Optimizing Daylight Performance of Digital Fabricated Adobe Walls
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Benchmarks
2.1. Topology Optimization
2.2. Daylight Analysis
2.2.1. Daylight Calculation Methods
2.2.2. Sky Models
2.3. Digital Fabrication and Adobe Bricks: Pioneering Construction with 3D Printed Steel Molds
The Power of 3D Printed Steel Molds for the TO Wall
- Customization and Design Freedom: Unlike traditional manufacturing methods, which are constrained by the limitations of molds and tooling, 3D printing allows for the creation of highly customized molds tailored to specific architectural designs and project requirements (like daylight performance). Constructors can experiment with intricate patterns, textures, and shapes, pushing the boundaries of creativity and unlocking new aesthetic possibilities.
- Optimized Material Usage: 3D printing optimizes material usage by only depositing material where it is needed, minimizing waste and reducing environmental impact. This efficiency is particularly beneficial in adobe brick production, where sustainable practices are paramount.
- Rapid Prototyping and Iteration: The iterative nature of 3D printing enables rapid prototyping and design iteration, facilitating a more agile and responsive approach to construction. Constructors can quickly test different mold designs, refine their prototypes, and implement changes on the fly, accelerating the development process and reducing time-to-market.
- Complex Geometry and Structural Integrity: 3D printed steel molds can achieve intricate geometries and complex shapes that would be difficult or impossible to produce using traditional methods. This capability is invaluable for creating structurally sound adobe bricks with enhanced thermal performance and aesthetic appeal.
- Scalability and Cost-Effectiveness: While the initial investment in 3D printing equipment may be significant, the scalability and cost-effectiveness of additive manufacturing make it a viable long-term solution for adobe brick production. As technology matures and becomes more widespread, economies of scale will drive down costs, making 3D printed steel molds accessible to a broader range of builders and developers.
2.4. The Novelty of Proposed Design Framework
- The specific details of the framework (analysis methods, optimization algorithms) would determine its effectiveness.
- The research justifying its stability is important.
- Stability refers to the framework’s ability to produce consistent and reliable results across various design scenarios.
3. Methodology and Design Parameters
3.1. The TO-Based Design Process
- Discretize the design domain with the proper finite element mesh and introduce the constraints and other design variables (, and )
- Run the finite element analysis and calculate the sensitivity number of each element
- Filtering the sensitivity numbers.
- Set target Volume for the next iteration.
- Check the removal threshold and remove the elements with sensitivity number smaller than the threshold, if the target volume is greater to the subjected one.
- Check the addition threshold and remove the elements with sensitivity number greater than the threshold, if the target volume is smaller to the subjected one.
- Check the compliance convergence if the error is greater than the tolerance, repeat the procedure from step 2.
3.2. Split Flux Formula’s Direct Component Function
3.3. The Updated Flowchart
- Discretize the design domain with finite element mesh and introduce the constraints and other design variables (, and )
- Run the direct Sky Component Tool (Appendix B)
- Run the finite element analysis and calculate the modified, by daylight sensitivity percentage, sensitivity number of each element
- Filtering the modified sensitivity numbers by daylight sensitivity percentages.
- Set target Volume for the next iteration.
- If the target volume is greater to the subjected one, check the removal threshold and remove the elements with sensitivity number smaller than the threshold.
- If the target volume is smaller to the subjected one, check the addition threshold and remove the elements with sensitivity number greater than the threshold.
- Check the compliance convergence if the error is greater than the tolerance, repeat the procedure from step 3.
4. The Case Study
5. Results
- Design the walls, floor, roof and optimized wall in Rhinoceros 3d and assign the on HB Face toggle
- Design the window elements and assign the on HB Aperture toggle
- Define daylight sensors’ grid-size and assign it to HB Sensor grid size.
- Download weather Data for Athens Region and connect them in Climate-based sky toggle.
- Connect all the above with HB point-in-time grid-based recipe.
- Run the HB point-in-time grid based recipe.
- Choose the type of results for example Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) or Daylight Autonomy (DA)
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
- The ground reflected light
- The upper surfaces of the room reflected light
- The light which is entered from the window and is reflected by the lower surfaces of the room
Appendix C
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Gonidakis, D.N.; Frangedaki, E.I.; Lagaros, N.D. Optimizing Daylight Performance of Digital Fabricated Adobe Walls. Architecture 2024, 4, 515-540. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4030028
Gonidakis DN, Frangedaki EI, Lagaros ND. Optimizing Daylight Performance of Digital Fabricated Adobe Walls. Architecture. 2024; 4(3):515-540. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4030028
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonidakis, Dimitrios N., Evangelia I. Frangedaki, and Nikos D. Lagaros. 2024. "Optimizing Daylight Performance of Digital Fabricated Adobe Walls" Architecture 4, no. 3: 515-540. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4030028