Next Article in Journal
Effects of Dietary Probiotic Supplementation on Egg Quality during Storage
Previous Article in Journal
An In Vivo Pilot Study on Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Creole Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) Native to Montería, Córdoba, Colombia in Broiler Chickens
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Poultry
Volume 1
Issue 3
10.3390/poultry1030015
poultry-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Ross 308 Broiler Chickens Fed Malted Red and White Sorghum-Based Diets

by
Chandapiwa Moses
,
Freddy Manyeula
,
Malebogo Virginia Radikara
,
Molebeledi Horatious Dambe Mareko
* and
Othusitse Ricky Madibela
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Along A1 Road, Sebele Content Farm, Private Bag, Gaborone 0027, Botswana
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Poultry 2022, 1(3), 169-179; https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry1030015
Submission received: 28 June 2022 / Revised: 14 July 2022 / Accepted: 18 July 2022 / Published: 8 August 2022
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In this study, the effects of malted sorghum-based diets (MSBD) on carcass characteristics and meat quality were investigated in broiler chickens. Two-week-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to three groups (each with five replications) and were then reared on either 0 or 100% (red (Mr Buster) or white (Segaolane)) malted sorghum commercial diets. The highest (p < 0.05) slaughter weights, hot carcass weights, and cold carcass weights were observed for the broilers reared on the control diets. Broilers reared on MSBD had high (p < 0.05) drumstick–thigh and vertebrae weights. The broilers fed the malted red sorghum-based diet (MRSBD) had the longest (p < 0.05) small intestine and highest gizzard and liver percentage. The pHi of the broilers fed MRSBD was higher (p < 0.05) than the broilers on the control or malted white sorghum-based diet (MWSBD). Breast muscle crude fibre was the lowest (p ˂ 0.05) for the MRSBD and phosphorus was low (p ˂ 0.005) for MSBD broilers. The highest (p < 0.05) muscle potassium and magnesium was found in the control diet broilers. The carcass characteristics, internal organs, and meat quality traits of the broilers fed MSBD compared well to those fed the control diets. It is concluded that malted sorghum grains are a potential alternative energy source to maize for broiler diets and could reduce competition for maize grains between livestock and human use.

1. Introduction

It is common practice to use maize as a major source of dietary energy in poultry and human nutrition, as well as for industrial use [1]. The multiple uses of maize create stiff competition among humans, livestock, and industry, leading to its price in the market becoming unpredictably high, and therefore becoming unsustainable for small and medium-scale poultry farmers. However, to save the collapse of the poultry sector, there is a need to search for and evaluate alternative energy sources such as sorghum.
In comparison to maize, sorghum can be grown successfully on relatively poor soils with lower moisture characteristics, such as in semi-arid environments [2,3]. This is due, among other things, to superior leaf physical and physiological attributes when exposed to stressful conditions [4]. The metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) content of sorghum are 13.4 MJ/Kg and 9.5%, respectively, compared with 14.2 MJ/Kg ME and 10.1% CP, respectively, for maize [5]. However, the major constraint on the efficient utilisation of sorghum in poultry diets is the presence of high amounts of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) such as tannins that depress poultry performance [6]. Tannins present in chicken diets reduces feed intake due to reduced palatability, resulting in low live weight gain, low digestibility, and poor feed conversion efficiency [7]. However, white sorghum varieties contain lower polyphenol concentrations, which should be advantageous as concentrations of total phenolic compounds are negatively correlated with ME:GE ratios [8], opening an opportunity to utilize white sorghum in poultry feeding.
Sorghum varieties are continuously being improved by plant breeders and reduced tannins greatly improving nutrient digestibility for poultry [3]. Recently varieties released in Botswana [9] and analysed for tannins by Badubi [10] may fit this purpose. In addition, physical, chemical and biological treatments can be used to upgrade cereals for different uses, including use as animal feed. Medugu et al. [11] have reported that the fermentation process improves feed utilisation in poultry. A study by Fafiolu et al. [12] concluded that up to 300 g/kg of malted sorghum sprout can be fed to growing pullets without any adverse effect. It is for these reasons that treated sorghum which, at present, has limited alternative uses, is being proposed by the present study for application in the feeding of broiler chickens. Therefore, it is imperative that, when fed to poultry, malted sorghum diets are assessed, not only for feed intake or conversion efficiency but also for carcass and meat quality. This is because the ultimate test for food animal products is their acceptability by consumers. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of malted sorghum-based diets (malted red or white grains) on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chickens.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Site and Ethical Consideration

The study was carried out at the Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (BUAN), Content Farm, Sebele, Gaborone, Botswana. The university is located 24°36′40.90″ S and 25° 56′13.35″ E at 994 m above sea level.

2.2. Feed Formulation

Unscreened white (Segaolane; MWSBD) and red (Mr Buster; MRSBD) sorghum grains were purchased from Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB) in Gaborone, Botswana, and malted following the procedure explained by Legodimo and Madibela [13]. Three iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous experimental diets (Table 1) in a mash form were formulated as described by Mabelebele et al. [14] to meet the nutritional requirements for the grower and finisher broiler chickens by totally replacing yellow maize with malted sorghum (Table 2). The diets were as follows; 1. Control diets (commercial grower and finisher broiler diets containing yellow maize grain); 2. MRSBD (100% malted red sorghum replacing maize in a commercial diet); 3. MWSBD (100% malted white sorghum replacing maize in a commercial diet). The nutrient composition of the dietary treatments was then analysed according to the methods by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [15].

2.3. Experimental Design and Management of Birds

A total of 150 broilers were purchased from a local supplier (Ross Breeders hatchery, Gaborone, Botswana). Before the arrival of the experimental chicks, the poultry house was cleaned. All dust was removed exposing all surfaces to a detergent. The equipment was washed with virkon (virucidal disinfectant). Upon arrival, the broilers were fed commercial starter from Opti feeds (Gaborone, Botswana) for the first 2 weeks. Thereafter, they were individually weighed, balanced and blocked by weight and allocated to 15 pens (each pen measuring 2.3 × 1.24 m). The 15 pens were then assigned to the 3 experimental diets in a completely randomised design and each dietary treatment had 5 replications (pens) with 10 chicks per pen. The broilers were raised on a deep litter system bedded with wood shaving from Agricfeeds Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, under natural lightning until slaughter after 6 weeks of feeding.

2.4. Slaughter Procedure, Carcass Traits and Visceral Organ Measurements

At the end of the 6 weeks, all the chickens were weighed to obtain the slaughter weight (SW) and 15 chickens (3 chickens/pen) were randomly sampled from each treatment for carcass characteristics. Broilers were fasted for 12 h to prevent the contamination of the carcasses with digesta and faeces. The broilers were electrically stunned and slaughtered by cutting the jugular vein and allowed to bleed for 3 min. They were scalded at 65 °C in water for 55 s, then defeathered in a rotary drum picker for 20 s and manually eviscerated. After evisceration, the carcasses were weighed to obtain the hot carcass weight (HCW). Hot carcass yield (HCY) was calculated as the proportion of HCW to SW. The SW and the HCW were used to determine the dressing out percentage (Equation (1)). Carcasses were then chilled at 4 °C for 24 h and then re-weighed to obtain the cold carcass weights (CCW). The weights of the hot carcass cuts (breast, wings, thighs–drumsticks, and vertebrae back) and visceral organs (liver, gizzard and heart) were taken from the three (3) randomly selected broilers per replicate (pen) using the OXO electronic scale (Explorer EX 224, OHAUS Corp., Beijing, China). The values were expressed as a proportion of HCW and referred to as an index. The small intestine and large intestine (colon + caecum) were measured using Tailor’s flexible measuring tape (Feed Centre Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana). Equations (2) and (3) were used to compute breast muscle and thigh–drumstick percentage relative to the carcass.
Dressing   out   percentage = HCW   ( g ) SW   ( g ) × 100
Breast   muscle   percentage = Breast   muscle ( g ) HCW ( g ) × 100
Drumstick   percentage = Drumstick   ( g ) HCW ( g ) × 100

2.5. Meat pH

A portable digital pH meter (CRISON pH25, CRISON Instruments SA, Alella, Spain) with a piercing electrode was used to measure the breast pH at 45 min (initial pH; pHi) and 24 h post-slaughter (ultimate pH; pHU) [16]. The pH meter was calibrated using buffer solution at pH 7.

2.6. Proximate Analysis of Breast Muscle

The proximate analysis of the subsample of the breast muscle was subjected to chemical analysis according to the methods by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [15]. Dry matter (method number 930.15), organic matter (method number 924.05), protein (method number 984.13), and crude fibre (CF, ANKOM Technology, Macedon, NY, USA) were determined. Crude fat was analysed using Soxlet methods (method number 960.39).

2.7. Mineral Content of Breast Muscle

The frozen breast meat (stored at −4 °C) was allowed to thaw at room temperature and a 10 g sub-sample was obtained by coring to obtain muscle disks. This was then analysed for ash and mineral composition [15]. Ash content was determined by ashing the breast meat at 550 °C for 6 h in a blast furnace (method number 924.05). Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) from the breast meat were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer from Perkin Elmer supplier (Greenville, SC, USA). Phosphorus (P) was determined calorimetrically using sodium phenol and ammonium molybdate plus the ascorbic acid method (method number. 976.06).

2.8. Data Analysis

Data on the carcass characteristics, internal organ size, and meat quality parameters were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM) procedures of SAS [16] according to the following model:
γ i j k = μ + d i + ε i j k
where γ i j k = response variable; μ   = general mean; d i = diet (fixed effects); ε i j k = random error associated with observation; and i j k = is assumed to be normally and independently distributed. Treatment means were separated using the least square means. The level of significance was set at p ˂ 0.05.

3. Results

Table 3 shows that there were significant dietary effects on the carcass traits of the broilers with the exception of pHU. The broilers fed the control diet had the highest (p ˂ 0.05) slaughter, HCW, and CCW, followed by those fed MWSBD, and lastly those fed MRSBD. Higher (p ˂ 0.05) HCY and dressing percentage were observed in broilers fed the control diet compared to those fed the malted sorghum-based diets (MSBD), which did not differ (p > 0.05) from each other. Broilers fed MSBD had heavier (p < 0.05) wings compared to those fed the control diet. However, those fed the control diet and MRSBD had similar (p > 0.05) breast weights, while MRSBD also had similar (p > 0.05) breast weights to those fed MWSBD. The broilers fed MSBD had a heavier thigh–drumstick weight (TDW) %, higher thigh–drumstick weight ratio (TDWR), and higher vertebrae weight compared to those fed the control diets. Significantly higher pHi (p < 0.05) of muscle was observed in the broilers fed the control diets and MWSBD compared to those fed MRSBD.
Apart from small intestine and caeca, all internal organs were affected by experimental diets (Table 4). Chickens fed the control diet had a shorter (p ˂ 0.05) large intestine and lighter liver weight compared to those fed malted sorghum-based diets, which did not differ (p > 0.05) between themselves. The broilers fed MRSBD had heavier (p ˂ 0.05) gizzards followed by those fed MWSBD, and lastly those fed the control diet. A heavier heart (p < 0.05) was observed from the broilers fed MRSBD compared to those fed the control diet and MWSBD, with the latter two being similar (p > 0.05).
Diet did not affect the chemical composition of the breast muscle of the broilers, except for crude fat content (Table 5). Breast muscle from broilers fed MRSBD had the lowest (p ˂0.05) crude fat content compared to those fed the control diet. However, there were no significant (p > 0.05) differences observed in the crude fat content of the breast muscle of broilers fed MWSBD and the control diet.
Table 6 shows that there were significant dietary effects on the mineral concentration of breast muscle. The breast muscle of chickens fed MRSBD had a lower (p ˂ 0.05) P content compared to those fed the control diet, but no difference in P concentration was observed between broilers fed the malted sorghum-based diets. The calcium levels in breast muscle of broilers fed MWSBD were the lowest compared to those fed the control diet and MRSBD. The broilers fed MRSBD had the highest (p ˂ 0.05) content of Na in their breast muscle, followed by those fed MWSBD and lastly those fed the control diet. The potassium and Mg content of the breast muscle of the broilers fed malted sorghum-based diets was significantly higher compared to those fed the control diet.

4. Discussion

Research exploring the effects of malted sorghum on the carcass traits and meat quality of broilers are limited, making it difficult to compare the present results with any studies carried elsewhere. However, Adeboye et al. [17] and Oke et al. [18] noted a reduction in the final weight and weight gain of broiler birds and turkey poults, respectively, because of an increase in the concentration of malted sorghum in chicken diets. The reason for such poor performance was attributed to the presence of tannin and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in the malted sorghum sprouts [19]. The above studies [17,18,19] did not specify what type of malted sorghum meal they investigated. The present study investigated the effects of malted sorghum meal from red and white varieties on the performance of broilers.
It is known that red sorghum contains more tannin than white sorghum [20], which may explain the current results on HCW, CCW, HCY, and dressing out percentage, whereby broilers fed on white sorghum-based diets performed better than those fed red sorghum-based diets. The reason why hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, hot carcass yield and dressing out percentage were low in broilers fed malted sorghum-based diets could be due to the increased partitioning of energy to the gastrointestinal organs (i.e., gizzards and large intestine) and other internal organs (i.e., liver and heart), consequently increasing the heat increment and the total cost of maintenance in broilers fed these diets. These are relatively energetically active organs and their growth results in an increase in heat production, and consequently reduces the energy needed for production (NEp) [21,22]. However, these results contradict the findings by Yaşar et al. [23], who observed that broiler broilers fed fermented cereals (barley, wheat and oats) produced higher carcass yields than those fed unfermented cereals.
In the present study, broilers fed malted sorghum-based diets had heavier wings, TDW, and TDWR, but it is not clear how wings, TDW, or TDWR were favoured under the present feeding regime that included malted sorghum meal. Similar reports [24,25] have reported higher mean wing and TDW in broilers fed fermented diets. Broilers in the current study fed malted sorghum diets had lower and/or similar breast weight, implying that there was a re-direction in the partitioning of nutrients away from the breast muscle, perhaps to other parts of the body such as the wings, thigh–drumsticks, and gastrointestinal organs.
The biological criteria for the discriminatory partitioning of nutrients to different organs are not understood in the present study. Similarly, Zhai et al. [25] found no significant differences in the breast weight of ducks fed fermented liquor distiller’s grains. The pHu was within a normal range (5.5–6.5) for chickens [26], suggesting that the inclusion of malted sorghum in a broiler diet did not affect glycogen levels. The pH range is an indication of how much glycogen was in the breast muscle prior to slaughter, and how rapidly the remaining glycogen was converted to lactic acid after slaughter [27].
It is known that feeding high fibrous diets increases the volume of GIT and organ development in chickens, ducks, and geese [28]. This explains why broilers fed the malted sorghum diets had longer large intestines, heavier livers, gizzards and hearts. The enlargement of the organs is an adaptive mechanism to deal with high amounts of fibre [29,30] in a monogastric animals. The crude fibre of malted sorghum was found to be 28.6% [31], while [13] recorded NDF concentration in malted Segaolane to be 52.3%. These results are supported by studies in the literature [30,32] who reported enlarged and thicker intestines in broilers fed diets with high fibre.
The liver detoxifies any toxins in the diet, and in the present study the larger livers of broilers fed MRSBD could have been triggered by a high concentration of tannin or other anti-nutrients in the MRSBD. In contrast, Silva et al. [33] observed higher relative liver weights when ground maize was fed compared to ground sorghum. In another study, Ahmed et al. [34] observed that the replacement of maize with 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% sorghum in broiler diets did not show any significant effects on liver weights. Since the study by Ahmed et al. [34] did not specify the type of the sorghum (i.e., red or white) or processing (malting/fermenting or not), it would be difficult to tell if anti-nutrients, especially tannins, were absent or not.
In a recent study, Al Mashhadani and Al-Rubaie [35] found that, in Ross 308 broiler chicks fed from age 0 to 10 days, raw or germinated red sorghum did not elicit a difference in performance, while at age 11 to 24 days, raw red sorghum resulted in superior body weight and weight gain compared to the germinated red sorghum diet. These conflicting results from various studies point to differences in the composition of, processing of, and rate of feeding of sorghum, as well as the rearing environment and management of broilers.
In our unpublished research [31], it has been observed that the malting of sorghum does not completely remove condensed tannin, and hence the liver may be over-worked to detoxify phyto-chemicals [30]. Generally, an increase in liver and heart size could be indicative of the need to deal with toxic substances in the feed. Larger gizzards could be explained by the higher structural wall components of malted sorghum meal (28.6% crude fibre reported by Moses et al. [31] or course particles in the diet, causing the gizzard muscle to enlarge as an adaptive measure to create a suitable texture for digestion. Similar results were reported by Manyelo et al. [36], who found heavy gizzard weights in broiler chickens fed 75% and 100% sorghum-based diets.
The similar length of the small intestine (SI) and caeca of all broilers across the experimental diets implies that the crude fibre contents may have been effectively digested prior to arriving at the SI and caeca, curtailing the accelerated development of these organs. This finding is in line with a study by Silva et al. [33], who compared ground maize, sorghum, and whole-grain sorghum in broilers and found similar SI and caeca across the treatment diets. Similarly, the graded level of white sorghum meal did not result in any difference in the weights of the liver or intestine, or the intestinal length when included in the broiler chicken diets to replace maize [37]. However, Manyelo et al. [36] indicated that longer small intestines in broiler chickens are associated with a strategy to provide a greater surface area for nutrient absorption.
The excess supply of carbohydrates and proteins in the diets would be stored as crude fat in the muscle [38]. It is, therefore, not surprising that in the present study lower crude fat was found in the breast muscle of broilers fed MRSBD. This could be due to the efficient utilization of nutrients due to the antioxidant characteristics of the diets, such as the lowering of cholesterol and other fatty acids. Indeed, Saleh et al. [39] noted that feeding low-tannin sorghum decreased plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol concentration in broilers. Similarly, Marcinčák et al. [40] found that the breast muscle of Cobb 500 broilers fed with cornmeal fermented with filamentous fungi Umbelopsis isabellina had lower crude fat content when compared to the commercial diet.
Recent research [39] investigating the effect of substitutions of yellow corn diets with low-tannin sorghum on growth performance, plasma lipid profile, and gene-expression-related growth and antioxidative properties in broiler chickens recorded positive results for the metabogenomics of chickens. The mRNAs of genes related to growth and antioxidative properties, insulin growth factor (IGF), β-actin, fatty acid synthesis (FAS), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased due to low-tannin sorghum substitutions [38], implying health benefits to the birds. Thus, the results from the current study imply that malted sorghum-based diets reduce the fat content in chicken breast muscle, which is a good meat attribute, since the high consumption of fat is associated with nutritional diseases such as high blood pressure and obesity in consumers.
As for the other parameters, the lack of difference in the dry matter, ash, organic matter, energy, crude fibre, and crude protein content of the chicken muscle was in line with a study by Kim and Kang [41] who investigated the effects of diets containing fermented barley or wheat on the proximate analysis of the breast meat of broilers and did not notice any differences. This implies that malting did not lower or change the quality of the meat of the broiler chickens in relation to the yellow maize diet, and thus could be used as a substitute for yellow maize in broiler diets.
The challenge of mineral nutrition in sorghum diets is unavailability due to anti-nutrients, i.e., tannin, phytic acid, oxalate, polyphenol, and trypsin inhibitors [42]. However, as in contemporary Australian sorghum crops, Botswana white varieties such as BSH1, Mmabaitse, Segaolane, and Phofu [9,10] almost certainly have no or little tannin; nevertheless, the likelihood is that other “non-tannin” phenolic compounds may negatively influence energy utilization [43] and certain minerals. The observation that malted sorghum diets had lower muscle P contents as compared to the control could be due to the lower concentration and/or supply of this mineral from the experimental diets.
The breast muscle of the broilers fed MWSBD had low Ca and Na contents, which could be due to the antagonistic relationship with other minerals or anti-nutrients such as phytic acid, leading to the poor absorption of minerals from the diet. Phytic acid was not quantified in this study, but our laboratory previously recorded 11 and 17% differences between malted and un-malted sorghum grains for tannins in red and white sorghum types, respectively [31]. Indeed, Al-Yasiry et al. [44] reported a relationship between fat and calcium level in the muscle. A high calcium level is usually accompanied by a reduced fat content in meat [45].
The broilers fed MSBD had higher contents of K and Mg in their muscle, suggesting the availability of these minerals in the malted sorghum grains and the ability of the chickens to absorb and utilize them. Additionally, these results are supported by Mohammed et al. [46], who reported that, generally, sorghum grains contain a higher concentration of K but red sorghum contains higher K than white and yellow sorghum.

5. Conclusions

The results from this study reveal that carcass characteristics, viscera macromorphometry, and meat quality from the carcasses of broilers fed MWSBD or MRSBD compared well to those fed the control diet. It can be concluded that malted sorghum grains have the potential to be used to replace maize in broiler diets without having adverse effects on carcass characteristics, viscera macromorphometry parameters, or the meat quality traits of chickens. This was more pronounced in meat cuts which happen to be popular with customers.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, O.R.M., C.M. and F.M.; methodology, C.M., O.R.M., F.M., M.V.R. and M.H.D.M.; software, O.R.M., C.M. and F.M.; validation, C.M., O.R.M., F.M., M.V.R. and M.H.D.M.; formal analysis, O.R.M. and C.M.; investigation, C.M., M.V.R., F.M. and O.R.M.; resources, O.R.M.; data curation, C.M. and M.V.R.; writing—original draft preparation, C.M.; writing—review and editing, C.M., O.R.M., F.M., M.V.R. and M.H.D.M.; visualization, C.M., O.R.M., F.M., M.V.R. and M.H.D.M.; supervision, O.R.M., F.M. and M.H.D.M.; project administration, F.M.; funding acquisition, M.H.D.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research work was fully sponsored/supported by Research and Publication Committee (Alternative Poultry Feeds Project–A/C: 1510-1-16-60-46) of Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources. We acknowledge Opti-feeds (PTY) LTD, Gaborone, Botswana for providing us with free premix.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The procedures used to rear, handle and slaughter the chickens were reviewed and approved by the BUAN Animal Ethics Committee (BUAN AEC # 2020-08).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

Opti-Feeds (PTY) LTD had no influence in decision of publishing the results contained in this paper.

References

  1. Kumaravel, V.A.; Natarajan, A. Replacement of maize with pearl millet in broiler diet—A review. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol. 2014, 3, 2197–2204. [Google Scholar]
  2. Gualtieri, M.; Rapaccinim, S. Sorghum grain in poultry feeding. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 1990, 46, 246–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Beyer, S. Feeding Value Benefits of Sorghum for Poultry. Available online: https://www.sorghumcheckoff.com/ (accessed on 15 April 2019).
  4. Munamava, M.; Riddoch, I. Response of three sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) varieties to soil moisture stress at different developmental stages. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 2001, 18, 75–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Dei, H.K. Assessment of maize (Zea mays) as feed resource for poultry. In Poult SciII; Manafi, M., Ed.; Intech Open Limited: London, UK, 2017; pp. 1–32. [Google Scholar]
  6. Hassan, I.A.G.; Elzubeir, E.A.; El Tinay, A.H. Growth and apparent absorption of minerals in broiler chicks fed diets with low or high tannin contents. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2003, 35, 189–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Oke, F.O.; Fafiolu, A.O.; Jegege, A.V.; Oduguwa, O.O.; Adeoye, S.A.; Olorunsola, S.A.; Oso, A.O.; Onasanya, G.O.; Adedire, A.O.; Muhammed, A.I. Performance and nutrient utilisation of broilers fed malted sorghum sprout (MSP), or wheat-offal based diets supplemented with yeast culture and enzyme. Online J. Anim. Feed Res. 2015, 5, 78–84. [Google Scholar]
  8. Selle, P.H.; Moss, A.F.; Truong, H.H.; Ali, K.A.; Cadogan, D.J.; Godwin, I.D.; Sonia, Y.; Liu, S.Y. Sorghum as a feed grain for Australian chicken-meat production. Anim. Nutr. 2018, 4, 17–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Setimela, P.; Manthe, C.S.; Mazhani, L.; Obilana, A.B. Release of three grain sorghum pure line varieties in Botswana. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 1997, 14, 137–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Badubi, S.S. Nutritive evaluation of four sorghum cultivars grown in Botswana. UNISWA J. Agric. 2012, 16, 49–54. [Google Scholar]
  11. Medugu, C.I.; Saleh, B.; Igwebuike, J.U.; Ndirmbita, R.L. Strategies to improve the utilisation of tannin-rich feed materials by poultry. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2012, 11, 417–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Fafiolu, A.O.; Oduguwa, O.O.; Ikeobi, C.O.N.; Onwuka, C.F.I. Utilisation of malted sorghum sprout in the diet of rearing pullets and laying hens. Arch. Zootec. 2006, 55, 361–371. [Google Scholar]
  13. Legodimo, M.D.; Madibela, O.R. Effect of sorghum variety on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of malted grains from Botswana. Botsw. J. Agric. Appl. Sci. 2013, 9, 104–108. [Google Scholar]
  14. Mabelebele, M.; Gous, R.M.; Masey O’Neil, H.V.; Iji, P.A. Whole sorghum inclusion and feed form on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. J. Appl. Anim. Nutr. 2018, 6, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official’s Analytical Chemists, 18th ed.; Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Arlington, VA, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
  16. Statistical Analysis System Institute Inc. Users Guide; SAS: Carry, NC, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
  17. Adeboye, F.; Vincent, J.; Oladele, O.; Olusegun, I.; Richard, S.; Ifeoluwa, O. Effect of multi-enzyme supplementation of malted sorghum sprout to broiler chicks. Br. Poult. 2012, 8, 50–52. [Google Scholar]
  18. Oke, F.O.; Oso, A.O.; Adeyemi, A.O.; Fafiolu, A.O.; Jegede, A.V.; Oduguwa, O.O. Response of Turkey poults to diets containing malted sorghum sprouts supplemented with enzyme or yeast. Br. Poult. 2012, 8, 24–25. [Google Scholar]
  19. Oduguwa, O.O.; Südekum, K.H.; Lohakare, J.; Abdel-Wareth, A.; Pirgozliev, V. Dry matter digestibility and energy metabolisability by broiler chickens fed malted sorghum sprouts treated with rumen filtrate, protease or glucanase. Br. Poult. 2012, 8, 22–23. [Google Scholar]
  20. Tedeschi, L.O.; Ramírez-Restrepo, C.A.; Muir, J.P. Developing a conceptual model of possible benefits of condensed tannins for ruminant production. Animal 2014, 8, 1095–1105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Nian, F.; Guo, Y.M.; Ru, Y.J.; Li, F.D.; Péron, A. Effect of exogenous xylanase supplementation on the performance, net energy and gut microflora of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. AAAP 2011, 24, 400–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Nian, F.; Guo, Y.M.; Ru, Y.J.; Péron, A.; Li, F.D. Effect of xylanase supplementation on the net energy for production, performance and gut microflora of broilers fed corn/soy-based diet. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 24, 1282–1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Yaşar, A.; Gök, M.S.; Ygürbü, Y. Performance of broilers fed raw or fermented and red dried wheat, barley, and oat grains. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2016, 40, 313–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Fasuyi, A.O.; Olumuyiwa, T.A. Evaluating nutritional potential of bio-fermented rice husk in broilers diets. Am. J. Food Technol. 2012, 7, 726–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Zhai, S.S.; Tian, L.X.F.; Zhang, H.; Wang, M.M.; Li, X.C.; Li, J.L.; Liu, H.; Yang, W.C.; Zhu, Y.W.; Yang, L. Effects of sources and levels of liquor distiller’s grains with solubles on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and serum parameters of Cherry Valley ducks. Poult. Sci. 2020, 99, 6258–6266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Ao, T.; Cantor, A.H.; Pescatore, A.J.; Pierce, J.L. In vitro evaluation of feed grade enzymes activity at pH levels stimulating various parts of the avian digestive tract. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2008, 140, 462–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Dyubele, N.L.; Muchenje, V.; Nkukwana, T.; Chimonyo, M. Consumer sensory characteristics of broiler and indigenous chicken meat: A South African example. Food Qual. Prefer. 2010, 21, 815–819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Deniz, G.; Orhan, F.H.; Eren, M.; Gezen, S.S.; Turkmen, I.I. Effects of different levels of rice bran with and without enzyme on performance and size of the digestive organs of broiler chickens. Rev. Med. Vet. 2007, 158, 336–343. [Google Scholar]
  29. Jorgensen, H.; Zhao, X.Q.; Knudsen, K.E.B.; Eggum, B.O. The influence of dietary fibre source and level on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr. 1996, 15, 379–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Manyeula, F.; Mlambo, V.; Marume, U.; Sebola, A. Partial replacement of soybean products with canola meal in indigenous chicken diets: Size of internal organs, carcass characteristics and breast meat quality. Poult. Sci. 2020, 99, 256–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Moses, C.; Radikara, M.V.; Manyeula, F.; Mareko, M.H.D.; Madibela, O.R. Chemical Composition of Malted and Unmalted Red and White Sorghum Grown in Botswana; Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources: Gaborone, Botswana, 2022; manuscript in preparation. [Google Scholar]
  32. Mnisi, C.M.; Mlambo, V. Growth performance, haematology, serum biochemistry and meat quality characteristics of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed canola meal-based diets. Anim. Nutr. 2018, 4, 37–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Silva, M.C.A.; Carolino, A.C.X.G.; Litz, F.H.; Fagundes, N.S.; Fernandes, E.; Mendonoca, G.A. Effects of sorghum on broilers gastrointestinal tract. Braz. J. Poult. Sci. 2015, 17, 95–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  34. Ahmed, M.A.; Dousa, B.M.; Abdel, K.H.A. Effect of substituting yellow maize for sorghum on broiler performance. J. Worlds Poult. 2013, 3, 13–17. [Google Scholar]
  35. Al-Mashhadani, H.A.; Al-Rubaie, N.S. Effect of partial and total replacement of raw and germinated red sorghum instead of yellow corn in the diets on growth performance of broilers. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 910, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Manyelo, T.G.; Ngambi, J.W.; Norris, D.; Mabelebele, M. Substitution of Zea mays by Sorghum bicolor on performance and gut histo-morphology of Ross 308 chickens aged 1–42 d. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2019, 28, 647–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Ibe, E.A.; Makinde, O.J. Growth performance, carcass characteristics and organs weight of broiler chickens fed graded levels of white guinea corn (Sorghum Bicolor, Linn.) as a replacement for dietary. J. Anim. Sci. Adv. 2014, 4, 1140–1146. [Google Scholar]
  38. Attia, Y.A.; Al-Harthi, M.A.; Abo-El-Maaty, H.M. The effects of different oil sources on performance, digestive enzymes, carcass traits, biochemical, immunological, anti-oxidant, and morphometric responses of broiler chicks. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020, 7, 181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Saleh, A.A.; Abudabos, A.M.; Ali, M.H.; Ebeid, T.A. The effects of replacing corn with low-tannin sorghum in broiler’s diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, lipid peroxidation and gene expressions related to growth and anti-oxidative properties. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 2019, 47, 532–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Marcinčák, S.; Klempová, T.; Bartkovský, M.; Marcinčáková, D.; Zdolec, N.; Popelka, P.; Mačanga, J.; Čertík, M. Effect of fungal solid-state fermented product in broiler chicken nutrition on quality and safety of produced breast meat. BioMed Res. Int. 2018, 5, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Kim, C.H.; Kang, H.K. Effects of fermented barley or wheat as feed supplement on growth performance, gut health and meat quality of broilers. Eur. Poult. Sci. 2016, 80, 162. [Google Scholar]
  42. Feyera, M. Overview of malting and fermentation role in sorghum flour, primarily for anti-nutrient reduction. J. Hum. Nutr. Food Sci. 2021, 9, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
  43. Sonia, S.; Witjaksono, F.; Ridwan, R. Effect of cooling of cooked white rice on resistant starch content and glycemic response. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 24, 620–625. [Google Scholar]
  44. Al-Yasiry, A.R.M.; Kiczorowska, B.; Samolińska, W. Nutritional value and content of mineral elements in the meat of broiler chickens fed Boswellia serrata supplemented diets. J. Elem. 2017, 22, 1027–1037. [Google Scholar]
  45. Zhang, Z.; Pan, T.; Sun, Y. Dietary calcium supplementation promotes the accumulation of intramuscular fat. J. Animal Sci. Biotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–15. [Google Scholar]
  46. Mohammed, Z.S.; Mabudi, A.H.; Murtala, Y.S.; Jibrin, S.; Sulaiman, S.; Salihu, J. Nutritional analysis of three commonly consumed varieties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in Bauchi State, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag. 2019, 23, 1329–1334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Table
Table 1. Ingredients (g/kg) of experimental diets provided to Ross 308 from 2 to 6 weeks of age on an air-dry basis.
Table 1. Ingredients (g/kg) of experimental diets provided to Ross 308 from 2 to 6 weeks of age on an air-dry basis.
Experimental Diets
IngredientsControlMSBDMBBD
Grower
Soya oil cake104.7104.70104.70
Full fat soya180.00180.00180.00
Malted sorghum grains0.00642.70642.70
Maize grains642.700.000.00
* Amino acids and mineral premix39.3039.3039.30
Total1000.001000.001000.00
Finisher
Soya oil cake145.60145.60145.60
Full fat soya90.4090.4090.40
Malted sorghum grains0.00730.02730.20
Maize grains730.200.000.00
Amino acids and mineral premix33.8033.8033.80
Total1000.001000.001000.00
* = Company confidential information.
Table
Table 2. Nutrient composition (%, unless stated otherwise) of experimental diets provided to Ross 308 from 2 to 6 weeks of age on an air-dry basis.
Table 2. Nutrient composition (%, unless stated otherwise) of experimental diets provided to Ross 308 from 2 to 6 weeks of age on an air-dry basis.
1 Experimental Diets
NutrientControlMWSBDMRSBD
Grower
Dry matter93.8193.6193.41
Ash7.947.179.92
Organic matter92.0692.8391.08
Crude protein22.7922.4023.02
Energy (MJ/Kg)18.1118.3318.32
Crude fat7.528.787.79
Crude fibre13.3113.2314.36
Condensed Tannin0.0450.0560.057
Finisher
Dry matter93.4792.8193.20
Ash6.969.688.46
Organic matter93.0490.3291.54
Crude protein21.4921.6222.11
Energy (MJ/Kg)18.5018.4518.58
Crude fat7.858.067.35
Crude fibre13.6213.7414.87
Condensed Tannin0.0490.0530.071
1 Experimental diets: control = a standard commercial starter, grower and finisher diet without malted sorghum; MWSBD = malted white sorghum-based diet; MRSBD = malted red sorghum-based diet.
Table
Table 3. Effects of substituting maize in broiler diets with malted red or white sorghum on carcass traits and the weight of the external organs in 6-week-old Ross 308 broiler chickens (mean ± SEM).
Table 3. Effects of substituting maize in broiler diets with malted red or white sorghum on carcass traits and the weight of the external organs in 6-week-old Ross 308 broiler chickens (mean ± SEM).
1 Experimental Diets
ParametersControlMWSBDMRSBDp-Value
Slaughter weight (g)2212.4 ± 33.1 a2101.4 ± 33.5 b1933.8 ± 33.5 c0.0001
Hot carcass weight (g)1719.5 ± 26.5 a1594.5 ± 26.8 b1450.5 ± 26.8 c0.0001
Cold carcass weight (g)1694.1 ± 26.5 a1570.8 ± 26.8 b1421.6 ± 26.8 c0.0001
Hot carcass yield (%)76.2 ± 0.7 a74.1 ± 0.7 b73.3 ± 0.7 bc0.02
Dressing percentage (%)75.4 ± 0.7 a73.4 ± 0.7 b72.26 ± 0.7 bc0.008
Wing weight (%)5.5 ± 0.09 c5.7 ± 0.09 ab5.8 ± 0.09 a0.10
Breast weight (%)33.5 ± 0.7 a31.1 ± 0.7 b31.8 ± 0.7 ab0.03
Breast weight ratio33.5 ± 1.0 a31.1 ± 1.0 b31.8 ± 1.0 ab0.03
Thigh–drumstick weight (%)13.7 ± 0.2 b14.7 ± 0.2 a14.7 ± 0.2 a0.06
Thigh–drumstick weight ratio13.7 ± 0.34 b14.7 ± 0.3 a14.7 ± 0.3 a0.06
Vertebrae (back) weight (%)9.6 ± 0.3 b10.8 ± 0.3 a10.6 ± 0.3 ab0.08
pHi5.8 ± 0.1 a5.9 ± 0.1 a5.6 ± 0.05 b0.0002
pHu5.5 ± 0.045.5 ± 0.045.6 ± 0.040.40
a,b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05); 1 Experimental diets: control = a standard commercial starter, grower and finisher diet without malted sorghum; MWSBD = malted white sorghum-based diet; MRSBD = malted red sorghum-based diet.
Table
Table 4. Effects of substituting maize in broiler diets with malted red or white sorghum on the size of the internal organs (% of HCW, unless stated otherwise) in 6-week-old Ross 308 chickens.
Table 4. Effects of substituting maize in broiler diets with malted red or white sorghum on the size of the internal organs (% of HCW, unless stated otherwise) in 6-week-old Ross 308 chickens.
1 Experimental Diets
ParametersControlMWSBDMRSBD2 SEMp-Value
Large intestine length (mm)80.5 b82.9 ab91.5 a2.640.02
Small intestine length (mm)1585.01181.61670.846.90.60
Caeca (mm)263.0176.4165.238.00.41
Liver2.1 b2.2 a2.2 a0.030.05
Gizzard1.5 c1.7 b1.9 a0.030.0001
Heart0.5 b0.6 b0.6 a0.020.01
a,b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). 1 Experimental diets: control = a standard commercial starter, grower and finisher diet without malted sorghum; MWSBD = malted white sorghum-based diet; MRSBD = malted red sorghum-based diet.2 SEM = standard error of the mean.
Table
Table 5. Effects of substituting maize in broiler diets with malted red or white sorghum on breast chemical composition (%, unless stated otherwise) in 6-week-old Ross 308 chickens.
Table 5. Effects of substituting maize in broiler diets with malted red or white sorghum on breast chemical composition (%, unless stated otherwise) in 6-week-old Ross 308 chickens.
1 Experimental Diets
ParametersControlMWSBDMRSBD2 SEMp-Value
Dry matter97.898.397.40.50.28
Ash7.26.97.30.90.66
Organic matter92.893.192.30.90.66
Energy (MJ/Kg)22.422.422.30.10.78
Crude fat3.6 a2.8 ab1.8 b0.30.0001
Crude fibre6.97.17.30.70.92
Crude protein21.623.223.40.90.38
a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). 1 Experimental diets: control = a standard commercial starter, grower and finisher diet without malted sorghum; MWSBD = malted white sorghum-based diet; MRSBD = malted red sorghum-based diet. 2 SEM = standard error of the mean.
Table
Table 6. Effects of substituting maize in broiler diets with malted red or white sorghum on the breast macro mineral content (mg/L) of 6-week-old Ross 308 chickens.
Table 6. Effects of substituting maize in broiler diets with malted red or white sorghum on the breast macro mineral content (mg/L) of 6-week-old Ross 308 chickens.
1 Experimental Diets
ParametersControlMWSBDMRSBD2 SEMp-Value
Phosphorus37.6 a36.1 ab34.2 b0.840.04
Calcium834.9 a723.2 b832.8 a31.60.04
Sodium923.4 c1333.0 b1591.7 a69.50.0001
Potassium4357.1 b6372.7 a6588.1 a138.70.0001
Magnesium273.1 c421.3 a374.9 ab26.70.004
a,b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different, p < 0.05. 1 Experimental diets: control = a standard commercial starter, grower and finisher diet without malted sorghum; MWSBD = malted white sorghum-based diet; MRSBD = malted red sorghum-based diet. 2 SEM = standard error of the mean.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Moses, C.; Manyeula, F.; Radikara, M.V.; Mareko, M.H.D.; Madibela, O.R. Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Ross 308 Broiler Chickens Fed Malted Red and White Sorghum-Based Diets. Poultry 2022, 1, 169-179. https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry1030015

AMA Style

Moses C, Manyeula F, Radikara MV, Mareko MHD, Madibela OR. Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Ross 308 Broiler Chickens Fed Malted Red and White Sorghum-Based Diets. Poultry. 2022; 1(3):169-179. https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry1030015

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moses, Chandapiwa, Freddy Manyeula, Malebogo Virginia Radikara, Molebeledi Horatious Dambe Mareko, and Othusitse Ricky Madibela. 2022. "Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Ross 308 Broiler Chickens Fed Malted Red and White Sorghum-Based Diets" Poultry 1, no. 3: 169-179. https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry1030015

APA Style

Moses, C., Manyeula, F., Radikara, M. V., Mareko, M. H. D., & Madibela, O. R. (2022). Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Ross 308 Broiler Chickens Fed Malted Red and White Sorghum-Based Diets. Poultry, 1(3), 169-179. https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry1030015

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop