Assessment of the Use of Natural Extracted Dyes and Pancreatin Enzyme for Dyeing of Four Natural Textiles: HPLC Analysis of Phytochemicals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Natural Dyes and Textiles
2.2. Extraction Method
2.3. Dyeing Procedures
2.4. Mordanting Procedures
2.5. Treatment of Fabrics with Natural Dyes Using Pancreatin Enzyme and Its Buffer Solution
2.6. Measurement of Color Strength and Color Differences of Dyed Fabrics
2.7. Color Difference Formula (L*a*b*)
CIE L*a*b* between two colors given in terms of L*a*b* is calculated.
2.8. HPLC Analyses of Phenolics/Flavonoids and Caffeine Contents
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Pancreatin Enzyme Concentration, Type of Dye, and Fiber on the Properties of Naturally Dyed Fabrics
3.2. Interaction Effects of Enzyme Concentration, Dye Type, and Fiber Type on Relative Color Strength (%) and Total Color Difference
3.3. Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds by HPLC Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Chemical Structures of Different Natural Dyes and Their Properties
4.2. Effects of Enzyme
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linen | Plain weave | 113 | 13 | 17 | 56.5 | 6.9 |
Cotton | Plain weave | 179 | 25 | 25 | 66.9 | 19.9 |
Wool | Plain weave | 148 | 23 | 23 | 13.9 | 12.6 |
Silk | Plain weave | 143 | 24 | 25 | 33.7 | 14.9 |
Source of Variance | DF | Sums of Squares | Mean Square | F Value | Pr > F |
A | 2 | 82.11419 | 41.05710 | 3.28 | 0.0390 |
B | 13 | 90,562.169 | 6966.32 | 555.94 | <0.0001 |
C | 3 | 24,577.007 | 8192.335 | 653.78 | <0.0001 |
A × B | 26 | 1387.205 | 53.354 | 4.26 | <0.0001 |
A × C | 6 | 90.785 | 15.131 | 1.21 | 0.3018 |
B × C | 39 | 34,035.76 | 872.711 | 69.65 | <0.0001 |
A × B × C | 78 | 2308.23 | 29.592 | 2.36 | <0.0001 |
Error | 336 | 4210.29 | 12.531 | ||
Corrected Total | 503 | 157,253.569 |
Enzyme Solution | Dye | Relative Color Strength (%) | Total Color Difference (ΔE) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linen | Cotton | Silk | Wool | Linen | Cotton | Silk | Wool | ||
Buffer solution | Annatto | 118.56 ± 4.31 | 117.20 ± 4.41 | 110.60 ± 2.26 | 103.33 ± 2.51 | 3.03 ± 0.05 | 2.76 ± 0.32 | 1.16 ± 0.31 | 1.13 ± 0.15 |
Bloodroot | 103.36 ± 6.29 | 110.60 ± 1.73 | 125.56 ± 6.83 | 118.76 ± 5.41 | 2.96 ± 0.41 | 3.36 ± 0.66 | 2.83 ± 0.21 | 2.3 ± 0.20 | |
Catechu tree | 91.80 ± 5.54 | 109.03 ± 4.75 | 103.56 ± 2.43 | 128.73 ± 4.97 | 6.83 ± 0.73 | 5.33 ± 0.25 | 2.36 ± 0.40 | 5.40 ± 0.36 | |
Cochineal | 74.13 ± 4.39 | 83.16 ± 0.85 | 93.90 ± 1.81 | 100.06 ± 0.95 | 4.00 ± 0.10 | 4.83 ± 0.15 | 3.73 ± 0.15 | 2.86 ± 0.15 | |
Common juniper | 85.53 ± 4.80 | 89.90 ± 0.00 | 71.60 ± 0.00 | 109.90 ± 2.76 | 2.16 ± 0.37 | 2.16 ± 0.35 | 3.06 ± 0.21 | 0.96 ± 0.15 | |
Common sage | 68.86 ± 0.21 | 84.43 ± 1.13 | 83.06 ± 2.90 | 120.63 ± 2.04 | 3.30 ± 0.2 | 2.46 ± 0.15 | 1.66 ± 0.15 | 1.20 ±0.1 | |
Common hops | 92.46 ± 4.98 | 89.70 ± 4.61 | 74.3 ± 1.65 | 101.16 ± 3.00 | 3.60 ±0.45 | 2.86 ±0.05 | 4.86 ±0.56 | 1.26 ± 0.15 | |
Dog’s fennel | 79.50 ± 2.61 | 68.63 ± 4.53 | 70.53 ± 1.40 | 89.16 ± 3.01 | 3.00 ± 0.10 | 2.90 ± 0.10 | 2.60 ± 0.20 | 0.67 ± 0.04 | |
Egyptian acacia | 120.46 ± 1.51 | 117.23 ± 3.42 | 122.66 ± 6.95 | 119.53 ± 2.11 | 1.76 ± 0.15 | 2.16 ± 0.25 | 1.53 ± 0.15 | 2.36 ± 0.56 | |
Goldenrod | 77.83 ± 3.61 | 80.26 ± 1.90 | 84.86 ± 1.26 | 110.86 ± 2.07 | 2.46 ± 0.31 | 2.33 ± 0.25 | 2.03 ± 0.15 | 1.00 ± 0.10 | |
Madder | 86.16 ± 5.57 | 98.53 ± 1.33 | 83.70 ± 3.04 | 99.20 ± 1.05 | 1.70 ± 0.26 | 1.23 ± 0.05 | 2.23 ± 0.11 | 2.96 ± 0.81 | |
Onion skin | 68.40 ± 1.76 | 74.80 ± 4.51 | 96.46 ± 3.28 | 89.76 ± 1.88 | 4.76 ± 0.65 | 4.33 ± 0.55 | 5.93 ± 0.81 | 2.36 ± 0.15 | |
Pomegranate skin | 111.03 ± 2.43 | 107.66 ± 2.87 | 110.26 ± 3.05 | 129.13 ± 3.33 | 1.73 ± 0.25 | 1.05 ± 0.17 | 1.06 ± 0.15 | 2.50 ± 0.10 | |
Sumac | 109.86 ± 1.55 | 115.03 ± 1.65 | 109.26 ± 2.65 | 126.53 ± 1.98 | 2.26 ± 0.41 | 1.36 ± 0.31 | 2.70 ± 0.10 | 3.00 ± 0.20 | |
Enzyme concentration A | Annatto | 109.16 ± 8.06 | 112.66 ± 1.98 | 112.66 ± 7.03 | 96.83 ± 6.03 | 3.30 ± 0.55 | 2.90 ± 0.36 | 1.36 ± 0.21 | 1.06 ± 0.15 |
Bloodroot | 99.20 ± 4.64 | 111.83 ± 4.14 | 129.73 ± 9.37 | 119.60 ± 2.04 | 2.83 ± 0.15 | 2.90 ± 0.40 | 3.20 ± 0.10 | 2.170 ± 0.24 | |
Catechu tree | 86.93 ± 2.28 | 111.53 ± 2.47 | 107.16 ± 2.44 | 117.30 ± 3.57 | 5.70 ± 0.26 | 4.53 ± 0.37 | 1.90 ± 0.20 | 4.63 ± 0.37 | |
Cochineal | 81.66 ± 5.15 | 86.13 ± 2.62 | 93.83 ± 4.14 | 102.16 ± 3.35 | 3.23 ± 0.73 | 3.93 ± 0.15 | 3.40 ± 0.43 | 1.94 ± 0.05 | |
Common juniper | 93.60 ± 3.67 | 90.96 ± 1.51 | 66.56 ± 4.16 | 112.86 ± 1.81 | 1.93 ± 0.35 | 1.70 ± 0.20 | 3.46 ± 0.41 | 1.15 ± 0.18 | |
Common sage | 70.40 ± 0.65 | 77.40 ± 4.01 | 80.30 ± 0.81 | 118.76 ± 1.81 | 2.80 ± 0.26 | 2.63 ± 0.21 | 2.23 ± 0.15 | 1.20 ± 0.20 | |
Common hops | 89.00 ± 2.91 | 85.73 ± 1.19 | 72.90 ± 2.70 | 101.63 ± 4.23 | 3.93 ± 0.56 | 2.80 ± 0.30 | 4.20 ± 0.79 | 1.73 ± 0.35 | |
Dog’s fennel | 84.43 ± 5.35 | 73.56 ± 1.55 | 75.60 ± 3.99 | 91.50 ± 2.16 | 2.56 ± 0.15 | 2.73 ± 0.15 | 2.39 ± 0.10 | 0.61 ± 0.10 | |
Egyptian acacia | 123.33 ± 2.00 | 107.63 ± 1.96 | 116.33 ± 1.75 | 114.03 ± 2.21 | 1.90 ± 0.20 | 1.93 ± 0.15 | 1.33 ± 0.15 | 1.53 ± 0.31 | |
Goldenrod | 80.16 ± 1.05 | 79.16 ± 1.85 | 86.83 ± 2.57 | 117.93 ± 2.43 | 1.83 ± 0.21 | 2.36 ± 0.15 | 1.63 ± 0.21 | 1.03 ± 0.15 | |
Madder | 98.43 ± 3.68 | 101.03 ± 2.21 | 82.30 ± 5.08 | 96.20 ± 5.12 | 1.33 ± 0.05 | 1.26 ± 0.05 | 2.25 ± 0.13 | 3.13 ± 0.60 | |
Onion skin | 72.20 ± 2.12 | 80.20 ± 5.75 | 104.60 ± 6.13 | 94.73 ± 1.76 | 4.06 ± 0.15 | 4.10 ± 0.10 | 5.66 ± 0.32 | 2.20 ± 0.36 | |
Pomegranate skin | 117.76 ± 1.89 | 117.23 ± 3.67 | 110.36 ± 5.71 | 137.23 ± 3.74 | 1.93 ± 0.15 | 1.08 ± 0.12 | 1.66 ± 0.66 | 3.00 ± 0.10 | |
Sumac | 110.4 ± 3.70 | 119.26 ± 3.05 | 107.53 ± 3.05 | 128.00 ± 2.16 | 1.83 ± 0.25 | 1.03 ± 0.15 | 2.56 ± 0.05 | 3.40 ± 0.26 | |
Enzyme concentration B | Annatto | 114.86 ± 4.41 | 109.60 ± 5.40 | 107.23 ± 4.17 | 109.86 ± 4.2 | 2.86 ± 0.25 | 1.96 ± 0.81 | 1.30 ± 0.40 | 1.43 ± 0.32 |
Bloodroot | 99.80 ± 1.37 | 106.73 ± 3.45 | 132.20 ± 3.65 | 115.53 ± 2.20 | 3.33 ± 0.21 | 2.90 ± 0.40 | 2.90 ± 0.20 | 2.00 ± 0.36 | |
Catechu tree | 88.5 ± 4.20 | 107.03 ± 2.71 | 104.16 ± 2.95 | 126.5 ± 4.30 | 6.30 ± 0.26 | 4.53 ± 0.55 | 1.90 ± 0.45 | 4.93 ± 0.25 | |
Cochineal | 76.00 ± 1.37 | 80.73 ± 0.45 | 87.03 ± 5.56 | 94.20 ± 4.84 | 3.56 ± 0.15 | 4.46 ± 0.25 | 4.23 ± 0.51 | 2.30 ± 0.26 | |
Common juniper | 88.33 ± 2.45 | 89.70 ± 0.95 | 68.73 ± 3.76 | 111.96 ± 4.21 | 2.10 ± 0.30 | 1.66 ± 0.31 | 3.23 ± 0.25 | 0.90 ± 0.10 | |
Common sage | 69.16 ± 1.00 | 87.33 ± 4.21 | 77.00 ± 3.08 | 114.43 ± 2.32 | 3.43 ± 0.25 | 2.26 ± 0.21 | 1.36 ± 0.15 | 0.95 ± 0.13 | |
Common hops | 90.93 ± 1.61 | 80.96 ± 3.02 | 70.03 ± 3.86 | 106.30 ± 3.80 | 3.46 ± 0.50 | 3.13 ± 0.15 | 4.56 ± 0.45 | 1.33 ± 0.15 | |
Dog’s fennel | 78.430 ± 2.92 | 75.20 ± 3.48 | 72.16 ± 1.76 | 92.56 ± 2.89 | 2.73 ± 0.21 | 2.53 ± 0.25 | 2.50 ± 0.10 | 0.68 ± 0.02 | |
Egyptian acacia | 116.63 ± 2.46 | 114.16 ± 2.43 | 121.06 ± 4.80 | 120.20 ± 0.55 | 1.76 ± 0.25 | 1.63 ± 0.21 | 1.36 ± 0.21 | 1.80 ± 0.26 | |
Goldenrod | 79.50 ± 0.87 | 80.46 ± 1.22 | 86.90 ± 1.24 | 108.3 ± 4.71 | 2.76 ± 0.25 | 2.26 ± 0.31 | 1.93 ± 0.21 | 0.96 ± 0.21 | |
Madder | 94.33 ± 4.11 | 107.13 ± 3.01 | 87.53 ± 2.37 | 100.40 ± 2.91 | 1.30 ± 0.10 | 1.10 ± 0.10 | 1.82 ± 0.91 | 2.26 ± 0.15 | |
Onion skin | 69.70 ± 2.26 | 73.03 ± 3.05 | 106.50 ± 3.36 | 94.50 ± 4.23 | 4.03 ± 0.21 | 4.23 ± 0.31 | 5.96 ± 0.81 | 2.03 ± 0.25 | |
Pomegranate skin | 112.56 ± 1.41 | 110.30 ± 5.52 | 109.90 ± 5.18 | 129.30 ± 5.51 | 1.43 ± 0.21 | 1.05 ± 0.21 | 0.95 ± 0.35 | 2.50 ± 0.36 | |
Sumac | 106.20 ± 4.37 | 114.83 ± 3.90 | 110.43 ± 1.79 | 129.16 ± 1.05 | 1.99 ± 0.17 | 0.96 ± 0.16 | 2.50 ± 0.26 | 3.50 ± 0.45 |
Compound | mg/kg Extract | |
---|---|---|
Madder | Cochineal | |
Pyrogallol | - | - |
Quinol | - | - |
Gallic acid | 35.12 | - |
Catechol | 35.96 | - |
p-Hydroxy benzoic acid | 30.14 | 110.94 |
Caffeine | 41.17 | - |
Chlorgenic acid | 45.72 | 5.56 |
Vanillic acid | 187.11 | 9.71 |
Caffeic acid | 3.19 | 9.79 |
Syringic acid | 5.65 | - |
Vanillin | 31.46 | 40.42 |
p-Coumaric acid | 2.53 | - |
Ferulic acid | - | 19.04 |
Benzoic acid | 582.68 | 49.92 |
Rutin | 88.78 | 37,732 |
Ellagic acid | 784.86 | - |
o-Coumaric acid | 8.87 | - |
Salicylic acid | 1758.91 | 193.87 |
Cinnamic acid | 9.39 | - |
Myricetin | 41.51 | 809.97 |
Quercetin | 844.23 | 496.76 |
rosemarinic | 143.57 | - |
Naringenin | 122.09 | - |
Kampherol | 232.91 | 915.98 |
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Salem, M.Z.M.; Ibrahim, I.H.M.; Ali, H.M.; Helmy, H.M. Assessment of the Use of Natural Extracted Dyes and Pancreatin Enzyme for Dyeing of Four Natural Textiles: HPLC Analysis of Phytochemicals. Processes 2020, 8, 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8010059
Salem MZM, Ibrahim IHM, Ali HM, Helmy HM. Assessment of the Use of Natural Extracted Dyes and Pancreatin Enzyme for Dyeing of Four Natural Textiles: HPLC Analysis of Phytochemicals. Processes. 2020; 8(1):59. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8010059
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalem, Mohamed Z. M., Ibrahim H. M. Ibrahim, Hayssam M. Ali, and Hany M. Helmy. 2020. "Assessment of the Use of Natural Extracted Dyes and Pancreatin Enzyme for Dyeing of Four Natural Textiles: HPLC Analysis of Phytochemicals" Processes 8, no. 1: 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8010059