Author Contributions
Conceptualization, K.B., T.L., J.F., C.B., K.T. and C.J.; Data curation, K.B., T.L., K.T. and C.J.; Formal analysis, K.B., T.L., P.H., K.T. and C.J.; Funding acquisition, C.J.; Investigation, K.B., T.L., J.F., C.B., K.T. and C.J.; Methodology, K.B., T.L., J.F., K.T. and C.J.; Project administration, T.L., J.F., C.B., K.T. and C.J.; Resources, T.L and C.J.; Supervision, T.L. and C.J.; Validation, K.B., T.L., P.H. and K.T.; Visualization, K.B.; Writing—original draft, K.B., P.H. and C.J.; Writing—review and editing, T.L., J.F., C.B., K.T. and C.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Mini electrodes mounted at a 8 mm tip of an ablation catheter (Intellatip MiFi XP, Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA).
Figure 1.
Mini electrodes mounted at a 8 mm tip of an ablation catheter (Intellatip MiFi XP, Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA).
Figure 2.
Setting of three angulations of the tip catheter to epicardial tissue.
Figure 2.
Setting of three angulations of the tip catheter to epicardial tissue.
Figure 3.
Overview of signal changes in conventional and mini electrodes by angulation and irrigation flow. Abbreviations: − = no change, + = significant change, (+) = trend to a change.
Figure 3.
Overview of signal changes in conventional and mini electrodes by angulation and irrigation flow. Abbreviations: − = no change, + = significant change, (+) = trend to a change.
Figure 4.
Atrial signal derived with more ventricular far field signals on conventional electrodes (MAP 1/2, MAP 3/4) compared with mini electrodes (ME1/2, ME2/3, and ME3/1) from an irrigated 4 mm tip catheter with 2 mL/min flow. Paper speed: 100 mm/s.
Figure 4.
Atrial signal derived with more ventricular far field signals on conventional electrodes (MAP 1/2, MAP 3/4) compared with mini electrodes (ME1/2, ME2/3, and ME3/1) from an irrigated 4 mm tip catheter with 2 mL/min flow. Paper speed: 100 mm/s.
Table 1.
Signal Duration: Comparison of IntellaTip MiFi XP (8 mm tip) and Intellatip MiFi OI (4 mm tip, 2 ml/min flow rate) with different angulations (tangential, 45°, and 90°): mean and standard deviation (SD) of electrograms from conventional bipolar tip electrodes (MAP 1/2) as well as from mini electrodes (ME 1/2, ME 2/3, ME 3/1). Statistics: repeated ANOVA, and in the case of significance, paired Student’s t-test, p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Table 1.
Signal Duration: Comparison of IntellaTip MiFi XP (8 mm tip) and Intellatip MiFi OI (4 mm tip, 2 ml/min flow rate) with different angulations (tangential, 45°, and 90°): mean and standard deviation (SD) of electrograms from conventional bipolar tip electrodes (MAP 1/2) as well as from mini electrodes (ME 1/2, ME 2/3, ME 3/1). Statistics: repeated ANOVA, and in the case of significance, paired Student’s t-test, p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Channel | Tangential | 45 Degree | 90 Degree | p ANOVA |
---|
Duration Mean | Duration SD | Duration Mean | Duration SD | Duration Mean | Duration SD |
---|
MiFi XP | | | | | | | |
MAP 1/2 | 23.47 | 24.62 | 34.27 | 32.45 | 71.00 | 43.59 | 0.278 |
ME 1/2 | 75.20 | 73.69 | 14.27 | 2.96 | 15.13 | 3.20 | 0.214 |
ME 2/3 | 59.87 | 55.93 | 24.07 | 25.29 | 16.67 | 2.89 | 0.353 |
ME 3/1 | 89.00 | 67.34 | 25.60 | 24.80 | 21.80 | 2.94 | 0.159 |
MiFi OI | | | | | | | |
MAP 1/2 | 33.73 | 25.14 | 21.13 | 3.96 | 20.47 | 2.20 | 0.524 |
ME 1/2 | 70.80 | 76.54 | 15.87 | 5.46 | 26.53 | 18.61 | 0.359 |
ME 2/3 | 68.87 | 67.70 | 43.40 | 39.40 | 23.80 | 15.01 | 0.525 |
ME 3/1 | 63.07 | 55.31 | 28.20 | 25.07 | 22.40 | 15.42 | 0.385 |
Table 2.
Signal Integral: Comparison of IntellaTip MiFi XP (8 mm tip) and Intellatip MiFi OI (4 mm tip, 2 ml/min flow rate) with different angulations (tangential, 45°, and 90°): mean and standard deviation (SD) of electrograms from conventional bipolar tip electrodes (MAP 1/2) as well as from mini electrodes (ME 1/2, ME 2/3, ME 3/1). Statistics: repeated ANOVA, and in the case of significance, paired Student’s t-test, p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Table 2.
Signal Integral: Comparison of IntellaTip MiFi XP (8 mm tip) and Intellatip MiFi OI (4 mm tip, 2 ml/min flow rate) with different angulations (tangential, 45°, and 90°): mean and standard deviation (SD) of electrograms from conventional bipolar tip electrodes (MAP 1/2) as well as from mini electrodes (ME 1/2, ME 2/3, ME 3/1). Statistics: repeated ANOVA, and in the case of significance, paired Student’s t-test, p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Channel | Tangential | 45 Degree | 90 Degree | p tang vs. 45 | p tang vs. 90 | p 45 vs. 90 | ANOVA |
---|
Integral Mean | Integral SD | Integral Mean | Integral SD | Integral Mean | Integral SD |
---|
MiFi XP | | | | | | | | | | |
MAP 1/2 | 32.97 | 20.54 | 16.68 | 10.63 | 8.60 | 2.63 | | | | 0.165 |
ME 1/2 | 2.34 | 2.64 | 7.38 | 5.32 | 12.15 | 4.44 | 0.216 | 0.030 | 0.299 | 0.071 |
ME 2/3 | 3.81 | 6.22 | 10.52 | 8.31 | 5.68 | 4.53 | | | | 0.453 |
ME 3/1 | 1.12 | 1.60 | 3.85 | 2.83 | 3.77 | 1.78 | | | | 0.471 |
MiFi OI | | | | | | | | | | |
MAP 1/2 | 28.29 | 22.63 | 32.44 | 17.57 | 25.51 | 11.18 | | | | 0.892 |
ME 1/2 | 4.86 | 4.69 | 3.48 | 2.71 | 2.26 | 0.98 | | | | 0.629 |
ME 2/3 | 6.72 | 6.48 | 2.63 | 0.52 | 4.21 | 2.55 | | | | 0.497 |
ME 3/1 | 7.66 | 9.70 | 4.27 | 2.67 | 5.24 | 1.92 | | | | 0.824 |
Table 3.
Signal Kurtosis: Comparison of IntellaTip MiFi XP (8 mm tip) and Intellatip MiFi OI (4 mm tip, 2 ml/min flow rate) with different angulations (tangential, 45°, and 90°): mean and standard deviation (SD) of electrograms from conventional bipolar tip electrodes (MAP 1/2) as well as from mini electrodes (ME 1/2, ME 2/3, ME 3/1). Statistics: repeated ANOVA, and in the case of significance, paired Student’s t-test, p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Table 3.
Signal Kurtosis: Comparison of IntellaTip MiFi XP (8 mm tip) and Intellatip MiFi OI (4 mm tip, 2 ml/min flow rate) with different angulations (tangential, 45°, and 90°): mean and standard deviation (SD) of electrograms from conventional bipolar tip electrodes (MAP 1/2) as well as from mini electrodes (ME 1/2, ME 2/3, ME 3/1). Statistics: repeated ANOVA, and in the case of significance, paired Student’s t-test, p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Channel | Tangential | 45 Degree | 90 Degree | ANOVA |
---|
Kurtosis Mean | Kurtosis SD | Kurtosis Mean | Kurtosis SD | Kurtosis Mean | Kurtosis SD |
---|
MiFi XP | | | | | | | |
MAP 1/2 | 22.72 | 2.58 | 28.12 | 10.40 | 25.47 | 7.35 | 0.640 |
ME 1/2 | 33.02 | 19.57 | 36.43 | 16.30 | 31.33 | 8.65 | 0.926 |
ME 2/3 | 39.76 | 25.71 | 43.96 | 16.70 | 30.13 | 6.48 | 0.684 |
ME 3/1 | 30.78 | 19.04 | 35.44 | 14.03 | 22.99 | 9.70 | 0.233 |
MiFi OI | | | | | | | |
MAP 1/2 | 22.08 | 3.36 | 20.05 | 4.09 | 18.03 | 2.67 | 0.404 |
ME 1/2 | 19.19 | 9.07 | 33.14 | 11.85 | 21.46 | 7.19 | 0.231 |
ME 2/3 | 28.92 | 24.10 | 42.15 | 24.63 | 24.27 | 4.35 | 0.548 |
ME 3/1 | 42.22 | 20.44 | 30.06 | 10.08 | 43.89 | 10.59 | 0.513 |
Table 4.
Signal Amplitude: Comparison of IntellaTip MiFi XP (8 mm tip) and Intellatip MiFi OI (4 mm tip, 2 ml/min flow rate) with different angulations (tangential, 45°, and 90°): mean and standard deviation (SD) of electrograms from conventional bipolar tip electrodes (MAP 1/2) as well as from mini electrodes (ME 1/2, ME 2/3, ME 3/1). Statistics: repeated ANOVA, and in the case of significance, paired Student’s t-test, p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Table 4.
Signal Amplitude: Comparison of IntellaTip MiFi XP (8 mm tip) and Intellatip MiFi OI (4 mm tip, 2 ml/min flow rate) with different angulations (tangential, 45°, and 90°): mean and standard deviation (SD) of electrograms from conventional bipolar tip electrodes (MAP 1/2) as well as from mini electrodes (ME 1/2, ME 2/3, ME 3/1). Statistics: repeated ANOVA, and in the case of significance, paired Student’s t-test, p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Channel | Tangential | 45 Degree | 90 Degree | ANOVA |
---|
Amplitude Mean | Amplitude SD | Amplitude Mean | Amplitude SD | Amplitude Mean | Amplitude SD |
---|
MiFi XP | | | | | | | |
MAP 1/2 | 4.32 | 1.89 | 3.03 | 1.06 | 2.24 | 0.30 | 0.202 |
ME 1/2 | 1.08 | 0.90 | 2.05 | 0.83 | 2.65 | 0.54 | 0.108 |
ME 2/3 | 1.29 | 1.27 | 2.74 | 1.38 | 1.90 | 0.80 | 0.359 |
ME 3/1 | 0.81 | 0.64 | 1.64 | 0.79 | 1.40 | 0.46 | 0.438 |
MiFi OI | | | | | | | |
MAP 1/2 | 3.51 | 2.05 | 3.81 | 1.24 | 3.56 | 0.89 | 0.962 |
ME 1/2 | 1.46 | 1.17 | 1.38 | 0.51 | 1.14 | 0.38 | 0.890 |
ME 2/3 | 1.84 | 1.72 | 1.36 | 0.30 | 1.52 | 0.63 | 0.851 |
ME 3/1 | 2.01 | 1.95 | 1.56 | 0.63 | 1.79 | 0.44 | 0.881 |
Table 5.
Comparison of IntellaTip MiFi OI with different irrigation flow rates of 2 ml/min and 10 mL/min: mean and standard deviation (SD) of electrograms from conventional bipolar electrodes (MAP 1/2, MAP 3/4, MAP 2/3) as well as from mini electrodes (ME 1/2, ME 2/3, ME 3/1). Statistics: paired Student’s t-test, p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Table 5.
Comparison of IntellaTip MiFi OI with different irrigation flow rates of 2 ml/min and 10 mL/min: mean and standard deviation (SD) of electrograms from conventional bipolar electrodes (MAP 1/2, MAP 3/4, MAP 2/3) as well as from mini electrodes (ME 1/2, ME 2/3, ME 3/1). Statistics: paired Student’s t-test, p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Irrigation | 2 mL Flow | 10 mL Flow | | 2 mL Flow | 10 mL Flow | |
---|
Channel | Duration Mean | Duration SD | Duration Mean | Duration SD | p-Value | Integral Mean | Integral SD | Integral Mean | Integral SD | p-Value |
---|
MAP 1/2 | 25.11 | 15.68 | 56.04 | 54.54 | 0.000 | 28.75 | 17.58 | 20.41 | 19.89 | 0.037 |
MAP 3/4 | 25.67 | 31.47 | 34.78 | 41.82 | 0.244 | 11.38 | 10.63 | 11.47 | 17.04 | 0.977 |
MAP 2/3 | 65.78 | 53.25 | 78.52 | 58.60 | 0.281 | 3.63 | 3.85 | 3.58 | 4.65 | 0.961 |
ME 1/2 | 37.73 | 50.62 | 51.80 | 55.24 | 0.209 | 3.53 | 3.29 | 3.09 | 3.46 | 0.538 |
ME 2/3 | 45.36 | 48.70 | 52.33 | 52.44 | 0.513 | 4.52 | 4.30 | 3.20 | 4.02 | 0.135 |
ME 3/1 | 37.89 | 39.73 | 49.65 | 55.38 | 0.248 | 5.72 | 5.96 | 5.56 | 6.62 | 0.905 |
MAP 1/2 | 20.06 | 3.74 | 18.62 | 6.25 | 0.188 | 3.65 | 1.46 | 3.02 | 1.62 | 0.058 |
MAP 3/4 | 34.32 | 11.55 | 24.38 | 10.37 | 0.000 | 2.67 | 1.60 | 2.19 | 1.88 | 0.196 |
MAP 2/3 | 19.83 | 6.11 | 18.22 | 6.11 | 0.214 | 1.04 | 0.58 | 1.26 | 1.28 | 0.296 |
ME 1/2 | 24.60 | 11.20 | 26.74 | 13.34 | 0.410 | 1.32 | 0.76 | 1.23 | 0.86 | 0.600 |
ME 2/3 | 31.78 | 21.04 | 26.87 | 13.96 | 0.192 | 1.57 | 1.07 | 1.18 | 0.77 | 0.045 |
ME 3/1 | 38.72 | 15.49 | 27.29 | 12.83 | 0.000 | 1.79 | 1.20 | 1.61 | 1.12 | 0.475 |
Table 6.
Comparison of mean coefficient of variation (CV) of amplitude, kurtosis, and duration of signals between interconnection and the corresponding mini electrode bipolar (if no corresponding ME 1/2 was chosen) of a 4 mm irrigated tip with a flow rate of 2 mL/min. Abbreviations: M conventional tip/ring electrodes, ME mini electrodes. p-value calculated with paired Student’s t-test.
Table 6.
Comparison of mean coefficient of variation (CV) of amplitude, kurtosis, and duration of signals between interconnection and the corresponding mini electrode bipolar (if no corresponding ME 1/2 was chosen) of a 4 mm irrigated tip with a flow rate of 2 mL/min. Abbreviations: M conventional tip/ring electrodes, ME mini electrodes. p-value calculated with paired Student’s t-test.
Channel | Amplitude Mean CV | p-Value | Kurtosis Mean CV | p-Value | Duration Mean CV | p-Value |
---|
M 1/2 | 0.39 | 0.600 | 0.17 | 0.287 | 0.34 | 0.444 |
ME 1/2 | 0.53 | n.a. | 0.40 | n.a. | 0.59 | n.a. |
ME 2/3 | 0.57 | n.a. | 0.59 | n.a. | 0.55 | n.a. |
ME 3/1 | 0.58 | n.a. | 0.36 | n.a. | 0.77 | n.a. |
M1-ME1 | 0.25 | 0.493 | 0.37 | 0.908 | 0.31 | 0.156 |
M1-ME2 | 0.34 | 0.781 | 0.45 | 0.641 | 0.29 | 0.122 |
M1-ME3 | 0.27 | 0.741 | 0.36 | 0.987 | 0.30 | 0.150 |