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Article

Cassia grandis L.f. Pods as a Source of High-Value-Added Biomolecules: Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Extract Rheology

by
Filipe M. M. Cordeiro
1,
Salomé G. Bedoya
1,
Daniel A. P. Santos
1,
Rebeca S. Santos
1,
Thomas V. M. Bacelar
1,
Filipe S. Buarque
2,*,
George Simonelli
1,
Ana C. M. Silva
1 and
Álvaro S. Lima
1,*
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Aristides Novis, Salvador 40210-630, Brazil
2
Biochemical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149. Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomass 2025, 5(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5020024
Submission received: 10 March 2025 / Revised: 11 April 2025 / Accepted: 21 April 2025 / Published: 25 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Recovery and Use of Bioactive Materials and Biomass)
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Abstract

High-value-added biomolecules such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids from secondary metabolism and macromolecules such as sugars are the main constituents of several plants. Thus, this work aims to optimize the extraction of these biomolecules present in the pods of Cassia grandis L.f. Initially, the effect of choline-based ionic liquids—ILs (choline chloride [Ch]Cl, dihydrogen citrate [Ch][DHC], and bitartrate [Ch][BIT]) as extracting agents for phenolic compounds and flavonoids was evaluated based on their efficiency and selectivity. Then, a 23 full factorial design with six central points was performed using the IL concentration, the solid–liquid ratio, and the temperature as independent variables. The extract obtained in the best condition was subjected to pervaporation, after which the concentrates and the crude extract were used to determine the physical properties (density, viscosity, and refractive index). The hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance of the extracting agent and the biomolecules are the extraction process’s driving force. The best extraction condition was formed by [Ch][DHC] at 15 wt%, with a solid–liquid ratio of 1:15, at 45 °C for 30 min, resulting in 153.71 ± 5.81 mg·g−1 of reducing sugars; 483.51 ± 13.10 mg·g−1 of total sugars; 11.79 ± 0.54 mg·g−1 of flavonoids; and 38.10 ± 2.90 mg·g−1 of total phenolic compounds. All the physical properties of the biomolecules are temperature-dependent; for density and refractive index, a linear correlation is observed, while for viscosity, the correlation is exponential. Increasing the temperature decreases all properties, and the extract concentration for 8× presents the highest values of density (1.283 g·cm−3), viscosity (9224 mPa·s), and refractive index (1.467).
Keywords: C. grandis L.f.; ionic liquids; phenolic compounds C. grandis L.f.; ionic liquids; phenolic compounds

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cordeiro, F.M.M.; Bedoya, S.G.; Santos, D.A.P.; Santos, R.S.; Bacelar, T.V.M.; Buarque, F.S.; Simonelli, G.; Silva, A.C.M.; Lima, Á.S. Cassia grandis L.f. Pods as a Source of High-Value-Added Biomolecules: Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Extract Rheology. Biomass 2025, 5, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5020024

AMA Style

Cordeiro FMM, Bedoya SG, Santos DAP, Santos RS, Bacelar TVM, Buarque FS, Simonelli G, Silva ACM, Lima ÁS. Cassia grandis L.f. Pods as a Source of High-Value-Added Biomolecules: Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Extract Rheology. Biomass. 2025; 5(2):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5020024

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cordeiro, Filipe M. M., Salomé G. Bedoya, Daniel A. P. Santos, Rebeca S. Santos, Thomas V. M. Bacelar, Filipe S. Buarque, George Simonelli, Ana C. M. Silva, and Álvaro S. Lima. 2025. "Cassia grandis L.f. Pods as a Source of High-Value-Added Biomolecules: Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Extract Rheology" Biomass 5, no. 2: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5020024

APA Style

Cordeiro, F. M. M., Bedoya, S. G., Santos, D. A. P., Santos, R. S., Bacelar, T. V. M., Buarque, F. S., Simonelli, G., Silva, A. C. M., & Lima, Á. S. (2025). Cassia grandis L.f. Pods as a Source of High-Value-Added Biomolecules: Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Extract Rheology. Biomass, 5(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5020024

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