Unconventional Yeasts Are Tolerant to Common Antifungals, and Aureobasidium pullulans Has Low Baseline Sensitivity to Captan, Cyprodinil, and Difenoconazole
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Isolation and Identification of Naturally Occurring Yeasts Insensitive to Commonly Used Fungicides
2.1.1. Yeasts Are Tolerant to Commonly Used Antifungal Agents
2.1.2. Aureobasidium pullulans Is the Most Frequently Isolated Species in the Presence of Antifungals
2.2. The Baseline Sensitivities and MIC50 of 30 A. pullulans Isolates
2.3. The MIC50 Values for the 30 A. pullulans Isolates for CPN, CYP, and DFN Show a Significant, Positive Correlation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Fungal Isolate Collection and Storage
4.2. Fungal Identification
4.3. Determination of Baseline MIC50 Values
4.4. Statistical Analyses
4.5. Phylogenic Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil | Flower | Leaf | Fruit |
---|---|---|---|
Aureobasidium pullulans | Aureobasidium pullulans | Aureobasidium pullulans | Aureobasidium pullulans |
Holtermaniella | Holtermaniella | Holtermaniella | Holtermaniella |
Sporidiobulus metaroseus | Sporidiobulus metaroseus | Sporodiobolus metaroseus | Sporidiobolus metaroseus |
Metschnikowia pulcherrima | Metschnikowia pulcherrima | Metschnikowia pulcherrima | |
Cryptococcus laurentii | Cryptococcus laurentii | ||
Cyberlindnera misumaiensis | Cyberlindneramisumaiensis | ||
Hanseniaspora uvarum | Hanseniaspora uvarum | ||
Cystofilobasidium macerans | Cystofilobasidium macerans | ||
Bullera alba | Bullera alba | ||
Sporidiobolaceae pararoseus | Sporodiobolaceae pararoseus | ||
Schwanniomyces capriottii | Schwanniomyces capriottii | ||
Rhodotorula | Rhodotorula | ||
Apiotrichum porosum | |||
Barnettozyma california | |||
Candida californica | |||
Coniochaeta | |||
Cryptococcus | |||
Cyberlindnera saturnus | |||
Cystofilobasidiacea | |||
Cystofilobasidium capitatum | |||
Dipodascaceae | |||
Dipodascus geotrichum | |||
Hanseniospora | |||
Kregervanrija fluxuum | |||
Pichia mandshurica | |||
Pichia sporocuriosa | |||
Pichia terricola | |||
Pichiaceae | |||
Saccharomycopsis | |||
Saccharomycopsis schoenii | |||
Saccharomycopsis vini | |||
Saitozyma podzolica | |||
Schwanniomyces pseudopolymorphus | |||
Sporidiobolaceae | |||
Tremellomycetes | |||
Trichosporon | |||
Wickerhamomyces anomalus | |||
Zygosaccharomyces microellipsoides | |||
Erythrobasidium hasegawianum | |||
Filobasidium | |||
Filobasidium floriforme | |||
Filobasidium magnum | |||
Rhodotorula graminis | |||
Curvibasidium |
Isolate Name | MIC50 µg/mL | Isolating Fungicide | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Captan | Cyprodinil | Difenoconazole | ||
F2 | 5.1 | 2.8 | 0.5 | None |
Fr1 | 22.5 | 9 | 1 | None |
Fr2 | 40 | 7.4 | 0.6 | None |
SFr4.3 | 25.1 | 7.9 | 2.4 | Slick (DFN) |
LSK 2.11 | 19.7 | 49.3 | 1.8 | Slick (DFN) |
FLSK 5.1 | 18.8 | 7.5 | 1.3 | Slick (DFN) |
LSK 10.4 | 41 | 18.9 | 2.4 | Slick (DFN) |
LCH 10.2 | 20.9 | 34.1 | 7.1 | Chorus (CYP) |
LCH 5.9 | 51.5 | 11.9 | 1.3 | Chorus (CYP) |
ChF4.2 | 6.3 | 2.2 | 0.9 | Chorus (CYP) |
LCH 2.1 | 44.7 | 29.7 | 3.7 | Chorus (CYP) |
CaL1.1 | 19.1 | 20.6 | 1.1 | Captan 80 WD (CPN) |
CaFr2.1 | 19.4 | 3.8 | 1.2 | Captan 80 WD (CPN) |
LC 5.2 | 39.5 | 186 | 0.7 | Captan 80 WD (CPN) |
LC 1.9 | 38.4 | 59.6 | 5.2 | Captan 80 WD (CPN) |
LC 1.3 | 50.8 | 50.5 | 4.2 | Captan 80 WD (CPN) |
LF 3.10 | 20.6 | 3.4 | 4.8 | Flint (Trifloxystrobin) |
LF 5.11 | 23.4 | 14.1 | 2.2 | Flint (Trifloxystrobin) |
FFr4.3 | 19.9 | 3.2 | 3.1 | Flint (Trifloxystrobin) |
LF 5.16 | 28.7 | 42.8 | 1.4 | Flint (Trifloxystrobin) |
LF 5.10 | 54.4 | 41.9 | 10.1 | Flint (Trifloxystrobin) |
AF4.1b | 17 | 8.9 | 0.4 | Amphotericin B |
AL4e | 19.3 | 1.45 × 1039 | 2.2 | Amphotericin B |
AF4.1a | 5.8 | 3.6 | 0.6 | Amphotericin B |
CnF4.2 | 5.3 | 2 | 0.6 | Capsofungin |
CnL4a | 21.4 | 6 | 1.7 | Capsofungin |
CnFr4.4 | 33.1 | 9 | 0.9 | Capsofungin |
FL4.31 | 40.2 | 8.3 | 1 | Fluconazole |
FLF 4.3 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 1.4 | Fluconazole |
FLS4a | 109.6 | 6.6 | 1.8 | Fluconazole |
Mean | 28.9 | 22.6 * | 2.2 | |
Median | 21.9 | 8.9 | 1.4 | |
Range | 5.1–109.5 | 2.0–186 * | 0.4–10.1 |
No | Isolate Name | Sample | Season Isolated |
---|---|---|---|
1 | F2 | Flower | Spring |
2 | Fr1 | Fruit | Summer |
3 | Fr2 | Fruit | Summer |
4 | AF4.1b | Flower | Summer |
5 | AL4e | Leaf | Summer |
6 | AF4.1a | Flower | Spring |
7 | LF 3.10 | Leaf | Autumn |
8 | LF 5.11 | Leaf | Autumn |
9 | FFr4.3 | Fruit | Summer |
10 | CaL1.1 | Leaf | Summer |
11 | CaFr2.1 | Fruit | Summer |
12 | LC 5.2 | Leaf | Autumn |
13 | CnF4.2 | Flower | Spring |
14 | CnL4a | Leaf | Summer |
15 | CnFr4.4 | Fruit | Summer |
16 | FL4.31 | Leaf | Summer |
17 | FLF 4.3 | Leaf | Spring |
18 | FLS4a | Leaf | Spring |
19 | LCH 10.2 | Leaf | Autumn |
20 | LCH 5.9 | Leaf | Autumn |
21 | ChF4.2 | Flower | Spring |
22 | SFr4.3 | Fruit | Summer |
23 | LSK 2.11 | Leaf | Autumn |
24 | FLSK 5.1 | Leaf | Winter |
25 | LC 1.9 | Leaf | Autumn |
26 | LC 1.3 | Leaf | Autumn |
27 | LCH 2.1 | Leaf | Autumn |
28 | LSK 10.4 | Leaf | Autumn |
29 | LF 5.16 | Leaf | Autumn |
30 | LF 5.10 | Leaf | Autumn |
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Magoye, E.; Hilber-Bodmer, M.; Pfister, M.; Freimoser, F.M. Unconventional Yeasts Are Tolerant to Common Antifungals, and Aureobasidium pullulans Has Low Baseline Sensitivity to Captan, Cyprodinil, and Difenoconazole. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090602
Magoye E, Hilber-Bodmer M, Pfister M, Freimoser FM. Unconventional Yeasts Are Tolerant to Common Antifungals, and Aureobasidium pullulans Has Low Baseline Sensitivity to Captan, Cyprodinil, and Difenoconazole. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(9):602. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090602
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagoye, Electine, Maja Hilber-Bodmer, Melanie Pfister, and Florian M. Freimoser. 2020. "Unconventional Yeasts Are Tolerant to Common Antifungals, and Aureobasidium pullulans Has Low Baseline Sensitivity to Captan, Cyprodinil, and Difenoconazole" Antibiotics 9, no. 9: 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090602