Assessment of Humic and Fulvic Acid Sorbing Potential for Heavy Metals in Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals, Reagents, and Raw Materials
2.2. HA and FA Preparation
2.3. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Analysis
2.4. Sorption Process
2.5. Distribution Coefficient (Kd) Calculation
2.6. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
2.7. Spectroscopic Measurement and Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the Sorbents
3.2. Removal of Metals by HA
3.3. Removal of Metals by FA
3.4. Spectroscopic Measurement of Sorption
3.5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metals | HA from South Field Mine (ppm) | HA from Mavropigi Mine (ppm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
300 | 600 | 900 | 300 | 600 | 900 | |
Ag | 46.95 ± 1.46 C,c (3.47) | 89.39 ± 2.88 B,b (4.15) | 99.35 ± 3.46 A,a (5.23) | 40.86 ± 1.26 C,c (3.36) | 88.27 ± 2.68 B,b (4.10) | 99.78 ± 3.67 A,a (5.70) |
Al | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
As | 14.47 ± 0.44 E,c (2.75) | 24.29 ± 0.79 C,b (2.73) | 34.11 ± 1.16 B,a (2.76) | 17.69 ± 0.54 D,c (2.86) | 33.8 ± 1.14 B,b (2.93) | 49.90 ± 1.56 A,a (3.04) |
B | 14.02 ± 0.44 C,c (2.74) | 31.79 ± 0.99 B,b (2.89) | 49.56 ± 1.53 A,a (3.04) | 14.54 ± 0.48 C,c (2.75) | 32.01 ± 1.03 B,b (2.89) | 49.47 ± 1.52 A,a (3.04) |
Ba | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
Be | 8.71 ± 0.27 C,c (2.5) | 18.07 ± 0.53 B,b (02.57) | 27.44 ± 0.81 A,a (2.62) | 8.15 ± 0.25 C,c (2.47) | 17.61 ± 0.50 B,b (2.55) | 27.06 ± 0.79 A,a (2.62) |
Ca | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
Cd | 14.21 ± 0.66 E,c (2.74) | 27.64 ± 1.29 C,b (2.80) | 41.08 ± 1.97 A,a (2.89) | 11.97 ± 0.66 E,c (2.66) | 22.5 ± 1.32 D,b (2.68) | 33.02 ± 1.97 B,a (2.74) |
Co | 6.54 ± 0.24 E,c (2.37) | 14.46 ± 0.46 D,b (2.45) | 22.39 ± 0.71 B,a (2.51) | 3.59 ± 0.14 F,c (2.09) | 16.75 ± 0.56 C,b (2.53) | 29.90 ± 0.91 A,a (2.68) |
Cr | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | 3.53 ± 0.12 C,c (2.09) | 6.21 ± 0.21 B,b (2.04) | 8.22 ± 0.27 A,a (2.00) |
Cu | 67.48 ± 2.12 B,b (3.84) | 98.95 ± 3.55 A,a (5.20) | 99.23 ± 3.71 A,a (5.16) | 48.08 ± 3.17 C,b (3.49) | 98.24 ± 3.45 A,a (4.97) | 99.15 ± 3.66 A,a (5.11) |
Fe | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
K | 9.81 ± 0.31 D,c (2.56) | 18.16 ± 0.54 B,b (2.57) | 26.52 ± 0.79 A,a (2.60) | 1.27 ± 0.05 F,c (1.63) | 6.42 ± 0.21 E,b (2.06) | 12.84 ± 0.41 C,a (2.21) |
Li | 9.18 ± 0.28 C,c (2.53) | 18.45 ± 0.57 B,b (2.58) | 27.72 ± 0.84 A,a (2.63) | 7.78 ± 0.23 C,c (2.45) | 17.05 ± 0.51 B,b (2.53) | 26.31 ± 0.77 A,a (2.60) |
Mg | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
Mn | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
Mo | 62.84 ± 1.91 C,b (3.75) | 94.05 ± 2.98 A,a (4.42) | 99. 27 ± 4.02 A,a (5.18) | 42.38 ± 1.48 D,c (3.39) | 85.18 ± 2.98 B,b (3.98) | 98.13 ± 3.98 A,a (4.77) |
Na | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
Ni | 4.18 ± 0.15 C,c (2.16) | 9.24 ± 0.36 B,b (2.23) | 14.30 ± 0.57 A,a (2.27) | 2.28 ± 0.09 D,c (1.89) | 4.24 ± 0.16 C,b (1.87) | 8.48 ± 0.32 B,a (2.01) |
Pb | 56.81 ± 2.23 C,c (3.64) | 91.25 ± 3.92 A,B,b (4.24) | 99.86 ± 3.77 A,a (5.90) | 46.31 ± 1.52 D,c (3.46) | 90.31 ± 3.42 B,b (4.19) | 98.67 ± 3.87 A,a (4.92) |
Se | 21.74 ± 0.85 E,c (2.97) | 34.21 ± 1.32 D,b (2.94) | 46.69 ± 1.82 B,a (2.99) | 20.14 ± 0.85 E,c (2.92) | 42.31 ± 1.62 C,b (3.09) | 64.47 ± 2.32 A,a (3.30) |
Sr | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
Tl | 17.20 ± 0.63 E,c (2.84) | 31.85 ± 1.23 D,b (2.89) | 46.51 ± 1.78 C,a (2.99) | 29.86 ± 1.13 D,c (3.15) | 57.93 ± 2.11 B,b (3.36) | 85.96 ± 3.27 A,a (3.83) |
U | 49.22 ± 1.86 C,c (3.51) | 88.06 ± 3.44 B,b (4.09) | 99.69 ± 3.95 A,a (5.55) | 37.53 ± 1.42 D,c (3.30) | 81.44 ± 3.16 B,b (3.86) | 98.69 ± 4.01 A,a (4.92) |
V | 28.70 ± 1.09 C,c (3.13) | 61.67 ± 2.32 B,b (3.43) | 94.64 ± 3.64 A,a (4.29) | 33.77 ± 1.25 C,c (3.23) | 64.51 ± 2.42 B,b (3.48) | 95.24 ± 3.67 A,a (4.35) |
Zn | 11.42 ± 0.43 E,c (3.63) | 30.29 ± 1.16 C,b (2.86) | 49.17 ± 1.87 A,a (3.03) | 14.28 ± 0.44 E,c (2.74) | 26.71 ± 1.06 D,b (2.78) | 39.13 ± 1.53 B,a (2.85) |
Metals | FA from South Field Mine (ppm) | FA from Mavropigi Mine (ppm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
300 | 600 | 900 | 300 | 600 | 900 | |
Ag | 48.24 ± 1.64 C,c (3.49) | 89.33 ± 2.92 B,b (4.14) | 99.19 ± 3.78 A,a (5.13) | 42.72 ± 1.67 C,c (3.40) | 85.96 ± 3.03 B,b (4.01) | 98.45 ± 3.92 A,a (2.05) |
Al | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
As | 14.12 ± 0.55 D,c (2.74) | 24.34 ± 1.11 C,b (2.73) | 34.57 ± 1.31 B,a (2.77) | 14.24 ± 0.52 D,c (2.74) | 26.37 ± 0.99 C,b (2.78) | 38.51 ± 1.50 A,a (2.84) |
B | 16.26 ± 0.65 E,c (2.81) | 30.68 ± 1.19 D,b (2.87) | 45.10 ± 1.54 B,a (2.96) | 15.87 ± 0.61 E,c (2.80) | 34.51 ± 1.35 C,b (2.94) | 53.15 ± 2.03 A,a (3.10) |
Ba | 10.51 ± 0.46 E,c (2.59) | 22.36 ± 0.72 C,b (2.68) | 34.22 ± 1.26 B,a (2.76) | 14.22 ± 0.55 D,c (2.74) | 24.72 ± 1.14 C,b (2.74) | 37.77 ± 1.53 A,a (2.83) |
Be | 9.94 ± 0.43 C,c (2.57) | 17.75 ± 0.74 B,b (2.56) | 25.56 ± 1.2 A,a (2.58) | 8.57 ± 0.35 C,c (2.49) | 17.14 ± 0.69 B,b (2.54) | 25.72 ± 0.99 A,a (2.59) |
Ca | 51.85 ± 1.93 B,b (3.56) | 98.76 ± 3.4 A,a (5.12) | 99.58 ± 5.21 A,a (5.42) | 52.01 ± 1.99 B,b (3.56) | 98.34 ± 2.7 A,a (4.99) | 99.12± 3.71 A,a (5.10) |
Cd | 15.80 ± 0.51 C,c (2.80) | 27.73 ± 1.12 B,b (2.81) | 39.65 ± 1.45 A,a (2.86) | 7.86 ± 0.29 D,c (2.45) | 17.09 ± 0.69 C,b (2.54) | 26.32 ± 0.91 B,a (2.60) |
Co | 8.23 ± 0.32 D,c (2.48) | 14.70 ± 0.61 B,b (2.46) | 21.16 ± 0.81 A,a (2.47) | 5.97 ± 0.26 E,c (2.33) | 10.48 ± 0.44 C,b (2.29) | 14.99 ± 0.56 B,a (2.29) |
Cr | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
Cu | 52.57 ± 1.96 C,b (3.57) | 98.12 ± 3.5 A,a (4.94) | 99.89 ± 3.84 A,a (6.00) | 46.26 ± 1.79 C,c (3.46) | 90.12 ± 3.22 B,b (4.18) | 99.95 ± 3.36 A,a (6.35) |
Fe | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
K | 23.75 ± 0.88 C,c (3.02) | 47.50 ± 1.92 B,b (3.18) | 71.25 ± 2.72 A,a (3.44) | 21.55 ± 0.78 C,c (2.96) | 47.50 ± 2.02 B,b (3.18) | 68.45 ± 2.63 A,a (3.38) |
Li | 10.98 ± 0.41 D,c (2.61) | 19.27 ± 0.71 C,b (2.60) | 27.56 ± 0.98 B,a (2.63) | 12.8 ± 0.45 D,c (2.69) | 26.19 ± 1.02 B,b (2.77) | 39.54 ± 1.52 A,a (2.86) |
Mg | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
Mn | 3.34 ± 0.15 C,c (2.06) | 5.97 ± 0.23 B,b (2.02) | 8.60 ± 0.32 A,a (2.02) | ≤0.1 (≤0.52) | ≤0.1 (≤0.22) | ≤0.1 (≤0.05) |
Mo | 43.78 ± 1.61 C,c (3.41) | 79.60 ± 2.81 B,b (3.81) | 97.67 ± 4.61 A,a (4.67) | 23.57 ± 0.82 D,c (3.01) | 49.12 ± 1.75 C,b (3.21) | 74.66 ± 2.91 B,a (3.52) |
Na | 56.1 ± 2.19 B,b (3.63) | 98.76 ± 3.82 A,a (5.12) | 99.59 ± 4.75 A,a (5.43) | 41.1 ± 1.54 C,b (3.37) | 98.12 ± 4.13 A,a (4.94) | 99.28 ± 4.52 A,a (5.19) |
Ni | 17.99 ± 0.68 D,c (2.86) | 31.02 ± 1.19 B,b (2.87) | 44.05 ± 1.71 A,a (2.94) | 19.17 ± 0.81 D,c (2.90) | 26.67 ± 1.08 C,b (2.78) | 44.17 ± 1.72 A,a (2.94) |
Pb | 48.37 ± 1.72 C,b (3.49) | 91.26 ± 3.38 A,B,a (4.24) | 99.36 ± 4.90 A,a (5.24) | 50.96 ± 1.88 C,c (3.54) | 87.86 ± 3.54 B,b (4.08) | 98.13 ± 5.73 A,a (4.77) |
Se | 19.51 ± 0.64 C,c (2.91) | 34.84 ± 1.33 B,b (2.95) | 50.18 ± 2.05 A,a (3.05) | 20.68 ± 0.70 C,c (2.94) | 36.93 ± 1.55 B,b (2.99) | 53.17 ± 2.04 A,a (3.10) |
Sr | 39.33 ± 1.66 C,c (3.33) | 85.50 ± 3.32 B,b (3.99) | 97.89 ± 3.81 A,a (4.71) | 37.48 ± 1.46 C,c (3.30) | 87.15 ± 2.89 B,b (4.05) | 98.12 ± 3.19 A,a (4.76) |
Tl | 17.46 ± 0.52 C,c (2.85) | 31.75 ± 0.98 B,b (2.89) | 46.04 ± 1.93 A,a (2.98) | 10.73 ± 0.43 D,c (2.60) | 20.24 ± 0.79 C,b (2.63) | 29.76 ± 1.07 B,a (2.67) |
U | 8.49 ± 0.38 D,c (2.49) | 16.65 ± 0.54 C,b (2.52) | 24.81 ± 0.81 B,a (2.56) | 14.87 ± 0.51 C,c (2.77) | 27.06 ± 0.94 B,b (2.79) | 39.24 ± 1.49 A,a (2.86) |
V | 54.42 ± 2.15 B,b (3.60) | 96.12± 3.83 A,a (4.62) | 98.45 ± 5.42 A,a (4.85) | 53.73 ± 2.04 B,b (3.59) | 95.65 ± 3.76 A,a (4.56) | 98. 21 ± 5.53 A,a (4.79) |
Zn | 14.64 ± 0.58 D,c (2.76) | 30.50 ± 1.17 B,b (2.86) | 46.36 ± 1.84 A,a (2.98) | 11.01 ± 0.46 E,c (2.62) | 20.03 ± 0.74 C,b (2.62) | 29.04 ± 1.19 B,a (2.66) |
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Papadaki, E.S.; Chatzimitakos, T.; Athanasiadis, V.; Kalompatsios, D.; Bozinou, E.; Mitlianga, P.; Lalas, S.I. Assessment of Humic and Fulvic Acid Sorbing Potential for Heavy Metals in Water. Foundations 2023, 3, 788-804. https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3040044
Papadaki ES, Chatzimitakos T, Athanasiadis V, Kalompatsios D, Bozinou E, Mitlianga P, Lalas SI. Assessment of Humic and Fulvic Acid Sorbing Potential for Heavy Metals in Water. Foundations. 2023; 3(4):788-804. https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3040044
Chicago/Turabian StylePapadaki, Eirini S., Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Dimitrios Kalompatsios, Eleni Bozinou, Paraskevi Mitlianga, and Stavros I. Lalas. 2023. "Assessment of Humic and Fulvic Acid Sorbing Potential for Heavy Metals in Water" Foundations 3, no. 4: 788-804. https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3040044