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Article

The Relative Content and Distribution of Absorbed Volatile Organic Compounds in Rats Administered Asari Radix et Rhizoma Are Different between Powder- and Decoction-Treated Groups

by
Guang-Xue Liu
1,
Feng Xu
1,
Ming-Ying Shang
1,*,
Xuan Wang
2 and
Shao-Qing Cai
1,*
1
Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
2
Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(19), 4441; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194441
Submission received: 20 August 2020 / Revised: 22 September 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 / Published: 27 September 2020
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Asari Radix et Rhizoma (ARR) is an important traditional Chinese medicine. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the main active constituents of ARR. Research on the metabolite profile of VOCs and the difference of absorbed constituents in vivo after an administration of ARR decoction and powder will be helpful to understand the pharmacological activity and safety of ARR. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS) was applied to profile the VOCs from ARR in rats in vivo. A total of 153 VOCs were tentatively identified; 101 were original constituents of ARR (98 in the powder-treated group and 43 in the decoction-treated group) and 15 were metabolites, and their metabolic reactions were mainly oxidation and reduction, with only two cases of methylation and esterification, and 37 unclassified compounds were identified only in the ARR-treated group. Of the 153 VOCs identified, 131 were reported in rats after oral administration of ARR for the first time, containing 79 original constituents, 15 metabolites, and 37 unclassified compounds. In the powder-treated group, methyleugenol, safrole, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene (3,5-DMT), 2,3,5-trimethoxytoluene (2,3,5-TMT), and 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene (3,4,5-TMT) were the main absorbed constituents, the relative contents of which were significantly higher compared to the decoction-treated group, especially methyleugenol, safrole, and 3,5-DMT. In the decoction-treated group, 3,4,5-TMT, 2,3,5-TMT, kakuol, and eugenol were the main constituents with a higher content and wider distribution. The results of this study provide a reference for evaluating the efficacy and safety of ARR.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Asari Radix et Rhizoma (ARR), an important traditional Chinese medicine, is derived from the dried root and rhizome of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. (AHM), A. sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai, or A. sieboldii Miq., and has been used to dispel wind, dissipate cold, and relieve pain [1].
Traditionally, ARR has been mostly used in the form of decoction and powder preparations in Chinese medicine clinical practice [1]. ARR decoction is used to treat headache, arthralgia, arrhythmia, rhinitis, and other conditions, especially for “wind–cold” headache and migraine, and ARR powder is also used clinically to alleviate pain and rhinitis, mainly to treat headache [2]. ARR decoction has a larger safe dose in clinical practice, whereas the dose of powder is strictly restricted; even the “toxicity” of ARR was recorded in Zheng Lei Ben Cao (Shen-Wei Tang, Northern Song dynasty, 1108 AD) and Ben Cao Gang Mu (Shi-Zhen Li, Ming dynasty, 1578 AD).
Volatile oils, lignans, and alkamides are considered to be the major constituents related to the pharmacological activity of ARR [3,4,5,6]. During the past few years, several studies analyzing the volatile oils, lignans, and alkamides in ARR by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) [7], high–performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [8], and ultra–performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) [9,10] have been reported, and these constituents can be used as marker compounds for the quality control of ARR.
The analysis of constituents of ARR in vivo was aimed at the volatile or nonvolatile constituents. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS) was adopted for the quantitative study of seven major volatile compounds in mouse brain, liver tissues, and blood after an intragastric administration of ARR (AHM) [11]. A total of 48 absorbed constituents were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS and high–performance liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap time-of-flight multistage mass spectrometry (HPLC–APCI–IT–TOF–MSn) in rabbit plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after an intranasal administration of ARR (AHM) ethyl acetate extraction [12]. An LC/MS/MS method was applied in a pharmacokinetic study of ARR (AHM) extract after it was orally administered to rats, and two epimeric furofuran lignans (sesamin and asarinin) were detected simultaneously in the plasma [13]. To date, the metabolic research on the constituents of ARR has not been sufficient. The metabolic characteristics of the constituents of ARR after oral administration of decoction and powder and the distribution of these constituents in tissues and organs have not been studied, which might be a key to evaluating the efficacy and safety of ARR in different administration forms.
This research aims to describe the difference in the relative content and distribution of absorbed VOCs between ARR (AHM) powder- and decoction-treated groups, to compare their absorption and distribution characteristics in vivo. The results of this study will provide a reference for quality control and evaluation of the efficacy and safety of ARR.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Identification of ARR VOCs In Vivo in Rats

A total of 153 VOCs of ARR were detected in this study. Based on the structure, the 153 VOCs could be divided into three main categories: 63 terpenoids and their substitutes (including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), 7 alkanes and alkenes (including straight chains, branched chains, and ring structures), and 83 aromatic compounds. Among the 153 VOCs, 101 could be identified as original constituents of ARR (98 in the powder-treated group and 43 in the decoction-treated group), and 15 were identified as the metabolites of ARR constituents (12 in the powder-treated group and 6 in the decoction-treated group). The metabolic reactions were mainly phase I reactions (oxidation and reduction), and there were only two cases of phase II metabolic reactions (methylation and esterification). The remaining unclassified 37 compounds were identified in the ARR-treated groups (24 in the powder-treated group and 25 in the decoction-treated group), but could not be found in either the control group or the ARR sample itself, suggesting that they might be metabolites of constituents or endogenous substances generated after the administration of ARR, and more evidence was required to determine their source. Of the 153 VOCs identified, 131 were first reported in the rats after oral administration of ARR (79 original constituents, 15 metabolites, and 37 unclassified compounds, or 79/15/37, as designated hereafter). A list of all compounds detected in this study and chromatograms of all samples are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1 and Figure 2. The structures of all identified compounds are shown in Supplementary Materials Figures S1 and S2.
After oral administration of ARR powder, a total of 134 VOCs (98/12/24) were detected in the feces, urine, and eight organs of rats, most of which were identified in the urine (40/9/19), followed by the stomach (59/1/2), feces (49/1/2), kidney (36/4/2), small intestine (33/1/0), liver (27/1/0), blood (24/0/0), spleen (17/0/0), brain (15/0/1), heart (14/0/1), and lung (14/0/1).
Similarly, 74 VOCs (43/6/25) were detected in the decoction-treated group. There were 48 (26/5/17) VOCs in urine, 32 (28/0/4) in stomach, 26 (22/1/3) in kidney, 20 (19/0/1) in feces, 19 (17/0/2) in small intestine, 18 (15/1/2) in liver, 11 in (11/0/0) blood, 9 (9/0/0) in spleen, 7 (6/0/1) in lung, 5 (5/0/0) in brain, and 5 (5/0/0) in heart.

2.2. Distribution of ARR VOCs In Vivo in Rats

In this research, a total of 153 VOCs was detected. Among them, 84 VOCs (44/12/28) were identified in the urine, followed by 70 (65/1/4) in the stomach, 56 (52/1/3) in the feces, 43 (36/3/4) in the kidney, 36 (33/1/2) in the small intestine, 32 (29/1/2) in the liver, 24 (24/0/0) in the blood, 17 (17/0/0) in the spleen, 15 (14/0/1) in the brain, 15 (14/0/1) in the heart, and 15 (14/0/1) in the lung. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, except for estragole, methyleugenol, 2,3,5-trimethoxytoluene (2,3,5-TMT), 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene (3,4,5-TMT), sarisan, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene (3,5-DMT), and safrole were reported to be distributed in the brain and liver of mice [11], and 26 VOCs were identified in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of ARR-treated rabbits, 22 of which were also identified in this study [12]; the distributions of the other 131 constituents (79/15/37) in eight rat organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, stomach, and small intestine) and blood, urine, and feces after oral administration of ARR were reported for the first time. The distribution of all 153 identified VOCs (101/15/37) are shown in Figure 3, Table 2 and Table 3, and Supplementary Materials Table S1.

2.2.1. Distribution of VOCs in ARR Powder-Treated Group

A total of 134 VOCs (98/12/24) of ARR were identified in the powder-treated group. Twenty-four original constituents can be absorbed into the blood, including M20 (dl-camphor), M22 (eucarvone), M37 (estragole), M44 (borneol), M60 (3,5-DMT), M64 (safrole), M79 (methyleugenol), M82 (2,3,5-TMT), M83 (3,4,5-TMT), M107 (elemicin), and M138 (kakuol). Fifteen of these 24 original constituents can be distributed to the brain: eucarvone, estragole, 3,5-DMT, safrole, methyleugenol, 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, M87 (E-isocroweacin), M95 (4-methoxysafrole), M99 (p-methoxypropiophenone), elemicin, M108 (3,4,5-TMT isomer), M122 (3,4-methylenedioxypropiophenone), kakuol, and M148 (2′,4′-dimethoxy-3′-methylpropiophenone). Except for M99 and M108, the other 13 constituents identified in the brain were also found in the heart. Additionally, M20, identified in the heart, was not detected in the brain. Because the main pharmacological effect of ARR is analgesia and the toxicity of ARR powder is mainly respiratory paralysis, it is speculated that the constituents that can be distributed to the blood, lungs, and brain might be the main active VOCs of ARR.
Similarly, 27 and 36 original constituents of ARR were found in the liver and kidney, respectively. Moreover, as the main digestive organs, 59 and 33 original constituents were identified in the stomach and small intestine, and the peak areas of the main identified constituents (3,5-DMT, 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, methyleugenol, and safrole) were higher than those in the other organs. The ratio between the peak area of 3,5-DMT in the stomach and in the brain, heart, lung, spleen, liver, and kidney was 14.2, 24.2, 27.7, 18.9, 5.0, and 7.6, respectively. For the small intestine, the ratio was 5.3, 9.0, 10.3, 7.0, 1.8, and 2.8, respectively. The distribution of 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, methyleugenol, and safrole in the different organs showed the same pattern. The peak areas of the main identified constituents are shown in Table 4.
The main constituents found in the feces, 3,5-DMT, borneol, 3,4,5-TMT, 2,3,5-TMT, safrole, 4-methoxysafrole, M81 (isosafrole), methyleugenol, kakuol, and M98 (thymol), were all original constituents of ARR, and the sum of peak areas of these constituents account for more than 90% of the total peak area.
Kakuol, M93 (eugenol), borneol, M88 (dihydroeugenol), M127 (kakuol isomer), M94 (1,2,4-TMT isomer), and 3,4,5-TMT were the main VOCs detected in the urine, and the sum of their peak areas accounts for more than 80% of the total peak area. Among them, M88 and M94 were not original constituents and were speculated to be metabolites of eugenol and 2,3,5-TMT.
In general, the polarity of the constituents identified in the feces was lower than that detected in the urine. Monoterpenes were detected in the feces rather than urine, including M1 (α-pinene), M2 (camphene), M3 (β-pinene), M4 (sabinene), M5 (3-carene), M6 (β-myrcene), M8 (limonene), and M11 (terpinolene). It was assumed that these low-polarity constituents remained in the residue of the ARR powder and were excreted directly through the digestive tract.
A total of nine VOCs could be detected in all samples of feces, urine, blood, and eight organs of the rats after oral administration of ARR powder: 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, methyleugenol, safrole, eugenol, eucarvone, 3,5-DMT, 3,4-methylenedioxypropiophenone, and kakuol.
Additionally, 12 metabolites were identified in the powder-treated group. Most of the metabolites were detected in the urine (9/12) and kidney (4/12). As a reduced metabolite of eugenol, dihydroeugenol was more widely distributed in the urine, liver, kidney, and small intestine than the other metabolites. No metabolite of ARR was found in the blood. The distribution of metabolites is shown in Table 3.

2.2.2. Distribution of VOCs in Decoction-Treated Group

A total of 43 original constituents and six metabolites of ARR were identified in the decoction-treated group. Compared to the powder-treated group, the peak areas of main constituents in the decoction-treated group (2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, kakuol, and 3,4-methylenedioxypropiophenone) were significantly reduced. For example, the ratio of the peak area of 2,3,5-TMT in the samples between the two groups was 629 for feces, 22 for urine, 59 for blood, 103 for brain, 79 for heart, 49 for lung, 104 for spleen, 73 for liver, 46 for kidney, 64 for stomach, and 251 for intestine. The main absorbed constituents of the powder-treated group (3,5-DMT, safrole, and methyleugenol) were not detected in the blood, brain, heart, or lung in the decoction-treated group. Moreover, 3,5-DMT was not detected in the urine or feces. The peak areas and the ratio between the main absorbed constituents between groups are shown in Table 4.
Eleven original constituents were identified in the blood: thymoquinone, 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, M97 (2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid), M104 (piperonal), elemicin, M108 (3,4,5-TMT isomer), M116 (3,4-methylenedioxyacetophenone), M122 (3,4-methylenedioxypropiophenone), kakuol, and M148 (2′,4′-dimethoxy-3′-methylpropiophenone). Five constituents were detected in the brain: 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, elemicin, 3,4-methylenedioxypropiophenone and kakuol. Six metabolites were detected in the liver, kidney, and urine: M15 (cis-limonene oxide), M36 (l-pinocarveol), M47 (α-cyclogeraniol), M88 (dihydroeugenol), M132 (piperonol), and M137 (methoxyeugenol). No metabolite of ARR was found in the blood, feces, or other organs. In general, lower numbers and peak areas of VOCs were detected in the decoction-treated group, which suggests that many VOCs with low polarity and strong volatility were lost during boiling water decoction [14]. Additionally, it is interesting that safrole, which is considered to be a toxic constituent of ARR, was not distributed to the blood, brain, lungs, or heart in the decoction-treated group. It was suggested that after oral administration of ARR decoction, the levels of safrole and/or other potential toxic constituents in vivo are very low, and they are no longer distributed to important organs, thus ARR can be safely used in higher doses after decoction than before or in powder form.

2.2.3. Distribution of Main Compounds Identified In Vivo in Rats

The peak areas of all identified compounds of ARR in the urine, feces, blood, and eight organs (brain, heart, lung, spleen, kidney, liver, stomach, and small intestine) were calculated and sorted, and the constituents with max peak areas were selected. In the powder-treated group, the five main constituents in the blood and organ samples were 3,5-DMT, 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, methyleugenol, and safrole. The main compounds in the urine were kakuol, eugenol, borneol, dihydroeugenol, and M127 (kakuol isomer). The sum of their peak areas accounts for at least 75% of the total peak areas (calculated by normalization areas) of all compounds identified in each sample. In the feces, 35-DMT, borneol, 3,4,5-TMT, 2,3,5-TMT, and safrole were the main constituents detected, and their peak area accounts for 65% of the total peak areas. Except dihydroeugenol, which is a metabolite, these compounds were original constituents of ARR: 3,5-DMT, 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, methyleugenol, safrole, kakuol, eugenol, borneol, and M127.
In the decoction-treated group, 3,4,5-TMT, 2,3,5-TMT, and kakuol were the main constituents identified in the brain, heart, lung, spleen, and liver, with a total content higher than 65% in each sample. Especially, the content of 3,4,5-TMT was higher than 50% in the brain, heart, lung, and spleen. In the kidney, stomach, and small intestine, 3,4,5-TMT and kakuol had the highest content, accounting for 34.0% and 19.2% in the kidney, 23.7% and 30.0% in the stomach, and 17.3% and 28.4% in the intestine, respectively; however, the content of 2,3,5-TMT decreased to 2%–3% in these three organs. Eugenol replaced 2,3,5-TMT as the main constituent in the kidney and intestine (14.2% and 15.3%), and M148 (2′,4′-dimethoxy-3′-methylpropiophenone) became a substitute in the stomach (17.4%). In the blood, 3,4,5-TMT, 2′,4′-dimethoxy-3′-methylpropiophenone, and 2,3,5-TMT were the main absorbed constituents, with contents of 65.5%, 9.5%, and 6.9%, respectively. Kakuol, eugenol, and borneol were the main constituents identified in the urine, with contents of 37.79%, 23.67%, and 6.67%, respectively. In the feces, the main constituents were kakuol (41.2%), borneol (31.0%), and thymol (6.5%).
The ratios of peak areas of 3,5-DMT, safrole, methyleugenol, 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, eugenol, and kakuol between the powder- and decoction-treated groups are shown in Table 4, and the values of the peak area of all identified compounds are shown in Supplementary Materials Tables S2–S23.

2.3. Metabolism of VOCs of ARR

In this research, a phase I reaction (oxidation and reduction) was the main type of metabolic reaction of VOCs after oral administration of ARR powder or decoction, and only two cases of a phase II reaction (methylation and esterification) were found. One possible explanation is that the products of phase II metabolites are generally non-volatile and could not be detected by the GC–MS equipment with HS–SPME. To detect the products of phase II metabolites, other analytical techniques are required, such as LC–MS, or GC–MS analysis after derivation.

2.3.1. Metabolites of the Oxidation Reaction

The double bond of M8 (limonene) was oxidized to form the epoxy bond and converted to M15 (cis-limonene oxide) [15]. M33 (l-menthol) was oxidized by cytochrome P450s, and M24 (isopulegol) was produced. Hydroxylation was found in the carbon atom adjacent to the double bond of M3 (β-pinene), and M36 (l-pinocarveol) was formed [16].
M64 (safrole) was oxidized to form M141 (3,4-methylenedioxypheny-1-propanal) and M149 (1-hydroxy-2-(prop-2-enyl)-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene), and M96 (m-eugenol) was formed after the breaks and methylation of methylenedioxybenzene [17,18,19]. M11 (terpinolene) was transformed into M42 (α-terpineol acetate) after oxidation and esterification.
Metabolites M132 (piperonol) and M137 (methoxyeugenol) were detected only in the decoction-treated group, and their original constituents were presumed to be M104 (piperonal) [20] and M93 (eugenol).

2.3.2. Metabolites of the Reduction Reaction

The carbonyl groups of M31 (β-cyclocitral), M46 (piperitone), and M41 (verbenone) were reduced to hydroxyl groups to form M47 (β-cyclogeraniol), M51 (cis-piperitol), and M39 (verbenol). The double bonds of M93 (eugenol) and M79 (methyleugenol) were reduced to M88 (dihydroeugenol) and M147 (dihydromethyleugenol) [21]. The metabolites and their metabolic reactions are shown in Figure 4.

2.4. Review of the Bioactivity and Acute Toxicity of Main Absorbed Constituents

The bioactivity and acute toxicity of the main absorbed constituents (3,5-DMT, 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, methyleugenol, safrole, eugenol, and kakuol) were reviewed and the results were as follows.
It was found that 3,4,5-TMT has anti-inflammatory activity in vitro through the pathway of suppressing lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production [22]. It was also found that 3,5-DMT has a sedative effect [23]. Methyleugenol has anti-inflammatory [24], analgesic [25], spasmolytic [26], antiallergy [27], cardioprotective [28], and anticonvulsive [29] activity. Safrole, reported to be a toxic constituent in ARR, is carcinogenic and its metabolites can inhibit the respiratory center [30]. Eugenol can be used in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through the inhibition of enzymes and oxidative processes [31].
As mentioned at the beginning of this paper, in traditional Chinese medicine, the toxicity of ARR powder is a matter worthy of attention. It was reported that the median oral lethal dose (LD50) of powder, decoction, and volatile oil of ARR (AHM root) in mice was 4.8 g/kg, 240 g/kg, and 2.53 mL/kg, respectively [32]. For its very small LD50, the volatile oil is considered to be the substance that causes the toxicity of ARR powder. Since the decoction can be used safely in a larger dose, whereas the dose of powder is strictly restricted, and the acute toxicity of ARR decreases significantly after boiling water decoction, we considered that the difference in the absorbed compounds between the powder- and decoction-treated groups should be the main factor responsible for the toxicity of ARR powder. In this research, 3,5-DMT, safrole, and methyleugenol were detected as the main constituents of ARR in the power-treated group, which distributed into the blood and all eight organ samples (brain, heart, lungs, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine). In contrast, in the decoction-treated group, 3,5-DMT, safrole, and methyleugenol were not found in blood and organs related to ARR toxicity (brain, heart, and lung). The peak area ratios of 3,5-DMT, safrole, and methyleugenol in these organs between the two groups were as follows: liver—4198, 4062, and 397; kidney—2430, 1367, and 173; small intestine—6101, 6411, and 1793. The results are shown in Table 4.
On the other hand, 3,5-DMT, methyleugenol, and safrole have a lower polarity and stronger volatility and are easier to lose during decoction. It was reported that after 1 h decoction, the amount of safrole decreased by more than 92%, resulting in the equivalent of no more than 0.20 mg/g safrole remaining in the aqueous extract. Similarly, the content of methyleugenol decreased by more than 60% [14]. Therefore, we can speculate that methyleugenol, safrole, and 3,5-DMT may be the main toxic constituents in the volatile oil of ARR.
At present, there are a few reports on the acute toxicity of safrole, and its LD50 was calculated as follows: rat (oral)—1950 mg/kg; mouse (oral)—2350 mg/kg; mouse (subcutaneous)—1020 mg/kg [33]. The LD50 of methyleugenol was also evaluated, and the values were: rat (oral)–1179 mg/kg; mouse (intraperitoneal)—540 mg/kg; mouse (intravenous)—112 mg/kg [33], and mouse (intravenous) > 640 mg/kg [34]. The LD50 of 3,5-DMT has not been reported.
In addition, considering that methyleugenol and safrole are not highly toxic compounds and their oral LD50 values are reported to be 1179 (rat) and 2350 mg/kg (mouse), respectively, the acute toxicity of other compounds detected in the blood of the powder-treated group were also investigated. The results show that these compounds also showed low oral toxicity, and their LD50 values are shown in Table 5.
Based on the above discussion, we speculate that the toxicity of ARR powder might be derived from the combined effect of a large number of such compounds which can be absorbed with low or very low contents and have similar metabolic characteristics with the main absorbed constituents, rather than a single or a few compounds, and an additive toxic effect might be the mechanism. Further research on the toxic constituents of ARR is necessary.

3. Experiment

3.1. Chemicals and Reagents

Limonene (Lot: MKBH7774V), β-pinene (Lot: BCBH3864V), and estragole (Lot: MKBN4968V) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). L-Borneol (Lot: EPH8L-QQ), eucarvone (Lot: F1101-DLFG), and methyleugenol (Lot: PH3YH-MG) were purchased from TCI (Tokyo, Japan). 3,5-Dimethoxytoluene (Lot: 10099004) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Heysham, UK). Safrole (10 mg in 200 μL ethanol; Lot: 0452680-11) was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). 3,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene (Lot: 19923) was purchased from Aladdin Industrial (Shanghai, China). Elemicin (Lot: SY018605) was purchased from Accela ChemBio (Shanghai, China). 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)-propiophenone (Lot: M38410CCR0) was purchased from Heowns Biochem (Tianjin, China). Kakuol (Lot: Y19J6H1) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology (Shanghai, China). Eugenol (Lot: FD050202) was purchased from Sun Chemical Technology (Shanghai, China). β-Asarone (Lot: BBP01604) was purchased from Biobiopha (Kunming, China). 2,3,5-Trimethoxytoluene was synthesized by the authors and the structure was identified by MS and NMR, and the purity was over 98% (GC–MS, area normalization method). A mixture of n-alkanes (C7–C30, Lot: LC13543V) to calculate the retention indices (RIs) of all volatile compounds was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Water was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All other reagents and chemicals were analytical grade.

3.2. Plant Material

The plant samples of ARR (No. 20140807-1) were collected by the authors from Xinbin, Liaoning, China. The roots and rhizomes of the plants were washed and dried in the shade. All samples were identified by Professor Shao-Qing Cai as Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. (AHM). The samples were stored in airtight containers at room temperature. The voucher sample (No. 20140807-1) was deposited in the Herbarium of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University (China).

3.3. Sample Preparation

3.3.1. Dosage of Administration

According to the Pharmacopoeia of China (2015 edition), the appropriate dosage of ARR for decoction administration is 1–3 g crude drug per dose, and for powder administration it is no more than 1 g each time. In this study, the dosages of ARR decoction and powder were set at 10 times the upper limit of the recommended dosage of the pharmacopeia, namely 30 and 10 g, respectively.

3.3.2. Decoction of ARR

The roots and rhizome of 100 g of AHM (No.20140807-1) were cut into pieces 1 cm in length and put into a decoction pot (4 L; Feilu Waner Electric Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China), and immersed in 800 mL deionized water for 30 min, then boiled for 50 min. Two layers of gauze filter were used to obtain ARR decoction. Then, 600 mL of deionized water was added to the residue and boiled for 50 min again. The mixed decoction was concentrated to 0.4 g/mL by evaporation in a rotating evaporator (Büchi B-220, Flawil, Switzerland) at low temperature (<40 °C). The ARR decoction solution was stored in a refrigerator at −80 °C until use.

3.3.3. Suspension Solution of ARR Powder

The roots and rhizome of 100 g of AHM (No. 20140807-1) were pulverized and sieved through 120 mesh (mesh size 125 μm). The powder was suspended in a 0.4% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution to prepare a powder suspension solution of ARR (0.131 g/mL). The ARR powder suspension solution should be prepared on the day of administration.

3.4. HS-SPME-GC–MS Analysis

The analyses were performed on a Shimadzu GC/MS QP–2010 Ultra system (Kyoto, Japan) equipped with an AOC–5000 autosampler. Chromatographic separations were conducted on a DB–WAXms capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness) (Agilent, Wilmington, DE, USA).
The column temperature was programmed as follows: initial oven temperature 40 °C, then raised to 100 °C at a rate 5 °C/min and held for 10 min, 5 °C/min to 110 °C and held for 5 min, 5 °C/min to 190 °C, and finally 10 °C/min to 230 °C and held for 10 min. The total run time was 59 min. The cool-down period was about 8 min before the next injection. High-purity helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The splitless injection mode was used, and the injection temperature was 230 °C. MS detection was performed in electron ionization mode at −70 eV, and the mass spectrometer was operated in scan mode over a mass range of m/z 35–500 at a rate of 0.3 s/scan. The ionization source and interface temperatures were 200 and 230 °C, respectively.
HS–SPME was selected as the extraction method, because in the headspace mode, the fibers can avoid touching the biological samples directly, which can protect the fibers and prolong the service life. The optimization of HS–SPME conditions was performed based on our previous research results [11,12], and a SUPELCO DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber (Bellefonte, PA, USA) was selected. Sample vials (10 mL; GL Science, Kyoto, Japan) were incubated at 70 °C for 5 min prior to microextraction, and the adsorption time was 30 min at 70 °C. After adsorption, the fiber was withdrawn and transferred into the injection port of the GC. The temperature of the injection port was 230 °C and the desorption time was 3 min. After the chromatographic run, the fiber was conditioned for 1 min at 250 °C for the next HS–SPME cycle.

3.5. Animals and Drug Administration

Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing 250 ± 20 g were obtained from the Experimental Animal Center of Peking University Health Science Center (Beijing, China). All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the Guideline for Animal Experimentation of Peking University Health Science Center (No: SYXK-2016-0041), and the protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the institution (Approval No. LA2011-76). Eighteen rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (6 animals each): powder-treated (group I), decoction-treated (group II), and control (group III). The rats were maintained in metabolic cages (type DXL-DL; Suzhou Fengshi Laboratory Animal Equipment Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China) and acclimatized to the facilities for 5 days prior to experiments. They were housed under standard environmental conditions with a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C and 30%–70% humidity under a 12 h light–dark cycle and allowed free access to drinking water and a standard no-residue diet.
ARR powder was suspended in 0.4% carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) solution and orally administered at a dose of 2.0 mL/250 g body weight (group I), ARR decoction was orally administered at a dose of 2.0 mL/250 g body weight (group II), and control group rats were orally administered 0.4% CMC-Na solution at 2.0 mL (group III). All rats were dosed twice per day at a 12 h interval (09:00 and 21:00) for 5 days, and their urine and feces were measured and cleaned up.

3.6. Sample Collection and Preparation

Urine and feces samples from rats were collected 1 h after the last administration (on day 5). Urine samples from the same group, 5 mL per rat, were merged into one sample and the mixture was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm and 4 °C for 30 min. Subsequently, a sample solution containing 20% (w/v) NaCl was prepared by adding 0.1 g NaCl to 500 μL of the supernatant. The sample solution was put in a sample vial and stored in a refrigerator at −80 °C until HS–SPME–GC–MS analysis.
Feces samples from the same group were merged into one sample and weighed. Then, these samples were ground in four-fold volume (volume/mass wet weight) deionized water and a sample solution containing 20% (w/v) NaCl was prepared by adding 0.1 g NaCl to 500 μL of the suspension. The sample solution was put in a sample vial and stored in a refrigerator at −80 °C.
Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes using a heart puncture technique under anesthesia (10% chloral hydrate, intraperitoneal injection, 0.3 mL/100 g body weight) 1 h after the last administration. Samples from the same group, 1 mL per rat, were merged into one sample. A sample solution containing 20% (w/v) NaCl was prepared and stored at −80 °C until analysis.
After the collection of blood samples, eight organs (brain, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, heart, stomach, and small intestine) of the rats in each group were rapidly removed and flushed with 4 °C deionized water, dried with filter paper, and weighed. The same organ samples from each group were merged into one sample and processed using a homogenizer (T10 Basic ULTRA-TURRAX, IKA, Staufen, Germany) following suspension in a four-fold volume (volume/mass organ wet weight) of 4 °C deionized water. Then, a sample solution containing 20% (w/v) NaCl was prepared by adding 0.1 g NaCl to 500 μL of the suspension. All samples were prepared and stored at −80 °C until analysis.

3.7. Identification of Compounds

The difference in chromatographic peaks between the control and ARR-treated groups was found first. The NIST 11 library (version 2011; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) embedded in the GCMSsolution software of the GC–MS workstation (version 2.71; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was used for the preliminary identification of the mass spectra of the target compounds. The retention index (RI) of chromatographic peaks was calculated for all VOCs using the retention data of linear n-alkanes C7–C30, and the RI values from the literature were also retrieved from the NIST Chemistry WebBook (NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/). Compounds could be identified if the RI calculated from experiments matched the RI retrieved from the NIST Chemistry WebBook. Furthermore, reference compounds were used in the identification by comparing the retention time and mass spectra with the target compounds.
As stated previously, the identification levels of VOCs in this study were as follows:
Level 1:
Compounds were identified by comparing their retention time and mass spectra with those of reference compounds.
Level 2:
Compounds were identified by comparing their RI and mass spectra with those of the literature.
Level 3:
Compounds were identified by searching mass spectra in NIST 11.
After identification, the peak areas were calculated by extraction ion chromatography (EIC) of the compounds, and the extraction ions, which represented the molecular ion peak of the compounds or the base peak of the mass spectra, are shown in Supplementary Materials Tables S2–S23. Based on the peak area of VOCs, further analysis was conducted of the distribution of VOCs in the feces, urine, blood, and eight organ samples of the rats in each group.

4. Conclusions

This study describes the metabolite profile and distribution of VOCs of ARR. An HS–SPME–GC–MS method was established, and a total of 153 VOCs were tentatively identified in rats in vivo, 101 of which were original constituents of ARR and 15 were metabolites, the metabolic reactions of which were mainly phase I (oxidation and reduction), with only two cases of phase II (methylation and esterification). Of the 153 VOCs identified, 131 are reported for the first time in rats after oral administration of ARR. The detected VOCs were wildly distributed to the feces, urine, blood, and organ tissues (brain, heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine) in the rats after oral administration of ARR decoction or powder. The original constituents were found with the highest numbers in the stomach (65), followed by feces (52), urine (44), kidney (36), small intestine (33), liver (29), blood (24), spleen (17), brain (14), heart (14), and lung (14). Moreover, the original constituents were found with much higher numbers in the powder-treated group (98) than the decoction-treated group (43). Most metabolites were detected in the urine (12/15), whereas only 1 metabolite was found in the feces (1/15). In addition, the kidney was the main distribution organ of metabolites, with a total of four metabolites (4/15), compared to the liver, stomach, and small intestine, with one each. Methyleugenol, 3,5-DMT, 2,3,5-TMT, 3,4,5-TMT, and safrole were the main absorbed constituents in the powder-treated group, while 3,4,5-TMT, 2,3,5-TMT, and kakuol were the main absorbed constituents in the decoction-treated group. The different absorbed constituents between the two groups were mainly methyleugenol, safrole, and 3,5-DMT, which might play major roles in the acute toxicity of ARR powder. The results of this research provide a reference for evaluating the efficacy and safety of ARR.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online: Figures S1–S2, Tables S1–S23.

Author Contributions

Participated in research design: G.-X.L., M.-Y.S., X.W., and S.-Q.C.; Conducted experiments and performed data analysis: G.-X.L. and F.X.; Wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript: G.-X.L., M.-Y.S., X.W., and S.-Q.C.; Other: X.W. and S.-Q.C. acquired funding for the research. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was financially supported by National Standardization Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. ZYBZH-Y-TJ-43); General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81274073). The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

ARRAsari Radix et Rhizoma
AHMAsarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag.
VOCsVolatile organic compounds
RIRetention index
LD50Median lethal dose
3,5-DMT3,5-Dimethoxytoluene
2,3,5-TMT2,3,5-Trimethoxytoluene
3,4,5-TMT3,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene
GC–MSGas chromatography–mass spectrometry
HPLCHigh–performance liquid chromatography
UPLCUltra–performance liquid chromatography
HS–SPME–GC–MSHeadspace solid–phase microextraction gas–chromatographymass spectrometry
HPLC–APCI–IT–TOF–MSnHigh-performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressurechemical ionization–ion trap–time of flight–multistage mass spectrometry

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Sample Availability: Samples of ARR and the compounds M3, M8, M12, M22, M37, M60, M64, M79, M82, M83, M93, M107, M112, M122 and M138 are available from the authors. Raw GC-MS data in CDF format are available from the MetaboLights repository, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/ (Study Identifier: MTBLS2053).
Molecules 25 04441 g001 550
Figure 1. Total ion chromatograms (TICs) of compounds identified in blood, urine, and feces of rats after oral administration of ARR powder or decoction by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Contents were calculated from extracted ion chromatography (EIC) according to area generalization method. Red line: treatment group; black line: control group.
Figure 1. Total ion chromatograms (TICs) of compounds identified in blood, urine, and feces of rats after oral administration of ARR powder or decoction by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Contents were calculated from extracted ion chromatography (EIC) according to area generalization method. Red line: treatment group; black line: control group.
Molecules 25 04441 g001
Molecules 25 04441 g002 550
Figure 2. Total ion chromatograms (TICs) of compounds identified in brain, heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine of rats after oral administration of ARR powder or decoction by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Red line: treatment group; black line: control group.
Figure 2. Total ion chromatograms (TICs) of compounds identified in brain, heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine of rats after oral administration of ARR powder or decoction by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Red line: treatment group; black line: control group.
Molecules 25 04441 g002
Molecules 25 04441 g003 550
Figure 3. Heatmap of identified compounds. Peak area of compounds identified in feces, urine, blood, and eight organ samples (brain, heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine) are illustrated using heatmaps, in which the color shade (shown in the right of the ordinate) indicates the peak area size of a compound. Darker band indicates a larger peak area. Serial numbers of compounds (shown on the ordinate) were sorted by the retention time of all compounds identified in each sample, and the larger the compound number, the higher the polarity. Numbers of compounds identified in each sample are shown above the horizontal axis. FE: feces; UR: urine; BL: blood; BR: brain; HE: heart; LU: lung; SP: spleen; LI: liver; KI: kidney; ST: stomach; IN: small intestine.
Figure 3. Heatmap of identified compounds. Peak area of compounds identified in feces, urine, blood, and eight organ samples (brain, heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine) are illustrated using heatmaps, in which the color shade (shown in the right of the ordinate) indicates the peak area size of a compound. Darker band indicates a larger peak area. Serial numbers of compounds (shown on the ordinate) were sorted by the retention time of all compounds identified in each sample, and the larger the compound number, the higher the polarity. Numbers of compounds identified in each sample are shown above the horizontal axis. FE: feces; UR: urine; BL: blood; BR: brain; HE: heart; LU: lung; SP: spleen; LI: liver; KI: kidney; ST: stomach; IN: small intestine.
Molecules 25 04441 g003
Molecules 25 04441 g004 550
Figure 4. Proposed metabolic pathways of some volatile constituents of ARR.
Figure 4. Proposed metabolic pathways of some volatile constituents of ARR.
Molecules 25 04441 g004
Table
Table 1. Retention time (tR), Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number, molecular formula, and identification of 153 volatile compounds in rats in vivo after oral administration of Asari Radix et Rhizoma (ARR) powder or decoction by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS).
Table 1. Retention time (tR), Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number, molecular formula, and identification of 153 volatile compounds in rats in vivo after oral administration of Asari Radix et Rhizoma (ARR) powder or decoction by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS).
No. aName of CompoundsCAS btR (min)MW cFormulaRI dIdentification e
M1α-Pinene80-56-83.785136C10H161021MS, RI
M2Camphene79-92-54.375136C10H161060MS, RI
M3β-Pinene127-91-34.955136C10H161099MS, RI, REF
M4Sabinene3387-41-55.175136C10H161110MS, RI
M53-Carene13466-78-95.700136C10H161135MS, RI,
M6β-Myrcene123-35-36.080136C10H161154MS, RI
M7d-4-Carene29050-33-76.405136C10H161170MS, RI
M8Limonene138-86-36.830136C10H161191MS, RI, REF
M9Eucalyptol470-82-67.095154C10H18O1203MS, RI
M10o-Cymene527-84-48.630134C10H141267MS, RI
M11Terpinolene586-62-98.895136C10H161279MS, RI
M12Tridecane629-50-59.217184C13H281293MS, RI, REF
M13Acetoin513-86-09.32888C4H8O21298MS, RI
M14p-Cymenene1195-32-012.885132C10H121433MS, RI
M15cis-Limonene oxide13837-75-713.135152C10H16O1441MS, RI
M16cis-4-Thujanol15537-55-013.795154C10H18O1462MS, RI
M172-Nonen-4-one32064-72-514.270140C9H16O1477MS, RI
M18α-Copaene3856-25-514.485204C15H241485MS, RI
M19Pentadecane629-62-914.953212C15H321500MS, RI
M20dl-Camphor76-22-215.305152C10H16O1507MS, RI
M211-Pentadecene13360-61-716.070210C15H301523MS, RI
M22Eucarvone503-93-517.060150C10H14O1543MS, REF
M23l-Aristolene6831-16-917.560204C15H241553MS, RI
M24Isopulegol89-79-217.720154C10H18O1556MS, RI
M25β-Copaene18252-44-318.115204C15H241565MS, RI
M26Bornyl acetate76-49-318.305196C12H20O21568MS, RI
M271(10)-Aristolene17334-55-318.760204C15H241577MS, RI
M28Fenchol1632-73-118.920154C10H18O1581MS, RI
M29Thymol methyl ether1076-56-819.390164C11H16O1590MS, RI
M30l-Aristolene isomer 19.650204C15H241596MS
M31β-Cyclocitral432-25-720.510152C10H16O1610MS, RI
M32Methyl benzoate93-58-320.816136C8H8O21615MS, RI
M33l-Menthol2216-51-521.220156C10H20O1621MS, RI
M34δ-Guaiene3691-11-021.535204C15H241626MS, RI
M35Umbellulone24545-81-121.815150C10H14O1630MS, RI
M36l-Pinocarveol547-61-523.120152C10H16O1651MS, RI
M37Estragole140-67-023.905148C10H12O1663MS, RI, REF
M38Isomenthol490-99-324.295156C10H20O1670MS, RI
M39Verbenol473-67-624.570152C10H16O1674MS, RI
M40Eucarvone isomer 24.990150C10H14O1680MS
M41Verbenone80-57-925.240150C10H14O1684MS, RI
M42α-Terpineol acetate80-26-225.300196C12H20O21685MS, RI
M434-Ethylbenzaldehyde4748-78-125.830134C9H10O1693MS, RI
M44Borneol507-70-025.875154C10H18O1692MS, RI
M45Phellandral21391-98-026.415154C10H18O1703MS, RI
M46Piperitone89-81-626.610152C10H16O1706MS, RI
M47β-Cyclogeraniol472-20-826.960154C10H18O1711MS
M48l-Carvone2244-16-827.270150C10H14O1716MS, RI
M49Berbenone80-57-928.190150C10H14O1730MS, RI
M50trans-Piperitol16721-39-429.165154C10H18O1745MS, RI
M51cis-Piperitol16721-38-329.485154C10H18O1750MS, RI
M52Methyl benzeneacetate101-41-729.955150C9H10O21758MS, RI
M53Myrtenol515-00-431.910152C10H16O1788MS, RI
M546-Methyl-2-hepten-4-one49852-35-932.060126C8H14O1790MS
M553,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde5973-71-732.061134C9H10O1790MS, RI
M56Cuparene16982-00-632.520202C15H221797MS, RI
M57cis-Sabinol3310-02-932.645152C10H16O1799MS, RI
M58Anethol104-46-133.265148C10H12O1815MS, RI
M59cis-Carveol1197-06-434.050152C10H16O1835MS, RI
M603,5-Dimethoxytoluene4179-19-534.260152C9H12O21840MS, RI, REF
M61p-Cymen-8-ol1197-01-934.660150C10H14O1851MS, RI
M622,3-Dimethyldecahydronaphthalene1008-80-634.995166C12H221859MS
M63Guaiacol90-05-135.000124C7H8O21860MS, RI
M64Safrole94-59-735.108162C10H10O21862MS, RI, REF
M65Benzyl alcohol100-51-635.662108C7H8O1877MS, RI
M66Verbenone isomer 36.215150C10H14O1891MS
M67Verbenone isomer 36.360150C10H14O1895MS
M682-Phenylethanol60-12-836.725122C8H10O1906MS, RI
M69Agarospirol1460-73-737.365222C15H26O1928MS
M703,4-Methylenedioxyanisole7228-35-537.450152C8H8O31931MS
M71Isosafrole isomer 37.575162C10H10O21936MS
M72Creosol93-51-638.108138C8H10O21954MS, RI
M732-Allyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene19754-22-438.535178C11H14O21968MS
M74Thymoquinone490-91-538.880164C10H12O21980MS
M75Methyleugenol isomer 39.055178C11H14O21986MS
M766-Allyl-o-cresol3354-58-339.435148C10H12O2000MS
M772,4-Dimethylanisole6738-23-439.485136C9H12O2002MS
M78p-Methoxybenzaldehyde123-11-539.630136C8H8O22008MS, RI
M79Methyleugenol93-15-239.715178C11H14O22011MS, RI, REF
M80o-Methylphenol95-48-739.730108C7H8O2012MS, RI
M81Isosafrole120-58-139.925162C10H10O22020MS, RI
M822,3,5-Trimethoxytoluene38790-14-640.415182C10H14O32040REF
M833,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene6443-69-240.610182C10H14O32048MS, RI, REF
M843,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid118-41-240.780212C10H12O52055MS
M85Globulol51371-47-240.910222C15H26O2061MS, RI
M861,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene135-77-341.430168C9H12O32083MS, RI
M87E-Isocroweacin194609-21-741.755192C11H12O32096MS
M88Dihydroeugenol2785-87-741.970166C10H14O22106MS, RI
M89Spathulenol6750-60-342.110220C15H24O2112MS, RI
M90Dihydroeugenol isomer 42.190166C10H14O22116MS
M91Viridiflorol552-02-342.310222C15H26O2122MS, RI
M92Patchoulol5986-55-043.065222C15H26O2157MS, RI
M93Eugenol97-53-043.250164C10H12O22166MS, RI, REF
M941,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene isomer 43.565168C9H12O32181MS
M954-Methoxysafrole18607-93-743.745192C11H12O32189MS, RI
M96m-Eugenol501-19-943.780164C10H12O22191MS, RI
M972,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid490-64-243.815212C10H12O52192MS
M98Thymol89-83-843.850150C10H14O2194MS, RI
M99p-Methoxypropiophenone121-97-143.910164C10H12O22197MS
M100Bulnesol22451-73-644.010222C15H26O2202MS, RI
M101α-Bisabolol515-69-544.200222C15H26O2212MS, RI
M1022-Aminoacetophenone551-93-944.232135C8H9NO2214MS, RI
M103α-Eudesmol473-16-544.325222C15H26O2219MS, RI
M104Piperonal120-57-044.340150C8H6O32219MS, RI
M105Isothymol499-75-244.390150C10H14O2222MS, RI
M106α-Cadinol481-34-544.435222C15H26O2225MS, RI
M107Elemicin487-11-644.505208C12H16O32228MS, RI, REF
M1083,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene isomer 44.765182C10H14O32242MS
M109Methoxyeugenol isomer 44.870194C11H14O32248MS
M110Isospathulenol88395-46-444.935220C15H24O2251MS, RI
M111cis-Isoeugenol5912-86-745.080164C10H12O22258MS, RI
M112β-Asarone5273-86-945.180208C12H16O32264MS, RI, REF
M1131,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene isomer 45.360168C9H12O32273MS
M1141,2,3,4-Tetramethoxybenzene21450-56-645.590198C10H14O42286MS, RI
M1151,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene isomer 46.360168C9H12O32334MS
M1163,4-Methylenedioxyacetophenone3162-29-646.400164C9H8O32337MS
M117Chavicol501-92-846.605134C9H10O2350MS, RI
M1181,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene isomer 46.670168C9H12O32355MS
M119Kaurene34424-57-246.785272C20H322362MS, RI
M120Methylvanillin120-14-947.240166C9H10O32394MS, RI
M121Methoxyeugenol isomer 47.304194C11H14O32398MS
M1223,4-Methylenedioxypropiophenone28281-49-447.395178C10H10O32405MS, REF
M123Apiol523-80-847.510222C12H14O42415MS, RI
M124Amilfenol80-46-647.560164C11H16O2418MS
M1256-Allyl-2-methylphenol3354-58-347.755148C10H12O2435MS
M126Methoxyeugenol isomer 47.835194C11H14O32441MS
M127Kakuol isomer 47.895194C10H10O42446MS
M128Mellein1200-93-748.255178C10H10O32475MS, RI
M1292,4-Dimethoxyacetophenone829-20-948.345180C10H12O32483MS
M1302,6-Dimethoxyacetophenone2040-04-248.585180C10H12O32503MS
M1311-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-propane-1-ol6890-30-848.777180C10H12O32521MS
M132Piperonol495-76-148.928152C8H8O32534MS
M133Methoxyeugenol isomer 48.935194C11H14O32534MS
M1343-Methoxy-5-methylphenol3209-13-048.985138C8H10O22538MS, RI
M1352′,4′-Dimethoxypropiophenone831-00-549.045194C11H14O32544MS
M1364,6-Dimethoxy-phthalide58545-97-449.065194C10H10O42546MS
M137Methoxyeugenol6627-88-949.069194C11H14O32547MS, RI
M138Kakuol18607-90-449.295194C10H10O42567MS, REF
M1392′,4′-Dimethoxy-3′-methylpropiophenone isomer 49.690208C12H16O32602MS
M140Xanthoxylin90-24-449.760196C10H10O42608MS
M1413,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl-1-propanal30830-55-849.915178C10H10O32620MS
M1422′,4′-Dimethoxy-3′-methylpropiophenone isomer 50.226208C12H16O32645MS
M1433,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-propanone16603-18-250.270224C12H16O42648MS
M1444-(Dimethoxymethyl)-1,2-dimethoxybenzene59276-33-450.615212C11H16O42676MS
M145Propioveratrone1835-04-750.740194C11H14O32686MS
M1462′,4′-Dimethoxypropiophenone831-00-550.760194C11H14O32687MS
M147Dihydromethyleugenol5888-52-851.135180C11H16O22714MS
M1482′,4′-Dimethoxy-3′-methylpropiophenone77942-13-351.435208C12H16O32734MS
M1491-Hydroxy-2-(prop-2-enyl)-4,5-
methylenedioxybenzene		19202-23-451.670178C10H10O32750MS
M1503-(2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl)-2-butanone26537-69-951.850238C13H18O42761MS
M1511,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1,2-dimethox yethyl)-benzene477884-01-852.195226C12H18O42785MS
M1521-Hydroxy-2-(prop-2-enyl)-4,5-
methylenedioxybenzene isomer		 52.665178C10H10O32814MS
M153Syringic acid530-57-455.055198C9H10O52934MS
a Compounds identified in feces, urine, blood, and eight organ samples (brain, heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine) are sorted by retention time (tR), and their polarity increases with prolonged retention time. b CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service. c MW: molecular weight. d RI: calculated based on C7–C30 saturated alkanes. e Identification: MS: searching mass spectra in NIST 11 (version 2011, National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA) library embedded in GC–MS workstation (GCMS solutions, version 2.71, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan); RI: comparing retention index (RI) and mass spectra with literature; REF: comparing retention time and mass spectra with reference compounds.
Table
Table 2. Distribution of 101 original constituents in vivo in rats after oral administration of ARR powder or decoction.
Table 2. Distribution of 101 original constituents in vivo in rats after oral administration of ARR powder or decoction.
No.ConstituentsRIPowder-Treated GroupDecoction-Treated Group
FEURBLBRHELUSPLIKISTINFEURBLBRHELUSPLIKISTIN
M1α-Pinene1021●
M2Camphene1060●
M3β-Pinene1099● ●
M4Sabinene1110●
M53-Carene1135● ●●
M6β-Myrcene1154● ●
M7d-4-Carene1170 ●
M8Limonene1191● ●
M9Eucalyptol1203● ●●●●
M10o-Cymene1267● ● ●
M11Terpinolene1279● ●
M12Tridecane1293 ●
M13Acetoin1298 ●
M14p-Cymenene1433 ●
M16cis-4-Thujanol1462●
M18α-Copaene1485●
M19Pentadecane1500 ●
M20dl-Camphor1507●●● ●● ●●●●●● ●●●●
M211-Pentadecene1523 ●
M22Eucarvone1543●●●●●●●●●●● ●
M23l-Aristolene1553● ●
M25β-Copaene1565●
M26Bornyl acetate1568● ● ●
M271(10)-Aristolene1577● ●
M28Fenchol1581 ● ●
M29Thymol methyl ether1590 ●●
M30l-Aristolene isomer1596 ●
M31β-Cyclocitral1610 ● ●
M33l-Menthol1621 ●
M34δ-Guaiene1626● ●
M35Umbellulone1630 ● ●
M37Estragole1663 ●●●●●●●●●
M38Isomenthol1670 ●
M40Eucarvone isomer1680 ● ●● ●
M41Verbenone1684 ●
M44Borneol1692●●● ● ●●●●● ●●
M45Phellandral1703 ● ●
M46Piperitone1706 ● ●●●
M48l-Carvone1716 ●
M49Berbenone1730 ● ●●●
M50trans-Piperitol1745 ●
M53Myrtenol1788 ● ●
M56Cuparene1797 ●
M57cis-Sabinol1799 ●
M59cis-Carveol1835 ● ● ●
M603,5-Dimethoxytoluene1840●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●
M61p-Cymen-8-ol1851 ● ●
M622,3-Dimethyldecahydronaphthalene1859 ●
M64Safrole1862●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●
M67Verbenone isomer1895 ●
M69Agarospirol1928●
M703,4-Methylenedioxyanisole1931 ● ●
M71Isosafrole isomer1936●
M732-Allyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene1968 ●
M74Thymoquinone1980 ● ● ●● ●●●
M75Methyleugenol isomer1986 ●●
M772,4-Dimethylanisole2002 ●
M79Methyleugenol2011●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●
M81Isosafrole2020●● ●●●●●
M822,3,5-Trimethoxytoluene2040●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
M833,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene2048●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
M843,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid2055● ● ●●●●● ●●
M85Globulol2061● ●●
M861,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene2083 ● ●
M87E-Isocroweacin2096● ●●●●●●●●●
M89Spathulenol2112● ●●
M91Viridiflorol2122 ●●
M92Patchoulol2157 ●●
M93Eugenol2166●● ●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●
M954-Methoxysafrole2189● ●●● ●●●●●● ●
M972,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid2192 ● ● ● ●●
M98Thymol2194●● ●● ●
M99p-Methoxypropiophenone2197 ●● ●● ● ●
M100Bulnesol2202●
M101α-Bisabolol2212 ●
M103α-Eudesmol2219●
M104Piperonal2219 ●● ●●
M105Isothymol2222 ● ●
M106α-Cadinol2225●
M107Elemicin2228 ●●● ●●●● ●● ●●●●●
M1083,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene isomer2242 ●● ●●●● ● ●●●●
M109Methoxyeugenol isomer2248 ● ●
M110Isospathulenol2251 ●
M112β-Asarone2264 ● ●●● ●
M1131,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene isomer2273●●
M1141,2,3,4-Tetramethoxybenzene2286●● ●
M1163,4-Methylenedioxyacetophenone2337 ●● ●● ●
M117Chavicol2350 ● ● ● ●●●●
M119Kaurene2362● ●
M1223,4-Methylenedioxypropiophenone2405●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
M123Apiol2415 ●
M126Methoxyeugenol isomer2441●● ● ●
M127Kakuol isomer2446●● ●●●●● ●●
M128Mellein2475 ● ●● ● ●
M1311-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-propane-1-ol2520● ● ●●● ●●● ●●●●
M1352′,4′-Dimethoxypropiophenone2544●●
M138Kakuol2567●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
M1392′,4′-Dimethoxy-3′-methylpropiophenone isomer2602 ●●● ● ●●●
M140Xanthoxylin2608●● ●●● ● ●●
M1482′,4′-Dimethoxy-3′-methylpropiophenone2734● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●
M153Syringic acid2934 ●
Total:4940241514141727365933192611556915222817
Total 98 original constituents were identified in the powder group.Total 43 original constituents were identified in the decoction group.
RI: calculating based on the C7–C30 saturated alkanes; FE: feces; UR: urine; BL: blood; BR: brain; HE: heart; LU: lung; SP: spleen; LI: liver; KI: kidney; ST: stomach; IN: small intestine; ●: detected.
Table
Table 3. Distribution of 15 metabolites in vivo in rats after oral administration of ARR powder or decoction.
Table 3. Distribution of 15 metabolites in vivo in rats after oral administration of ARR powder or decoction.
No.MetabolitesRIPowder-Treated GroupDecoction-Treated Group
FEURBLBRHELUSPLIKISTINFEURBLBRHELUSPLIKISTIN
M15cis-Limonene oxide1441 ● ● ●
M24Isopulegol1556●●
M36l-Pinocarveol1651 ● ●
M39Verbenol1674 ●
M42α-Terpineol acetate1685 ●
M47β-Cyclogeraniol1711 ●
M51cis-Piperitol1750 ●
M88Dihydroeugenol2106 ● ●● ● ● ●
M96m-Eugenol2191 ●
M111cis-Isoeugenol2258 ●
M132Piperonol2534 ●
M137Methoxyeugenol2547 ●
M1413,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl-1-propanal2620 ●
M147Dihydromethyleugenol2714 ●
M1491-Hydroxy-2-(prop-2-enyl)-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene2750 ●
Total:1900000141105000001100
Total 12 metabolites were identified in the powder group.Total 6 metabolites were identified in the decoction group.
RI: calculating based on the C7–C30 saturated alkanes; FE: feces; UR: urine; BL: blood; BR: brain; HE: heart; LU: lung; SP: spleen; LI: liver; KI: kidney; ST: stomach; IN: small intestine. ●: detected.
Table
Table 4. Peak areas of main absorbed constituents and their ratio between different administration groups (×106).
Table 4. Peak areas of main absorbed constituents and their ratio between different administration groups (×106).
3,5-Dimethoxytoluene
(M60)		Safrole
(M64)		Methyleugenol
(M79)		2,3,5-Trimethoxytoluene
(M82)		3,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene
(M83)		Eugenol
(M93)		Kakuol
(M138)
PDRatioPDRatioPDRatioPDRatioPDRatioPDRatioPDRatio
FE7.19n.d./3.250.0058560.32.040.0052392.33.450.005690.04.070.01407.00.100.025.41.360.701.9
UR0.54n.d./0.040.003810.50.120.006418.80.650.03021.71.100.323.45.666.580.916.7910.511.6
BL2.68n.d./2.54n.d./0.5n.d./1.910.03259.72.110.316.8n.d.n.d./0.100.026.4
BR2.48n.d./1.94n.d./0.4n.d./0.750.007107.10.640.0610.7n.d.n.d./0.070.0113.0
HE1.45n.d./0.98n.d./0.26n.d./0.540.00777.10.460.059.2n.d.0.004/0.060.00512.5
LU1.27n.d./0.98n.d./0.24n.d./0.390.00848.80.330.056.60.050.015.20.090.0110.9
SP1.86n.d./1.430.00043575.00.90.0016562.50.970.009107.80.590.069.80.020.013.00.160.0121.7
LI7.090.00174170.65.030.00124191.71.290.0032403.12.260.03172.91.890.247.90.050.022.60.050.041.2
KI4.630.00192436.82.480.00181377.80.880.0051172.52.580.05646.12.780.565.00.220.230.91.130.313.6
ST35.160.002514,064.046.54n.d./34.990.0801436.818.840.29364.317.071.909.00.200.054.18.582.363.6
IN13.060.00216219.016.020.00256408.012.380.00691794.26.560.026252.35.830.1344.80.060.120.52.010.229.2
P: powder-treated group; D: decoction-treated group; FE: feces; UR: urine; BL: blood; BR: brain; HE: heart; LU: lung; SP: spleen; LI: liver; KI: kidney; ST: stomach; IN: small intestine. Ratio: the ratio of peak areas between powder- and decoction-treated groups. n.d.: not detected. /: The ratio cannot be calculated because the constituents failed to be detected in the powder- or decoction-treated group.
Table
Table 5. Acute toxicity and distribution of the compounds identified in the blood of powder-treated group.
Table 5. Acute toxicity and distribution of the compounds identified in the blood of powder-treated group.
No.CompoundsLD50 (Oral) aDistribution bContent c
M20dl-Camphormouse, 1310 mg/kg [35]P (FE, UR, BL, HE, LU, LI, KI, ST, IN)
D (FE, UR, LI, KI, ST, IN)		0.11%
M37Estragolemouse, 1250 mg/kg [36]P (BL, BR, HE, LU, SP, LI, KI, ST, IN)
D (n.d.)		0.28%
M44Borneolmouse, 1059 mg/kg [35]P (FE, UR, BL, SP, KI, ST, IN)
D (FE, UR, KI, ST)		0.12%
M64safrolemouse, 2350 mg/kg [33,36]P (FE, UR, BL, BR, HE, LU, SP, LI, KI, ST, IN)
D (FE, UR, SP, LI, KI, IN)		23.74%
M79Methyleugenolrat, 1179 mg/kg [33]P (FE, UR, BL, BR, HE, LU, SP, LI, KI, ST, IN)
D (FE, UR, SP, LI, KI, ST, IN)		4.69%
M104Piperonalrat, 2700 mg/kg [37]P (UR, BL)
D (UR, BL)		0.07%
M112β-Asaronemouse, 418 mg/kg [38]P (BL, LI, KI, ST)
D (ST)		0.04%
M1223,4-Methylenedioxypropiophenonemouse, 2150 mg/kg [39]P (FE, UR, BL, BR, HE, LU, SP, LI, KI, ST, IN)
D (FE, UR, BL, BR, HE, LU, SP, LI, KI, ST, IN)		1.58%
M1311-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-propane-1-olmouse, 720 mg/kg [40]P (FE, BL, SP, LI, KI, IN)
D (FE, UR, LI, KI, ST, IN)		0.15%
a The LD50 values were queried in PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). b Distribution in this study, P: powder-treated group; D: decoction-treated group; FE: feces; UR: urine; BL: blood; BR: brain; HE: heart; LU: lung; SP: spleen; LI: liver; KI: kidney; ST: stomach; IN: small intestine. c The relative content in the blood of powder-treated group.

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Liu, G.-X.; Xu, F.; Shang, M.-Y.; Wang, X.; Cai, S.-Q. The Relative Content and Distribution of Absorbed Volatile Organic Compounds in Rats Administered Asari Radix et Rhizoma Are Different between Powder- and Decoction-Treated Groups. Molecules 2020, 25, 4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194441

AMA Style

Liu G-X, Xu F, Shang M-Y, Wang X, Cai S-Q. The Relative Content and Distribution of Absorbed Volatile Organic Compounds in Rats Administered Asari Radix et Rhizoma Are Different between Powder- and Decoction-Treated Groups. Molecules. 2020; 25(19):4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194441

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Liu, Guang-Xue, Feng Xu, Ming-Ying Shang, Xuan Wang, and Shao-Qing Cai. 2020. "The Relative Content and Distribution of Absorbed Volatile Organic Compounds in Rats Administered Asari Radix et Rhizoma Are Different between Powder- and Decoction-Treated Groups" Molecules 25, no. 19: 4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194441

APA Style

Liu, G. -X., Xu, F., Shang, M. -Y., Wang, X., & Cai, S. -Q. (2020). The Relative Content and Distribution of Absorbed Volatile Organic Compounds in Rats Administered Asari Radix et Rhizoma Are Different between Powder- and Decoction-Treated Groups. Molecules, 25(19), 4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194441

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