A Comprehensive Review of the Rheological Properties of Powders in Pharmaceuticals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Importance of Powder Flowability in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
3. Powder Flow Properties and Characterization Techniques
3.1. Particle Size
3.2. Particle Morphology
Particle Shape
3.3. Friability
Dynamic Testing
3.4. Electrostatic Charging
3.5. Permeability
3.6. Wettability
3.6.1. Methods of Characterization
Experimental Methods
Droplet Mechanisms
Factors Affecting Droplet Impact and Penetration
Sessile Drop Method
Washburn Method
Drop Penetration Method
3.7. Cohesion
3.7.1. Shear Cell
3.7.2. Avalanche Testers
3.7.3. Revolution Powder Analyzer
3.7.4. Gravitational Displacement Rheometer
3.7.5. API AeroFlow Avalanche Tester
3.7.6. GranuDrum Instrument
3.7.7. Bond Number
3.8. Bulk Density
3.8.1. Compressibility
3.8.2. Carr Index
3.8.3. Hausner Ratio
3.9. Agglomeration
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brubaker, J.; Moghtadernejad, S. A Comprehensive Review of the Rheological Properties of Powders in Pharmaceuticals. Powders 2024, 3, 233-254. https://doi.org/10.3390/powders3020015
Brubaker J, Moghtadernejad S. A Comprehensive Review of the Rheological Properties of Powders in Pharmaceuticals. Powders. 2024; 3(2):233-254. https://doi.org/10.3390/powders3020015
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrubaker, Jack, and Sara Moghtadernejad. 2024. "A Comprehensive Review of the Rheological Properties of Powders in Pharmaceuticals" Powders 3, no. 2: 233-254. https://doi.org/10.3390/powders3020015