80.1480.30−0.16−0.20
Triisopentylborane76.5476.060.480.63
Triisopropyl borate52.5252.67−0.15−0.29
Trimethoxyborine24.8624.770.090.36
Trioctyl borate122.30122.090.210.17
Tripentoxyborine80.4280.420.000.00
Tripropyl borate52.5552.64−0.09−0.17
Tripropylborane48.5448.400.140.29
Tris(ethylthio)borane59.4159.58−0.17−0.29
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MDPI and ACS Style

Naef, R.; Acree, W.E., Jr. Revision and Extension of a Generally Applicable Group Additivity Method for the Calculation of the Refractivity and Polarizability of Organic Molecules at 298.15 K. Liquids 2022, 2, 327-377. https://doi.org/10.3390/liquids2040020

AMA Style

Naef R, Acree WE Jr. Revision and Extension of a Generally Applicable Group Additivity Method for the Calculation of the Refractivity and Polarizability of Organic Molecules at 298.15 K. Liquids. 2022; 2(4):327-377. https://doi.org/10.3390/liquids2040020

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naef, Rudolf, and William E. Acree, Jr. 2022. "Revision and Extension of a Generally Applicable Group Additivity Method for the Calculation of the Refractivity and Polarizability of Organic Molecules at 298.15 K" Liquids 2, no. 4: 327-377. https://doi.org/10.3390/liquids2040020

APA Style

Naef, R., & Acree, W. E., Jr. (2022). Revision and Extension of a Generally Applicable Group Additivity Method for the Calculation of the Refractivity and Polarizability of Organic Molecules at 298.15 K. Liquids, 2(4), 327-377. https://doi.org/10.3390/liquids2040020

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