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Article

Natural Sunlight Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B over Nanocrystalline Zn2SnO4/SnO2

by
Maria Vesna Nikolic
1,*,
Zorka Z. Vasiljevic
1,
Milena Dimitrijevic
1,
Nadezda Radmilovic
2,
Jelena Vujancevic
3,
Marija Tanovic
1 and
Nenad B. Tadic
4
1
Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
2
Institute of Nuclear Sciences of Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
3
Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
4
Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141138
Submission received: 13 June 2025 / Revised: 16 July 2025 / Accepted: 19 July 2025 / Published: 21 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Water Remediation (2nd Edition))
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Abstract

The natural sunlight driven photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is a sustainable solution for water purification. The use of heterojunction nanocomposites in this process shows promise for improved photodegradation efficiency. In this work, nanocrystalline Zn2SnO4/SnO2 obtained by the solid-state synthesis method was tested as a heterojunction photocatalyst material for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes as single and multicomponent systems in natural sunlight. Characterization of the structure and morphology of the synthesized nanocomposite using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Zn2SnO4/SnO2 and heterojunctions between Zn2SnO4 and the SnO2 nanoparticles. A photodegradation efficiency of 99.1% was achieved in 120 min with 50 mg of the photocatalyst for the degradation of MB and 70.6% for the degradation of RhB under the same conditions. In the multicomponent system, the degradation efficiency of 97.9% for MB and 53.2% for RhB was obtained with only 15 mg of the photocatalyst. The degradation of MB occurred through N-demethylation and the formation of azure intermediates and degradation of RhB occurred through sequential deethylation and fragmentation of the xanthene ring, both in single and multicomponent systems.
Keywords: Zn2SnO4; SnO2; heterojunction; photocatalysis; methylene blue; Rhodamine B; natural sunlight Zn2SnO4; SnO2; heterojunction; photocatalysis; methylene blue; Rhodamine B; natural sunlight
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MDPI and ACS Style

Nikolic, M.V.; Vasiljevic, Z.Z.; Dimitrijevic, M.; Radmilovic, N.; Vujancevic, J.; Tanovic, M.; Tadic, N.B. Natural Sunlight Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B over Nanocrystalline Zn2SnO4/SnO2. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141138

AMA Style

Nikolic MV, Vasiljevic ZZ, Dimitrijevic M, Radmilovic N, Vujancevic J, Tanovic M, Tadic NB. Natural Sunlight Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B over Nanocrystalline Zn2SnO4/SnO2. Nanomaterials. 2025; 15(14):1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141138

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolic, Maria Vesna, Zorka Z. Vasiljevic, Milena Dimitrijevic, Nadezda Radmilovic, Jelena Vujancevic, Marija Tanovic, and Nenad B. Tadic. 2025. "Natural Sunlight Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B over Nanocrystalline Zn2SnO4/SnO2" Nanomaterials 15, no. 14: 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141138

APA Style

Nikolic, M. V., Vasiljevic, Z. Z., Dimitrijevic, M., Radmilovic, N., Vujancevic, J., Tanovic, M., & Tadic, N. B. (2025). Natural Sunlight Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B over Nanocrystalline Zn2SnO4/SnO2. Nanomaterials, 15(14), 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141138

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