State-of-the-Art Genetic Modalities to Engineer Cyanobacteria for Sustainable Biosynthesis of Biofuel and Fine-Chemicals to Meet Bio–Economy Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Advanced Tools for Engineering Cyanobacteria
2.1. Genome-Scale Modeling
2.2. High Throughput Omics
2.3. Synthetic Biology Tools
2.4. CRISPR/Cas Technology
2.5. 13C-Based Metabolic Flux Analysis
3. Engineering Cyanobacteria for Environmental Stress Resistance
- (1)
- Seawater or industrial wastewater is utilized for larger-scale cyanobacterial culturing than that of sterilized fresh water because of economic and environmental costs, where the presence of heavy metals, salts, and many other potential toxins will interrupt the normal cellular growth and metabolism of cyanobacterial cell factories.
- (2)
- Application of selective conditions for bio-contamination control such as extreme low/high pH and elevated NaCl concentration can also impede the normal growth and metabolism.
- (3)
- The accumulation of toxic intermediates products and metabolites in the cultivation system.
- (4)
- Temperature or light intensities in the real environmental situations will be controlled in a rhythm, with peak levels that are too extreme for cyanobacterial strains to acclimate.
3.1. Introducing Heterologous Stress Tolerance Proteins
3.2. Enhancing Cyanobacterial Robustness by Overexpressing Heat Shock Proteins
4. Engineering Cyanobacteria for Biofuel and Fine Chemicals Production
4.1. Cyanobacteria—Biofuel
4.2. Cyanobacteria—Isobutanol and 1-Butanol
4.3. Cyanobacteria—Hydrogen
4.4. Cyanobacteria—1,3-Propanediol
4.5. Cyanobacteria—Fatty Acid and Hydrocarbons Biosynthesis
4.6. Engineering Cynobacteria for Organic Acids Biosynthesis
4.6.1. Cyanobacteria—Lactic Acid
4.6.2. Cyanobacteria—3-Hydroxpropionate
4.7. Engineering Cyanobacteria for Carbohydrates/Sugars Biosynthesis
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host Strain | Engineering Strategies | Growth Conditions | Chemicals | Production (mg/L) | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. elongatus UTEX 2973 | ΔM744_RS12430:P lac - cscB -Cmr | 38 °C, 3% CO2, 250 μE m−2 s−1 light, 150 mM NaCl | Sucrose | 35.5/h | Song, et al. [15] |
S. elongatus PCC 7942 | cscB- ΔInvA – ΔGlgC-CMr | 35°C, 2% CO2, 65 μE m−2 s−1 light, 150 mM NaCl | Sucrose | 36.1/h | Ducat et al. [16] |
S. elongatus PCC 7942 | CscB overexpression | 32 °C, 2% CO2, ~80 μE m−2s−1 PAR | Sucrose | 28.3/d | Weiss et al. [17] |
Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 | slr9394: Kan Prbc pdc and slr1192 slr0168: Omega Prbc pdc and slr1192 | 32 °C, 5% CO2, 100 μE m−2 s−1 light, | Ethanol | 212/d | Gao et al. [18] |
S. elongatus PCC 7942 | NSI: Bb1s-dxs-idi-ispA NSII: k- PcpcB1-cpcB1·SF·SQS NSIII:c-PcpcB1-cpcB1·SF·SQS | 30 °C, 5% CO2, 100 μE m−2 s−1 light, 10 mM MOPS | Squalene | 7.08/OD730 | Choi et al. [19] |
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 | 30 °C, 2% CO2, 600 μmol photons m−2 s−1 | Glycogen | 3500 | Aikawa et al. [20] | |
Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 | 5′-NS Ptrc10-lims (Ms)–ter-kmR- 3′-NS | 30 °C, 2% CO2, 50 μmol photons m−2 s−1 | Limonene | 6.7 | Lin et al. [21] |
S. elongatus PCC 7942 | NSI:Ptrc10- ls | 30 °C, 5% CO2, 100 μE m−2 s−1 light, 10 mM N-[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid | Limonene | 5 | Wang et al. [22] |
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 | NSI:ΔglgC:LS | 37 °C, 1% CO2, 250 μmol photons m−2 s−1 | Limonene | 4 | Davies et al. [23] |
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 | ΔSYNPCC7002_A2842:PtetO2-DHDPS-aacC1ΔSYNPCC7002_A2542:Pclac94-ybjE-aphII | 37 °C, 1% CO2 and 200 µmol photons m−2 s−1 | Lysine | 400 | Korosh et al. [24] |
Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 | pEEK2-Ptrccore- kivd- ADHΔddh | 37 °C, 50 mM NaHCO3 and 50 µmol photons m−2 s−1 | Isobutanol | 600 | Miao et al. [25] |
S. elongatus PCC 7942 | AL257+NSIII:lacIq; Ptrc: alsD-alsS-adh; gentR + NSI:lacIq; Ptrc: galP-zwf-gnd; specR +cp12: lacIq; Ptrc: prk-rbcLXS; kanR | 30 °C, glucose (10 or 15 g/L), 50 mM NaHCO3, 30 μmol photons·m−2 s−1 | 2,3-butanediol | 12,600 | Kanno et al. [26] |
Strain | Genotype/Growth | Stress Conditions | Target | Growth System | Results | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spirulina subsalsa | Industrial wastewater (25%) | Protein | batch reactors | 166.20 mg L−1d−1 | Jiang et al. [74] | |
Industrial wastewater (25%) | Lipid | 64.23 mg L−1d−1 | ||||
Industrial wastewater (50%) | Carbohydrates | 48.98 mg L−1d−1 | ||||
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 | 30 °C, 1% (v/v) CO2, 50–70 μmol photons m−2 s−1 | Artificial Sea water + Nitrogen + Phosphorus | Glycogen | Closed | Iijima et al. [75] | |
Artificial Sea water + NPHEPHES media | ||||||
BGG-11 media | ||||||
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 | 28 °C, 150 μmol photons m−2 s−1 | pH-7.5 | Growth | Continuous culture | 12.1 mg L−1d−1 | Touloupakis et al. [76] |
pH-8.5 | 11.7 mg L−1d−1 | |||||
pH-9.5 | 11.8 mg L−1d−1 | |||||
pH-10.0 | 11.5 mg L−1d−1 | |||||
pH-10.5 | 10.6 mg L−1d−1 | |||||
pH-11.0 | 8.2 mg L−1d−1 | |||||
Synechocystis Syn-HZ24 | pH-11+ NaCl (300mM) | Ethanol | Closed | 0.9 g/L | Zhu et al. [77] |
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Khan, A.Z.; Bilal, M.; Mehmood, S.; Sharma, A.; Iqbal, H.M.N. State-of-the-Art Genetic Modalities to Engineer Cyanobacteria for Sustainable Biosynthesis of Biofuel and Fine-Chemicals to Meet Bio–Economy Challenges. Life 2019, 9, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/life9030054
Khan AZ, Bilal M, Mehmood S, Sharma A, Iqbal HMN. State-of-the-Art Genetic Modalities to Engineer Cyanobacteria for Sustainable Biosynthesis of Biofuel and Fine-Chemicals to Meet Bio–Economy Challenges. Life. 2019; 9(3):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/life9030054
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Aqib Zafar, Muhammad Bilal, Shahid Mehmood, Ashutosh Sharma, and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. 2019. "State-of-the-Art Genetic Modalities to Engineer Cyanobacteria for Sustainable Biosynthesis of Biofuel and Fine-Chemicals to Meet Bio–Economy Challenges" Life 9, no. 3: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/life9030054