1. Introduction
Migration is currently a global issue, with international migrants accounting for 3.5% of the world’s population and almost 272 million globally (International Organization for Migration, 2019). The foreign resident population in Italy as of 1 January 2021 amounted to 5 million; compared to 2020, it remained substantially stable (−4 thousand; −0.1%). The community with Romanian citizenship is the most numerous (1.145 million). They are followed by the Albanian community (422 thousand) and the Moroccan community (414 thousand). Due to the size of these numbers in our context, it is interesting to carry out a study that can take into account this specific category of workers. This study represents one of the first attempts to integrate the analysis of migrants’ labor situation, training and its evaluation. Most of the studies on this subject have been conducted overseas and specifically in the construction sector. Our study, although in the early stages of exploration, tries to offer a broader view of other professions in our context. Future studies are certainly needed.
With a view to normality and according to the norms of integration and inclusion, migrant citizens have gradually integrated into the various aspects of society, approaching the working culture and policies of each host country. Thus, culturally diverse workplaces have become the norm rather than the exception in many Western countries, including the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom and most European Union member states [
1]. Furthermore, there is a growing awareness that inclusion could represent an advantage on an organizational level and companies must understand that today’s workforce is extremely diverse [
2].
Currently, the number of migrant workers is significantly high, and international migration has become an important part of global, social and economic development. Migrant workers become a valuable resource, as they are empowering and developing the economies of host countries simply by providing their physical and cognitive resources. In Italy in 2020 there will be slightly more than 4 million foreign citizens of working age, i.e., between the ages of 15 and 64. The number of working people is just over 2 million, while job seekers are more than 300,000 [
3].
Discussing the topic of work among migrants is important, as employment is one of the most important indicators of integration and independence for these individuals.
Several studies have focused on the analysis of the positive consequences that work has on these specific workers, but there is still a part of this phenomenon that has not been widely investigated. In effect, the negative aspects of unemployment, or the specific difficulties of these workers, are still little covered. The current literature on the topic revealed the positive impact of certain factors on migrants’ working conditions: such as living in rural or regional locations [
4], gender [
5] and country of origin [
6].
There is also a growing volume of literature dealing with the difficulties associated with the discrepancy with one’s employment aspirations [
6], and the difficulties that have arisen with employment and training barriers [
7,
8].
However, little attention has been paid to the search of the factors that contribute to employment and psychosocial risk factors in the workplace that may affect refugees’ psychological health and well-being. Migrant workers more frequently are experiencing significant difficulties in obtaining employment [
9,
10], more often experience fear of work loss, are more prone to abuse and discrimination, have more difficulty perceiving an adequate sense of belonging in the workplace and having their rights respected, have reduced sociability, and generally do not have a very high quality of life [
11,
12,
13].
The present study aims to describe and investigate the phenomenon of migration’s work, focusing on the specific difficulties and on the promotion of a positive safety climate through a training program. Through a series of interviews and focus groups with privileged participants, this study aims to identify whether and how a training action based on the principles of safety climate could contribute to better well-being for migrant workers, to a better social adaptation and to a general inclusion.
4. Results
The results emerging from this study are discussed considering the phase division, in order to make what emerged more accessible and clearer.
From the exploratory analysis of phase 1, concerning working conditions, well-being and quality of life in general, the results that emerged from the focus group are very interesting.
On the subject of discrimination, migrant workers more or less unanimously report that they experience and perceive it mainly in the non-work context. They reported episodes and stories of social marginalization and distance, mainly related to social activities and community relations. They often complained about the difficulty of relating to each other outside their protected environments, such as communities or accommodation centers. These findings were consistent with previous studies that confirmed that for minority group members, the potential need to cope with discrimination is an inevitable part of everyday life [
39,
80].
In relation to work contexts, it seems rather that they experience a feeling of resignation, due to the difficulty of respecting their work aspirations, which often turns into a lack of motivation and spirit of improvement. In the focus group they were aware of the onerous conditions of their working position but reported that they passively accept this precarious working situation for fear of being unable to support their family of origin or of losing their independence. In detail, these answers are mostly provided by ground workers, who have heavier workloads in specific periods.
Some of their answer reported:
“I know that coming to Italy meant doing a different job from the one I did. Without school and language I can only do the jobs you don’t want” (“you” meaning Italians).
“My Italian colleagues take more money than me. I am angry about that but I don’t say anything. If I say something they don’t make me work any longer.”
On this line, they felt less supported by organizations and their bosses, but experienced a deep sense of gratitude to them for offering this opportunity. This is a very interesting element, because it says a great deal about the self-perception and identity construction of migrant workers as individuals, who perceived themselves in a subordinate and inferior position with no apparent reason.
Thus, these findings confirmed hypothesis 1, that is, the experience of migrant worker discrimination situations in the workplace and also outside [
39]. These affected their perception of the diversity climate, although they reported some good supportive relationships with colleagues. Several participants agreed with the sentence of one of them who said:
“I have found some good people who offer me a ride in their car and don’t make me walk in the summer heat”.
Concerning psychophysical conditions, many of them reported perceiving a lot of fatigue in relation to specific working hours or climatic temperature, but did not associate any psychological or physical symptoms directly with the work situation. Some of them reported that they are aware that in work as in life there are difficulties, but they have to be dealt with and not seen as a limitation. These results are slightly in contrast to some of the literature on the issue, which instead reported in a study on the perceived mental health of immigrants in Italy that they perceive being discriminated at work, as foreign residents, and that this increased the possibility of reporting a worse mental health status. The most common symptoms are states of anxiety, depression, fear, frustration, sense of helplessness, loss of hope, paranoid ideations, resentment, low levels of self-esteem [
81,
82].
Other studies, however, are quite in line with the findings, i.e., they report that members of minority groups often tend to minimize their personal experience with discrimination, probably mediated by the resignation mentioned above or by the unfounded gratitude they feel [
39,
80].
On the issue of safety, they reported that they feel quite safe in their workplace but at the same time they reported that they did not receive any training and/or were not aware of the meaning and significance of some safety signs. Given that, they became aware that there was a gap with the safety issue, both from their and their organizations’ point of view, which did not seem to care. In this sense they did not perceive a full support by their organization or boss. For these reasons also the H2 seems to be confirmed.
On the number and topics of other training interventions, workers in the agricultural sector and in some companies related to food production reported that they never had any kind of training, although they often handled products such as pesticides, chemicals and/or special machines. Some of their answers reported:
“I use something on plants, but I don’t know what it is. Once I got it in my eye and it hurt a lot.”
“Yes, we have helmets for the head but I don’t know what it’s for...he told me to buy some shoes (safety shoes) but they cost too much and I go with these.”
“I did a course, but I didn’t understand much. A lot of difficult words in Italian.”
Furthermore, as concerns the workers’ rights, the various contracts that exist and all related actions in the working environment, there was very limited knowledge. Many migrant workers are often unaware of their type of contract and of whether the pay is in line with the law or not. This is even more pronounced for those who have succeeded in finding a job independently, and who are therefore less protected by the accommodation centers and project workers. These answers and some mentioned before, unfortunately, confirmed also the H3, that reported for migrant workers a lack or incomplete knowledge of language, safety contents and labor rights, reflecting an increased risk to their physical and psychological health and safety.
In the second phase, the implementation of the actual training intervention, the results that emerged were basically of a good level of participation and interest both in the application and during the proposed activities. As many as 37 migrant workers participated in the intervention, but only 24 chose to participate in this study. With the valuable support of the linguistic and cultural mediators and the various learning techniques implemented, we managed to involve the participants and allow them to gain real understanding.
At the end of the training intervention, we measured whether or not learning had occurred in these workers. Through the interviews carried out in phase three we succeeded in collecting some important data. Among the individual characteristics, we measured the intention to transfer this knowledge to their working context. Migrant workers consistently reported a strong motivation to apply and use the knowledge they had learned, as they believe it will be useful for improving their conditions and job performance. Together with this enthusiastic reaction, however, many of them reported fears of non-applicability in their work environments. They are concerned, for example, that merely requesting more breaks or a day off will always put them at a disadvantage and they may risk losing their jobs. In fact, although they are familiar with and aware of the rules on unfair dismissal, they stated that “
It’s a different story at work”(Jamal). In this sense H4, is partially confirmed for the individual characteristics. It emerged for migrant workers a strong motivation to transfer contents’ training on the job site, but in relation to the self-efficacy very low levels were reported, affected by the workplace and employers’ knowledge. These data are fully consistent with those proposed by Peiro and colleagues [
40] in their systematic review of the training for migrants workers. They stated that the post-training context is equally important and influential, especially for migrant workers who often have a peculiar relationship with supervisors [
35,
83]. Organizational and supervisor support, as well as the opportunity to apply the training immediately on the job, is important for better learning and use of the new knowledge and skills [
55,
84].
Furthermore, they perceived their working environment as very static and hostile towards themselves. They perceived more constraints and limitations than support and a good safety climate. These data were also very interesting for future interventions: providing specific training and awareness campaigns for stakeholders and organizations and investigating their point of view on these issues could produce many more important and stable effects. However, when measuring the perception of the safety climate, the results were slightly higher than the baseline of phase 1, due to a greater knowledge and awareness among migrants. This construct was measured at baseline in phase 1, with a sentence that assessed issue with a scale from 1 to 10. It was decided to use this approach to simplify comparison and understanding for the participants. In
Table 5 were presented for all the participants the comparison of this perception at baseline and at Time 1.
On the non-technical skills side, the evaluation included: teamwork (a shared approach to working safely); situational awareness (the ability to identify dangerous situations); communication (communicating hazards); decision-making (deciding how to deal with and manage dangerous situations); and fatigue and stress management (recognizing how being tired and stressed can affect safety behavior). After proper training on each of these topics and according to the guideline of the tool proposed by Mariani and colleagues [
64], we assessed the level of these skills, using the results as a baseline as a confrontation with step 4. During the interviews, we proposed to measure these skills on a scale from 1 to 10, indicating how much they are present in one’s daily work life.
Concerning team working, the average score reported by migrants was 5.2, a datum that seems to be strongly influenced by the role that many native colleagues play towards migrants: in many cases they are in fact supported by an older and more experienced worker, who more than a collaborator or a promoter of independence, acts as a constant controller. This datum confirmed the strong importance that teamwork had for this category of workers. As stated by Peiro and colleagues [
40], social relations were a sort of challenge for migrants. They often had poor relationships with supervisors and experience language or prejudice barriers [
35]. Furthermore, they usually worked with people from the same culture. Favoring teamworking with native workers could increase the learning of the safety norms, values, regulations, and language of the host country but also a better inclusion.
As for the awareness of the situation, the average score reported was 2.8, which was verbally explained by the interviewees as a deeper awareness only subsequent to the training. The average score for hazard communication was very low for those who have been in the territory for a shorter time, and slightly higher for those who have been in the territory for more than a year. The knowledge and proficiency of the host language seems to have a significant influence on this result.
Very low scores, averaging 1.9, were reported for decision-making. In their interviews, migrant workers justified this choice claiming to be unable to make decisions at work independently, once again confirming that the working environment was as a real constraint. Similar results were obtained on the management of fatigue and stress: although the interviewees reported being aware that these behaviors involve significant risks, they preferred to complete their work without complaints and to give up leisure activities in order to have more rest. These findings were also confirmed by the study carried out by Mariani and colleagues, and Vignoli and colleagues [
58,
64].
The results from the fourth phase of this project relate directly to the efficacy and transferability of safety training for migrants in working contexts. In this phase, individual focused interviews also were used, carried out with the help of a linguistic and cultural mediator after a time interval of 14 weeks or more. On the specific issues of this phase, it emerged that: the migrant workers reported that they used the training knowledge and content and benefited from it in their daily work. They also reported to have contacted the trade unions, checked their contracts and negotiated with their bosses about lack of contract and work schedules. In this sense it seems that they learned and implemented voice behaviors, aiming at the joint improvement of working conditions and psycho-physical well-being. They also spontaneously reported that the discussion and confrontation with their colleagues, including on safety issues, encouraged social relations and additional opportunities for interaction and exchanges.
They reported for example:
“I asked my colleagues if they knew of a trade union and I went there.”
“I talked to my employer about the possibility of doing a paid internship and then being hired. I explained the law to him...”
On the variables measured in phase three, some of the results were particularly significant. As far as individual characteristics are concerned, no important differences emerged; on the contrary migrant workers are still showing good levels of self-efficacy and motivation in transferability regardless of time passed and the contact with the organizational reality. Related to the environmental factors perceived as constraints, the results unfortunately did not show great changes, instead confirming the anticipated apprehension of migrants. This result brings us to reflect on the importance of a wider training, but also on how a fear and a resistance so strong could actually translate into a sort of self-fulfilling prophecy, in line with a previous study that analyzed this longitudinal effect [
63] and the other group involvement [
58,
64]. This result, confirming H5, clearly leads us to think that it is necessary research in these terms and an education program aimed at removing these resistances and prejudices.
The migrants reported higher average scores in team working (6.7), communication (5.1) and situational awareness (4.8) in relation to the non-technical skills baseline.
Table 6 summarizes these findings, comparing average score of each skill for the sample. Migrant workers verbally reported that they improved their work with others and their communication, and that it helped them to feel safer and to behave in a fairer and more correct manner. Moreover, the knowledge and awareness resulting from the training made them more confident and in control, increasing the general perception of safety and protection.
5. Key Contributions and Limitations of the Study
This study presents some strengths that can be considered key contributors to the literature on the topic of organizational climate and migrants’ working conditions.
Specifically, the main strengths concern the issue and the field of investigation. In Italy, studies on safety training have only recently been carried out, but these studies mainly addressed the working sector of construction [
58,
63]. Our study, although exploratory and still in the early stages of investigation, aims to broaden the field of the working sector, including in the training contents more focused on health and safety but also on some specific soft skills. Moreover, in an almost pioneering way in Italy, this paper integrated the literature on safety training, particularly in relation to migrant workers, the theoretical framework of realist evaluation, the transferability of training and its effectiveness.
An exploratory analysis of this kind could be of interest not only for the specific context in which the survey was carried out but also have a greater and cascading impact. The identification of the specific training needs of labor migrants, the characteristics of the training, and the difficulties that emerged in the transfer and application of the contents and skills learned could serve as a guide and stimulus for future research in this field. Involving a larger number of working migrants, but also their colleagues and especially employers, could be the perfect lock for a successful intervention.
Another strength of our study is the adoption of a purely qualitative approach. In fact, the objective posed was to understand in depth and in detail the perceptions and interpretations of the qualified witnesses [
85]. Their points of view in fact provided a rich and complex interpretation of migrant workers’ safety problems in their different working environments. Drawing on sensemaking theory as a framework [
86] we analyzed how different significant actors gave meaning and interpreted their experiences, avoiding being subjected to various prejudices and stereotypes and making rash judgements or interpretations. Finally, the study represented one of the few attempts in Italy to measure the longitudinal impact of a training intervention. Future studies could add a third wave, including a further follow-up measurement at least 6 months after the intervention.
Despite the strengths of the present study, there are also some limitations to note. One of the limitations of the study could be found in the sample characteristics. A convenience sampling technique was used, which probably allowed us to reach only some workers, perhaps preventing the identification of the most vulnerable members of the workforce (i.e., those who have very limited language skills and/or whose immigration status is precarious). Therefore, the sample was not fully representative, either of the reference population or of possible occupations. Future research will certainly increase the sample in favor of resolving this limitation or at least reducing it.
Another limitation was represented by the very nature of focus groups and focused interviews, which should contain some pitfalls. The quality of qualitative research depends strongly on the individual skills of the researcher and is more easily influenced by his or her personal prejudices and idiosyncrasies. The researcher’s presence during data collection could also influence the subjects’ answers in some way, just as not being able to guarantee anonymity and confidentiality could be a problem in conducting the focus group and in the information that emerges. Despite this, the topic covered and the sample under examination required an approach of this nature, such that with the appropriate measures of rigor and technique the validity and reliability of the research was ensured [
87]. The validity of research results referred to the degree to which the results are an accurate representation of the phenomena they are meant to represent, thus referring to the honesty and genuineness of the research data. The reliability of a study is related to the reproducibility and stability of the data, which has been extensively verified. In order to prove validity, a number of techniques were employed, such as the use of contradictory evidence, respondent validation and constant comparison. Specifically, contradictory evidence is used to ensure that the researcher’s prejudices do not interfere with or alter their perception of the data and insights offered; these are implemented through the involvement of an additional moderator, who then monitors the work of the interviewer and the non-occurrence of counter-transference. Respondent validation, on the other hand, provides feedback from participants to check for inconsistencies in the interpretations of their responses, offering to the researchers the opportunity to re-analyze or correct the data. The use of constant comparison implies that a piece of data (e.g., an interview) is compared with previous data and not considered on its own, allowing researchers to treat the data as a whole rather than fragmenting it. Constant comparison also allows the researcher to identify emerging/anticipated themes within the research project.
Finally, this study involved one country and one region, so there is a need to replicate this study in other cultural contexts.
Overall, this study is an initial exploratory survey that may provide interesting insights for the academic community as well as stakeholders in the workplace, and serve as a guide and starting point for future studies.
6. Discussion
In the present study, we proposed a complex model that included several elements: on the one hand, we analyzed perceptions of diversity climate, safety climate and experiences of discrimination of migrant workers, and on the other hand, we verified the efficacy and the transfer of safety and soft skills training aimed at these workers.
Consistent with the invitations to move away from positivist approaches in construction labor sector research (e.g., [
88,
89]) we carried out an analysis of focus group and in-depth interview models in order to obtain rich insights regarding the working conditions of migrants and the possible effect of a training intervention. The results allowed us to address some important research questions and hypotheses posed.
The first research question, mainly related to the first three hypotheses of our work, concerned the understanding of the work situation experienced by migrants, meaning the challenges and possible key opportunities they faced regarding the discrimination they experienced, and their perception of the diversity and safety climate. As indicated by the data collected and as previously identified in the literature, migrant workers often did not have expertise in the work sectors in which they found work, and were often engaged in some of the most dangerous, dirty and onerous jobs. This means an unconditional and unconscious acceptance of these jobs, also due to their precarious situation. In addition, there were problems related to lack of knowledge and awareness. In addition to this, there are also issues related to lack of knowledge and awareness of safety regulations and attitudes, language barriers and various forms of discrimination. Our study focused mainly on the challenges of migrant workers and the training needs that this specific category of workers presented. Migrant workers, more than others, are exposed to an unequal climate of diversity, and are one of the most disadvantaged and at-risk groups when it comes to safety issues. The analysis addressed in this first part gives us the opportunity to closely observe and understand the experience of these workers, and to structure ad hoc interventions to improve their quality of life and promote a more virtuous society.
The study of the literature on the topic led us to structure a type of intervention with specific characteristics, which at the same time included principles on the safety and health of workers, but also considered the application of soft-skills (non-technical skills) as effective tools for the promotion and transferability of new knowledge and skills, also in the field of safety.
The second research question, corresponding to our hypotheses H5 and H6, focused in fact on the identification of the opportunities deriving from a training intervention of this type and the impact that this intervention could have both in the immediate future and in relation to the territory.
The findings, highly encouraging at the end of the training, lost some effectiveness in their impact on the territory, confirming the importance of an intervention involving all the actors in the territory. Colleagues, safety managers, employers and all stakeholders must be involved in order to create more awareness and attention on these issues, especially given the increasingly heterogeneous composition of work groups. We identified similar challenges and problems in the literature, especially regarding cultural awareness of safety regulations and language barriers, especially in the construction sector. An important finding from several studies is the role played by soft skills in supporting the implementation of safety and technical knowledge and skills, becoming important in ensuring the transfer of training. For this reason, the inclusion of soft skills in our training had a double value: on the one hand, it facilitated implementation and transferability to individual work contexts; on the other hand, it raised awareness and contributed to the creation of a set of skills that are useful in society and in relation to the current labor market, which is extremely flexible and constantly changing.
7. Conclusions
The results of this study bear a great deal of relevance and had an impact on several sectors. Practical examples of the applicability and use of these results could be found in the local area, in the process of change and reflection stimulated and in the possibility of achieving more ambitious goals such as a fair diversity climate, reduction of accidents and risks, and the achievement of good social sustainability.
The results obtained from this study and the recommendations that could resulted from them may be useful if properly adapted to improve the safety of migrant workers in a number of sectors (e.g., agriculture, industries) and also in a number of services such as hospitality, but also to increase employers’ awareness of safety issues, discrimination and diversity climate. It is discussed that a training program, if efficient and transferred, leads to intended safety outcomes that depend on a variety of factors: individual characteristics, work environment factors and the content itself. Work environment seems to have the most important role, because it also mitigates the positive effects that the training has. In detail, proposing a training program for organizations and for stakeholders could be a solution to improve the positive effect and increase the applicability and transferability of all the contents of safety training. The study of Sherperd and colleagues [
63] confirmed that including other groups in the study and training (key stakeholders, native colleagues and supervisors, safety experts and safety training) contributed to a broader view and greater efficacy in transferability. This result also emerged in our study, as the participants reported a difficulty in implementing the deliverable learning. In this paper, we also proposed a vision of the migrant worker as an active and participating actor of the training process. In effect, once these workers return to their workplace, they have to be proactive in changing their behaviors and seek out situations in which they can practice learned behaviors. In particular, with regard to safety, migrant workers often have to balance safety and time pressures [
90], and suffer cultural and language barriers [
40].
Conducting and presenting studies such as these are useful for local communities to stimulate reflection and awareness of the real issues and difficulties that migrant workers more than others experience. A good feedback of the results should also include widespread dissemination of what has emerged, in order to stimulate stakeholders on the general importance of promoting adequate training and positive climates of security and diversity. There were many studies confirming the important role played by the positive perception of these climates both from the individual point of view (greater self-efficacy, satisfaction, proactivity, involvement) and from the organizational point of view (greater productivity, greater significance given to work, better performance). Therefore, becoming aware of this means understanding the competitive advantage that could result [
21,
33]. In addition, an element that should never be underestimated is that the promotion of a positive climate of safety for migrant workers and a positive diversity climate will contribute to the achievement of many of the 17 Goals promoted by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including social sustainability (good health and well-being, gender equality, decent work and economic growth, reduced inequalities, peace, justice and strong institutions).
Overall, this study is the beginning of a series of helpful studies to evaluate training aimed at migrants to promote their safety and inclusion, and improve their quality of life. The results achieved are quite encouraging and bear out the requirement for such training and the first positive effects on working conditions and quality of life. A more comprehensive and long-term study could involve further training and follow-up to allow us to measure variations over time. We hope to continue analysis and research in this field, and to inspire new forms of training and interventions, also including a wider range of participants. Safety training for migrants [
91] is an issue that is still rarely discussed but is definitely useful not only for inclusion and better social adaptation, but in limiting risks and accidents in the workplace.