Limits of Harmonic Stability Analysis for Commercially Available Single-Phase Inverters for Photovoltaic Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The State of the Art
2.1. Low-Voltage Network Model
2.2. Inverter Model
2.2.1. White-Box Model
2.2.2. Gray-Box Model
2.2.3. Black-Box Model
2.2.4. Measurement-Based Identification
2.3. Harmonic Stability Analysis
3. Limits of Harmonic Stability Assessment
3.1. Theoretic Considerations
3.2. Measurement-Based Identification of Small-Signal Characteristics
3.2.1. Measurement Setup
3.2.2. Measurement Results
3.3. Measurement-Based Evaluation of Stable Operation
3.3.1. Measurement Setup
Test Stand Configuration
Measurement Scenarios
3.3.2. Measurement Results
3.3.3. Measurement Result Categorization
3.3.4. Measurement Evaluation
4. Discussion
4.1. Network Impedance
4.2. Background Distortion
4.3. General Assessment Framework
5. Conclusions
5.1. Summary
5.2. Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Operating Power | Inductance Value @1 kHz | Operation Status | |
---|---|---|---|
Sinusoidal Voltage | Flat-Top Voltage (and Pointed-Top) | ||
1 kW | 3785 µH | Stable | Stable |
3943 µH | Stable | Instable | |
4112 µH | Instable | - | |
2.5 kW | 3785 µH | Stable | Stable |
3943 µH | Instable | - | |
4112 µH | Instable | - | |
4.5 kW | 1625 µH | Stable | Stable |
1908 µH | Stable | Instable | |
2385 µH | Instable | - |
Cate-Gory | Stability Statement | Type of Instability | Voltage Waveform | Specifications | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Stable | - | Sinusoidal | - | |
Flat-top | - | ||||
Pointed-top | - | ||||
2 | A | Instable | Steady state | Sinusoidal | - |
Flat-top | - | ||||
B | Instable | Transient | Sinusoidal to flat-top | Shut down when changing the background voltage | |
C | Instable | Unspecified | Sinusoidal | Not reaching the intended operating point before shutting down |
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Kaufhold, E.; Meyer, J.; Myrzik, J.; Schegner, P. Limits of Harmonic Stability Analysis for Commercially Available Single-Phase Inverters for Photovoltaic Applications. Solar 2024, 4, 387-400. https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030017
Kaufhold E, Meyer J, Myrzik J, Schegner P. Limits of Harmonic Stability Analysis for Commercially Available Single-Phase Inverters for Photovoltaic Applications. Solar. 2024; 4(3):387-400. https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030017
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaufhold, Elias, Jan Meyer, Johanna Myrzik, and Peter Schegner. 2024. "Limits of Harmonic Stability Analysis for Commercially Available Single-Phase Inverters for Photovoltaic Applications" Solar 4, no. 3: 387-400. https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030017