Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Fundamental of Radiation Effects on Polymers
1.2. The Complexity of the Chemical Structures of New Polymeric Materials Used in Advanced Technology
2. Fundamental and Technological Aspects of Radiation-Induced Polymerization
2.1. Specificities of Radiation-Initiated Polymerization
2.1.1. Instantaneous Impact of Radiation Treatment
2.1.2. Spatial Control of Radiation-Induced Effects
2.1.3. Random Energy Deposition
2.1.4. Decoupling of Primary Initiation Steps from Thermal Activation
2.2. Basic Aspects
2.2.1. Free Radical Polymerization
2.2.2. Ionic Polymerization
2.2.3. Cationic Polymerization
2.2.4. Anionic Polymerization
2.2.5. Controlled Free Radical Polymerization
2.3. Radiation-Induced Cross-Linking Polymerization
2.3.1. General Description
2.3.2. Initiation Mechanisms
2.3.3. Gelation and Vitrification during Network Formation
3. Graft Copolymerization Induced by Ionizing Radiation
3.1. Radiation-Induced Grafting of Solid Polymers
3.2. Radiation-Induced Grafting Processing
3.3. Parameters Affecting the RIG
3.3.1. Irradiation Dose and Dose Rate
3.3.2. Polymer Substrate Chemistry
3.3.3. Monomer Concentration
3.3.4. Solvent
3.3.5. Grafting Temperature
3.3.6. Presence of Inhibitor of Homopolymerization
3.4. Grafting Front Mechanism
3.5. Radiation-Induced Grafting of Semi-Crystalline Polymers
3.6. Nature and Trapping of Radicals
3.7. Ion-Track Grafting
3.8. RIG in Ion Track-Etched Polymer Membranes
4. Radiation Synthesis of Polymer-Based Nanogels
4.1. Nanogels
4.2. General Synthetic Approaches
4.3. Synthesis of Nanogels by Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Polymers
4.3.1. Radiation Chemistry of Polymers in Aqueous Solution
4.3.2. Synthesis of Nanogels by Intramolecular Crosslinking
4.3.3. Controlling the Physicochemical Properties of Radiation-Synthesized Nanogels
4.3.4. Controlling the Chemistry of Radiation-Synthesized Nanogels
4.4. Biomedical Applications of Radiation Engineered Nanogels
5. Radiation Chemistry of Natural Polymers
5.1. Radiation Chemistry of Polysaccharides
5.2. Sold State Irradiation
5.3. Aqueous Irradiation
5.4. The Effect of Oxygen
5.5. Radiation Crosslinking of Polysaccharides
5.6. Radical Lifetime in Polysaccharides
5.7. Radiation Chemistry of Lignin:
5.8. Radiation Chemistry of Natural Rubber
5.9. Radiation Chemistry of Peptides and Proteins
5.10. Radiation Chemistry of RNA and DNA
6. Summary
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References and Note
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Ashfaq, A.; Clochard, M.-C.; Coqueret, X.; Dispenza, C.; Driscoll, M.S.; Ulański, P.; Al-Sheikhly, M. Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation. Polymers 2020, 12, 2877. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122877
Ashfaq A, Clochard M-C, Coqueret X, Dispenza C, Driscoll MS, Ulański P, Al-Sheikhly M. Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation. Polymers. 2020; 12(12):2877. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122877
Chicago/Turabian StyleAshfaq, Aiysha, Marie-Claude Clochard, Xavier Coqueret, Clelia Dispenza, Mark S. Driscoll, Piotr Ulański, and Mohamad Al-Sheikhly. 2020. "Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation" Polymers 12, no. 12: 2877. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122877